Knrawi: Difference between revisions
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! | ! !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]] | ||
| | |- | ||
! [[w:Close vowel|High]] | |||
| [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] || || [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | |||
| || ([[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]) | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Low mid]] | |||
| ([[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]) || || ([[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]) | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Open vowel|Low]] | |||
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] | |||
|} | |} | ||
*[ɛ] and [ɔ] are unstressed allophones of /ɪ/ or /a/ and /ʊ/ or /a/ respectively | |||
*Epenthetic [ə] is placed between voiceless consonants and /h/ or /x̠/, and between aspirated consonants and non-nasal consonants; in standard Knrawi an exception is /hC/ clusters | |||
The conditions in which unstressed /a/ becomes [ɛ] or [ɔ] varies by region; in standard Knrawi [ɛ] is the realization adjacent to coronal and glottal consonants or when the previous vowel is [ɔ], and [ɔ] is the realization otherwise. | |||
===Pitch accent=== | ===Pitch accent=== | ||
Revision as of 08:37, 14 July 2023
| Knrawi | |
|---|---|
| knrawi | |
 knrawìguaa, "Knrawi language" in the Wacag script | |
| Pronunciation | [k̠n̩˥ɹɔʍɛ] |
| Created by | Dillon Hartwig |
| Date | 2020 |
| Setting | Pollasena |
| Native to | Knrawi Isles |
Wasc
| |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Knrawi Empire |
 Range map of Knrawi (pink) and Soc'ul' (green) | |
Knrawi /kənˈrɑwi/ (standard Knrawi: [k̠n̩˥ɹɔʍɛ]) is an isolate spoken across the Knrawi Empire, with moderate influence from Soc'ul' and other languages of the Knrawi Isles.
Etymology
Knrawi is autonym of both the language and the Knrawi ethnic group. Its further etymology is not known.
Orthography
Knrawi is written with the Wacag logography. Its romanization is as follows.
| a | c | ch | cj | e | f | fh |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /a/ | /k̟/ | /k̟ʰ/ | /k̟ˣ/ | [ə] | [ɸ] | [ɸʰ] |
| fj | g | h | i | j | k | kh |
| [ɸˣ] | /ŋ/ | /h/ | /ɪ/ | /x̠/ | /k̠/ | /k̠ʰ/ |
| kj | m | n | p | ph | pj | q |
| /k̠ˣ/ | /m/ | /n/ | [p] | [pʰ] | [pˣ] | /kʷ/ |
| qh | qj | r | s | t | th | tj |
| /kʷʰ/ | /kʷˣ/ | /ɹ/ | /s/ | /t/ | /tʰ/ | /tˣ/ |
| u | v | w | y | z | zh | zj |
| /ʊ/ | [β̞] | /ʍ/ | /ɉ/ | /θ/ | /θʰ/ | /θˣ/ |
| á | à | â | ||||
| /a˥/ | /a˩/ | /a˥˩/ |
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Mid | (ə) | ||
| Low mid | (ɛ) | (ɔ) | |
| Low | a |
- [ɛ] and [ɔ] are unstressed allophones of /ɪ/ or /a/ and /ʊ/ or /a/ respectively
- Epenthetic [ə] is placed between voiceless consonants and /h/ or /x̠/, and between aspirated consonants and non-nasal consonants; in standard Knrawi an exception is /hC/ clusters
The conditions in which unstressed /a/ becomes [ɛ] or [ɔ] varies by region; in standard Knrawi [ɛ] is the realization adjacent to coronal and glottal consonants or when the previous vowel is [ɔ], and [ɔ] is the realization otherwise.
Pitch accent
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Rhythm
Syllables are generally mora-timed, with syllables containing long and overlong vowels having two and three morae; in recitations, continuant coda consonants or coda clusters with them may have their own mora, and overlong syllables may instead have four morae.
Phonotactics
Syllables are at most (C(C₁))V((C₂)C), with C₁ being a non-lateral approximant and C₂ being C₁ or /ʔ/, but these maximum syllables are very rare. There are no restrictions on what clusters can occur.
Morphology
Alignment
Knrawi has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment.
Nouns and pronouns
Possession
Noun negation
Verbs
Copula
The copula su inflects as follows.
Serial verbs
Adjectives and adverbs
Adpositions
Numerals
Knrawi uses base-24 numerals.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
| 576 | 13,824 | 331,776 | |||
|}
Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.
Derivational morphology
Part-of-speech modifiers
Reduplication
Syntax
Constituent order
Word order is flexible with sufficient marking or context, but SOV order is most common in the western Knrawi Isles and VSO order is most common in the eastern Knrawi Isles.
Noun and verb phrases
Dependent clauses
Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after all other dependents, and their head noun is often backed to the end of its clause.
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1
Thaágg jua r yamúszaq ih r azjnázaq wuicsjḿjr ih r zauákejr. Gufḿqhvi ih guwúiri r̀ iaràm, quatîtg hu qakhúy sugkúkujr.
Thaag-g
person-NOM
jua
all
r
PASS
yamús-zaq
free-bear
ih
and
r
PASS
azjna-zaq
equal-bear
wuícsjm-jr
dignified-ADVZ
ih
and
r
PASS
zauak-jr.
own-ADVZ
Gu-fmqh-ri
NZ-think-NOM.PTV
ih
and
gu-wui-ri
NZ-good-NOM.PTV
r̀
PASS
iaràm,
give
quatît-g
RECP-NZ
hu
JUS.3>3
qa-khuy
do-toward
sug-kuku-jr.
brother-way-ADVZ