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The environments where ''-g-'' appears are: | The environments where ''-g-'' appears are: | ||
*Strong verbs: In the past participle and the plural forms of the past tense. | *Strong verbs: In the past participle and the plural forms of the past tense. | ||
*Preterite-present verbs: In the infinitive, present participle, imperative, and the plural forms of the present tense. | *Preterite-present verbs: In the <!--infinitive, -->present participle, imperative, and the plural forms of the present tense. | ||
In this article, disappearing ''-g-'' is represented as {g}. | In this article, disappearing ''-g-'' is represented as {g}. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| | | þřir, þřor, þřu (þři) | ||
| | | þřiză | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4 | ! 4 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 13 | ! 13 | ||
| | | þřipociu | ||
| | | þřipocindă | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 14 | ! 14 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 30 | ! 30 | ||
| | | þřiciu | ||
| | | þřicindă | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 40 | ! 40 | ||
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¹ All ordinal numbers are weak adjectives, except ''first'' which can be strong or weak. | ¹ All ordinal numbers are weak adjectives, except ''first'' which can be strong or weak. | ||
² ''En'' (1) is declined as a strong adjective. ''Tvir'' (2) is declined as the plural third person pronoun (''þir''). ''Fjořir'' (4) is declined as a plural strong adjective. '' | ² ''En'' (1) is declined as a strong adjective. ''Tvir'' (2) is declined as the plural third person pronoun (''þir''). ''Fjořir'' (4) is declined as a plural strong adjective. ''Þřir'' (3) is declined irregularly. These numbers (1-4) also have indeclinable variants. | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | ||
|+ Declension of ''en'' "one" | |+ Declension of ''en'' "one" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | ||
|+ Declension of '' | |+ Declension of ''þřir'' "three" | ||
! Number !! Case !! Masc. !! Fem. !! Neut. | ! Number !! Case !! Masc. !! Fem. !! Neut. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"| Plural | ! rowspan="2"| Plural | ||
! nom./acc. | ! nom./acc. | ||
| | | þřir | ||
| | | þřor | ||
| | | þřu | ||
|- | |- | ||
! gen./dat. | ! gen./dat. | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"| þřim | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"| Indeclinable | ! colspan="2"| Indeclinable | ||
| colspan="3"| | | colspan="3"| þři | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | ||
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====Verb stems==== | ====Verb stems==== | ||
A verb can have up to 5 stems: | A verb can have up to 5 stems: | ||
*Primary present stem (Pr) | *'''Primary present stem (represented as <Pr>)''' | ||
**Used in the | **Used in the plural present tense and the imperative. | ||
*Secondary present stem (Pr' | *'''Secondary present stem (represented as <Pr`>)''' | ||
**Used in the singular present tense. | **Used in the present participle and singular present tense. | ||
**Either identical to the primary present stem, or derived from it via i-umlaut. | **Either identical to the primary present stem, or derived from it via i-umlaut. | ||
*Primary past stem ( | *'''Primary past stem (represented as <Pa>)''' | ||
**Used in the | **Used in the plural past tense. | ||
**For weak verbs and preterite-present verbs, it is formed from the primary present stem with the ending ''-ð-'' (or one of its allomorphs). | **For weak verbs and preterite-present verbs, it is formed from the primary present stem with the ending ''-ð-'' (or one of its allomorphs). | ||
**For strong verbs, it is formed by ablaut. Some strong verbs additionally add the ending ''-r-'' followed by weak verb endings. | **For strong verbs, it is formed by ablaut. Some strong verbs additionally add the ending ''-r-'' followed by weak verb endings. | ||
*Secondary past stem ( | *'''Secondary past stem (represented as <Pa`>)''' | ||
**Used in the | **Used in the singular past tense. | ||
**Identical to the primary past stem for the | **Identical to the primary past stem for the majority of verbs. | ||
*Past participle stem ( | *'''Past participle stem (represented as <PP>)''' | ||
**Used in the past participle. | **Used in the past participle. | ||
**For weak verbs and preterite-present verbs, it is identical to the past stem. | **For weak verbs and preterite-present verbs, it is identical to the past stem. | ||
**For strong verbs, it is formed by ablaut along with the ending ''-in-''. | **For strong verbs, it is formed by ablaut along with the ending ''-in-''. | ||
====Verb classes==== | ====Verb classes==== | ||
Verbs fall into 3 main categories: | Verbs fall into 3 main categories: | ||
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Strong verb declension | |+ Strong verb declension | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="7" | Non-finite forms | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="3"| Form | |||
! colspan="2"| Active | |||
! colspan="2"| Middle | |||
|- | |||
<!-- | |||
! colspan="3" | Infinitive | |||
| colspan="2"| <Pr`>-(ă) | |||
| colspan="2"| <Pr`>-(ă)sk | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | --> | ||
| colspan="2"| | ! colspan="3"| Present participle | ||
| colspan="2"| <Pr`>-(â)ndă | |||
| colspan="2"| <Pr`>-(â)ndziskă | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"| | ! colspan="3"| Past participle | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2" | <PP>-({j}i)n | ||
| colspan="2" | <PP>-({j}i)nsk | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="7"| Finite forms | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=" | ! rowspan="2"| Person/<br /> Number | ||
! colspan="2"| Present | |||
! colspan="2"| Past | |||
! colspan="2"| Imperative | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Active | ||
! | ! Middle | ||
! | ! Active | ||
! | ! Middle | ||
! Active | |||
! Middle | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 1S | ! 1S | ||
| <Pr`>- | |||
| rowspan="3"| <Pr`>-sk | |||
| <Pa`>- | |||
| rowspan="3"| <Pa`>-sk | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 2S | ! 2S | ||
| rowspan="2"|<Pr`>-r | |||
| <Pa`>-t | |||
| <Pr>- | |||
| <Pr>-sk | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 3S | ! 3S | ||
| <Pa`>- | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 1P | ! 1P | ||
| <Pr>{u}-(u)m | |||
| <Pr>{u}-(u)msk | |||
| <Pa>{u}-(u)m | |||
| <Pa>{u}-(u)msk | |||
| <Pr>{u}-(u)m | |||
| <Pr>{u}-(u)msk | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 2P | ! 2P | ||
| <Pr>-({j}i)ð | |||
| <Pr>-({j}i)sk | |||
| <Pa>{u}-(u)ð | |||
| <Pa>{u}-(u)sk | |||
| <Pr>-({j}i)ð | |||
| <Pr>-({j}i)sk | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| <Pr>-(ă) | |||
| <Pr>-(ă)sk | |||
| <Pa>{u}-u | |||
| <Pa>{u}-usk | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Notes:''' Vowels in brackets are dropped after stems ending in vowels. | |||
====Weak verbs==== | ====Weak verbs==== |
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