User:Shariifka/Sandbox

Somali-like relative of Zanahi

Numerals

???? numerals

Symbol	Cardinal number
1	cayn
2	dhow
3	taray
4	kodor
5	fangi
6	hash
7	hafti
8	casti
9	now
10	dhas
11	cayn oo dhas
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100	sinti
200	dhow sinti
1000
2000

Somali-like Romlang

Verb conjugation of amaal "to love" - non-continuous tenses

	Present			Past			Imperative	Jussive
	Indicative	Subordinate	Adjectival	Affirmative	Negative	Adjectival
1S	amaa	ame	amá	amay	amays	amaý	—	áme
2S	amaas	ames		amays			áma	ámes
3S	amaa	ame		amay			—	áme
1P	amaan	amaan		amayn			—	ameén
2P	amaad	amaad		amayd			amaád	ameéd
3P	amaan	amaan		amayn			—	ameén

German-like relative of Twench

Swadesh list

Abbreviations:

• irr. = irregular (conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
• pl. = plural
• fam. = familiar
• pol. = polite
• arch. = archaic

No.	English	Unnamed
1	I	jeu
2	you (singular)	tu (fam.); Els (pol.)
3	he	ell
4	we	naus
5	you (plural)	waus (fam.); Els (pol.)
6	they	els
7	this	zest(e)
8	that	zell(e)
9	here	zei
10	there	lah
11	who	kei
12	what	keis
13	where	ond
14	when	quand
15	how	komment
16	not	pfass
17	all	toot
18	many	molt
19	some	alküne
20	few	pfeuk(e)
21	other	alter(e)
22	one	ün(e)
23	two	daus
24	three	treis
25	four	quatter
26	five	zink
27	big	grand(e)
28	long	long(e)
29	wide	larg(e)
30	thick	gross(e)
31	heavy	lord(e)
32	small	pfettitt(e)
33	short	kort(e)
34	narrow	strecht(e)
35	thin	mager(e)
36	woman	Femme
37	man (adult male)	Omme
38	man (human being)	Human; Pferson
39	child	Enfant
40	wife	Femme; Spause
41	husband	Omme; Spaus
42	mother	Mader
43	father	Pfader
44	animal	Best
45	fish	Pfess
46	bird	Euzell
47	dog	Kahn
48	louse	Pfeugel
49	snake	Serpent
50	worm	Werm
51	tree	Arber
52	forest	Bosch
53	stick	Baston
54	fruit	Frucht
55	seed	Semenze
56	leaf	Fülle
57	root	Rätzein
58	bark	Schohrtze
59	flower	Flauer
60	grass	Jerb
61	rope	Kurd
62	skin	Pfiel
63	meat	Karn
64	blood	Sange
65	bone	Oss
66	fat (noun)	Grass
67	egg	Ob
68	horn	Korn
69	tail	Kode
70	feather	Plüme
71	hair	Kaffel
72	head	Tiest
73	ear	Oregel
74	eye	Ugel
75	nose	Nahs
76	mouth	Bocke
77	tooth	Dent
78	tongue	Leng
79	fingernail	Ongel
80	foot	Pfied
81	leg	Gamb
82	knee	Jenogel
83	hand	Mahn
84	wing	Aal
85	belly	Wenter
86	guts	Entreils
87	neck	Koll
88	back	Doss
89	breast	Sehn
90	heart	Kuhr
91	liver	Vikat
92	drink	beber, bebe, bebeu, bebüt
93	eat	mangar, mange, mangei, mangat
94	bite	morder, morde, morseu, morst
95	suck	sükar, süke, sükei, sükat
96	spit	spütar, spüte, spütei, spütat
97	vomit	wumier, wumisse, wumei, wumeit
98	blow	sofflar, soffle, sofflei, sofflat
99	breathe	respeirar, respeire, respeirei, respeirat
100	laugh	reider, reide, reiße, reist
101	see	weder, wede, weiße, weist
102	hear	eudier, eude, eudei, eudeit
103	know	saffer, saffe, saffeu, saft
104	think	pfensar, pfense, pfensei, pfensat
105	smell	uhler, uhle, uhleu, uhlt
106	fear	kriemer, kriem, kriemui, kriemt
107	sleep	dormier, dorme, dormei, dormeit
108	live	weiber, weibe, weibeu, weibt
109	die	muhrier, muhre, muhrei, muhreit
110	kill	tütar, tüte, tütei, tütat
111	fight	lüchtar, lüchte, lüchtei, lüchtat
112	hunt	kassar, kasse, kassei, kassat
113	hit	batter, batte, batteu, battet
114	cut	kolpfar, kolpfe, kolpfei, kolpfat
115	split	vender, vende, vendeu, vendet
116	stab	pünner, pünne, pünneu, pünnt

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Toot human Esters nassen leber es equal in deintat es drechts. Els son wock reißon es konscenze endotat, es els deben wock ünalter in ün spirit de fradertat agier.

/toːt hʊˈmɑːn ˈɛstɐs ˈnasən ˈleːbɐ əs ɛˈkvɑːl ɪn daɪnˈtɑːt əs drɛçts ‖ ɛls zoːn vɔk ʁaɪˈsoːn əs konˈstsɛntsə əndoˈtɑːt | əs ɛls deːbən vɔk yːnˈaltɐ ɪn yːn ʃpiːʁɪt də ˌfʁɑːdɐˈtɒ̈ːt aˈɡiɐ/

German-like relative of Chelsian

Swadesh list

Abbreviations:

• m. = masculine
• f. = feminine
• n. = neuter
• c. = common (takes masculine or feminine gender according to referent)
• w. = weak
• irr. = irregular (declension/conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts)
• pl. = plural
• fam. = familiar
• pol. = polite

No.	English	Chelsian
1	I	eg
2	you (singular)	zu (fam.); Isse (pol.)
3	he	isser
4	we	nuhr
5	you (plural)	wuhr (fam.); Isse (pol.)
6	they	isse
7	this	ister
8	that	iller
9	here	steich
10	there	leich
11	who	ker
12	what	kis
13	where	üb
14	when	quande
15	how	kome
16	not	nun
17	all	zuß
18	many	mültze (pl.)
19	some	älche (pl.)
20	few	pfauch
21	other	altzer
22	one	auns
23	two	zwo
24	three	trehr
25	four	quatzer
26	five	keink
27	big	mann; gränd
28	long	long
29	wide	laß; ampfel
30	thick	krass
31	heavy	gräb
32	small	pfaul
33	short	kurz
34	narrow	angst
35	thin	zinn
36	woman	Viemen, -s (f.)
37	man (adult male)	Mähr, -s (m.)
38	man (human being)	Ome, -ns (m., w.)
39	child	Pfarb, Pfärbe (m.)
40	wife	Viemen, -s (f.); Mülier, -s (f.)
41	husband	Mähr, -s (m.); Mährt, -e (m.)
42	mother	Maßer, -s (f.)
43	father	Pfasser, -s (m.)
44	animal	Bieste, -s (f.)
45	fish	Pfesch, -es (m.)
46	bird	Äbe, -s (f.)
47	dog	Kähn, -s (m.)
48	louse	Pfeigel, -e (m.)
49	snake	Äng, -es (m.)
50	worm	Werm (m.)
51	tree	Arber, -s (m.)
52	forest	Silbe, -s (f.) (
53	stick	Rahm, Rähme (m.)
54	fruit	Freug, -es (f.)
55	seed	Grahn, -e (n.)
56	leaf	Vöhl, -e (n.)
57	root	Rateich, -es (f.)
58	bark	Korzeich, -es (f.)
59	flower	Fluhr, -es (m.)
60	grass	Grame, -n (n., w.)
61	rope	Fäun, -s (m.)
62	skin	Pfell, -es
63	meat	Kare, -ns (f.)
64	blood	Sänge, -ns (m.)
65	bone	Oss, össe (m.)
66	fat (noun)	Ateff, -s (m.)
67	egg	Ub, -e (n.)
68	horn	Korn, -e (n.)
69	tail	Kaute, -s (f.)
70	feather	Pflume, -s (f.)
71	hair	Pfehl, -es (m.); (of head) Kaffel, -e (m.)
72	head	Kafs, -es (n.)
73	ear	Öhr, -s (f.)
74	eye	Ogel, -e (m.)
75	nose	Nas, Näse (m.)
76	mouth	Bucke, -s (f.)
77	tooth	Tent, es (m.)
78	tongue	Linge, -s (f.)
79	fingernail	Unge, -s (m.)
80	foot	Pfeht, -s (m.)
81	leg	Krauer, -e (n.)
82	knee	Gehn, -e (n.)
83	hand	Maan, -s (f.)
84	wing	Ale, -s (f.)
85	belly	Wenter, -s (m.)
86	guts	Insteine (n. pl.)
87	neck	Koll, -e (n.)
88	back	Zerg, -e (n.)
89	breast	Pfetz, -e (m.)
90	heart	Kort, -e (n.)
91	liver	Jecher, -e (n.)
92	drink	beber, bebe, beibe, beibs
93	eat	eter, ete, iete, ies
94	bite	morter, morte, mörse, mörs
95	suck	suger, suge, süchse, sucht
96	spit	spuher, spuhe, spühe, spauß
97	vomit	wohmer, wohme, wöhme, wöhms
98	blow	flaher, flahe, flähe, flaß
99	breathe	speirer, speire, speirei, speiress
100	laugh	reiter, reite, reise, reiß
101	see	weter, wete, weite, weiß
102	hear	äuter, äute, äutei, äutess
103	know	scheier, scheie, schei, scheiß
104	think	köchser, köchse, köchsei, köchsess
105	smell	ohler, ohle, ohlei, ohless
106	fear	zehmer, zehme, zehmei, zehmess
107	sleep	törmer, törme, törmei, törmess
108	live	weiber, weibe, wichse, wicht
109	die	möhrer, möhre, möhrei, mortz
110	kill	necher, neche, nechei, nechess
111	fight	pfunner, pfunne, pfunnei, pfunness
112	hunt	kafter, kafte, kaftei, kaftess
113	hit	batzer, batze, batzei, batzess
114	cut	secher, seche, sechei, sechess
115	split	teibter, teibte, teibse, teibs
116	stab	föter, föte, fosse, foss
117	scratch	schalpfer, schalpfe, schalpse, schalps
118	dig	kaber, kabe, kabei, kabess
119	swim	nasser, nasse, nassei, nassess
120	fly	wohler, wohle, wohlei, wohless
121	walk	pferger, pferge, pfierse, pfiers
122	come	wehner, wehne, wiene, went
123	lie	jacher, jache, jachei, jachess
124	sit	seter, sete, siete, sess
125	stand	steher, stehe, steße, steß
126	turn	werzer, werze, werzei, werzess
127	fall	kater, kate, käse, kas
128	give	teher, tehe, teße, teß
129	hold	zener, zene, ziene, zent
130	squeeze	pfremer, pfreme, pfrisse, pfress
131	rub	frecher, freche, frechei, frechess
132	wash	lahber, lahbe, lahbei, lahbess
133	wipe	zerger, zerge, zirse, zers
134	pull	treier, treie, trächse, tracht
135	push	pfeller, pfelle, pfülse, pfuls
136	throw	jächer, jäche, jieche, jacht
137	tie	leger, lege, legei, legess
138	sew	sauer, saue, säue, sauß
139	count	nummerer, nummere, nummerei, nummeress
140	say	teicher, teiche teichse, ticht
141	sing	kaner, kane, kiene, kant
142	play	lauter, laute, läuse, laus
143	float	fleußer, fleuße, fleußei, fleußess
144	flow	flauer, flaue, fläuchse, flaucht
145	freeze	gehler, gehle, gehlei, gehless
146	swell	inflaßer, inflaße, inflaßei, inflaßess
147	sun	Suhl, -e (n.)
148	moon	Lune, -s (f.)
149	star	Stielle, -s (f.)
150	water	Acke, -s (f.)
151	rain	Pflübe, -s (f.)
152	river	Flüme, -n (n., w.)
153	lake	Lach, Läche (m.)
154	sea	Mahr, -e (n.)
155	salt	Saal, -s (m.)
156	stone	Pfetter, -s (f.)
157	sand	Riene, -s (f.)
158	dust	Pfüll, -es (m.)
159	earth	Zerre, -s (f.)
160	cloud	Näube, -s (f.)
161	fog	Nebel, -s (f.)
162	sky	Kiel, -e (n.)
163	wind	Went, -e (m.)
164	snow	Nehb, -es (f.)
165	ice	Gläche, -s (f.)
166	smoke	Fuhm, Fühme (m.)
167	fire	Voch, Vöche (m.)
168	ash	Kener, -s (m.)
169	burn	arter, arte, ärse, ars
170	road	Straße, -s (f.)
171	mountain	Mont, -s (m.)
172	red	rober
173	green	wehrt
174	yellow	flahb
175	white	alb
176	black	neger
177	night	Nocht, -es (f.)
178	day	Teie, -s (m.)
179	year	Ann, Änne (m.)
180	warm	kalt
181	cold	freikt
182	full	pflien
183	new	nohb
184	old	wesser
185	good	bohn
186	bad	mahl
187	rotten	pfütter
188	dirty	sört
189	straight	richt
190	round	rossend
191	sharp	äcker
192	dull	jeebs
193	smooth	lehb
194	wet	aut
195	dry	sick
196	correct	korricht
197	near	pfrochsen
198	far	long
199	right	tester
200	left	senster
201	at	in; at
202	in	in
203	with	kun
204	and	es
205	if	sei
206	because	keie
207	name	Nume, -n (n., w.)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Züße Omens naschen leibere es equale in Tinnesse es Jäureb. Isse son tie Rassune es Konscienze tußesse, es isse tieben aun altere in Spiritus tie Fraßerness ager.

TO BE NAMED

Tālu khōmīn fārum ya qōnum bi al adran ya al rakhīn talodban. Allāhus mānum ya shankam habēbahun, ya in kāna warākun korbansan tabi bēhun.

IPA: [taːlu kʰoːmiːn faːɾum ja ʕoːnum bi‿al ʕadɾan ja‿al rakʰiːn talodban ‖ aɫːaːhus maːnum ja ʃaŋkam habeːbahun | ja iŋ‿kaːna waɾaːkun koɾbansan tabi beːhun]

Gloss: all-M-CONSTR person.M-PL-GEN free-M-ACC and equal-M-ACC in the dignity.F-GEN and the right.M-PL-GEN MID-give_birth-3PM.SUBJ. Allah-NOM reason.M-ACC and conscience.F-ACC give-PST-3SM.SUBJ-3PM.OBJ, and that like brother.PL-GEN act MID-be-3PF on-3PM.OBJ.

Item	Meaning	Etymology
tāl-	all	Romance tot- and Germanic all-. Influenced by Arabic kull-.
-u-	masculine singular	Latin -us. Influenced by Arabic nominative singular ending -u(n). The singular nature of this word is influenced by Arabic usage.
-∅	construct form	Arabic.
khōm-	person	Arabic qawm "people". The lack of a definite article after the determiner "all" is influenced by Germanic.
-ī-	masculine plural	Latin -ī, Arabic -īn. Considered to come from an earlier form *-uy-, where -u- is the masculine vowel and *-y- is the original plural marker. This hypothetical *-y- is a backformation from the plural endings and is additionally influenced by Esperanto -j.
-n	genitive	Repurposing of Arabic tanween, particularly in the triptote genitive ending -in. Also influenced by oblique endings in -n in various languages, such as the Amharic and Esperanto accusatives, German dative plural, etc. The placement of this word in the genitive is influenced by Arabic.
fār-	free	German frei and Arabic ħurr- (and its Portuguese descendant forro).
-u-	masculine singular	See above.
-m	accusative	Latin -m (in -um, -am, -em). This usage of the accusative is influenced by Arabic.
ya	and	Gothic jah. Influenced by Persian yā "or".
qōn-	equal	Corruption of Proto-Germanic *ebn- (the ancestor of English even) through a hypothetical development *ebn- > *eun- > *ōn-, with a sporadic ʕ- inserted.
-u-	masculine singular	See above.
-m	accusative	See above.
bi	in	Arabic bi- and fī (both of which can mean "in"). The primary meaning is spatial. The usage of spatial "in" to mean "in terms of" is influenced by English.
al	the (definite article)	Arabic al-. Also influenced by Spanish el. Its usage in this generic sense is influenced by Arabic.
adr-	dignity	Influenced by English dignity and Arabic sharaf.
-a-	feminine singular	Latin -a. Influenced by Arabic -a(h), pausal form of the feminine ending -at-.
-n	genitive	Influenced by various oblique forms ending in -n such as German -en (dative plural + masculine accusative singular of adjectives + oblique forms of weak nouns/adjectives) and Esperanto -n (accusative). This usage of the genitive is influenced by Arabic.

Iberian Celtic lang

No.	English
1	I	mi
2	you (singular)	tu
3	he
4	we	nis
5	you (plural)	sis
6	they
7	this
8	that
9	here
10	there
11	who	quien
12	what	que
13	where
14	when	quan
15	how
16	not	ne
17	all	welho
18	many	elo
19	some	negos
20	few
21	other	alho
22	one	ono
23	two	duo
24	three	tris
25	four	quiodres
26	five	quinque
27	big	maro
28	long	siro
29	wide
30	thick	tievo
31	heavy
32	small	beco
33	short	berro
34	narrow	ango
35	thin
36	woman	biena
37	man (adult male)	vero
38	man (human being)	duenho
39	child	maco
40	wife
41	husband
42	mother	madre
43	father	adre
44	animal	milo
45	fish	esco
46	bird
47	dog	con
48	louse
49	snake
50	worm	preme
51	tree	prieno
52	forest
53	stick
54	fruit
55	seed	silo
56	leaf
57	root
58	bark	rosco
59	flower
60	grass	guelta
61	rope
62	skin
63	meat	chigo
64	blood	cruevo
65	bone
66	fat (noun)
67	egg
68	horn
69	tail
70	feather
71	hair	vuelto
72	head	queño
73	ear	closta
74	eye
75	nose
76	mouth
77	tooth	dante
78	tongue	tanguad
79	fingernail
80	foot
81	leg
82	knee
83	hand
84	wing
85	belly
86	guts
87	neck
88	back
89	breast
90	heart
91	liver
92	to drink
93	to eat
94	to bite
95	to suck
96	to spit
97	to vomit
98	to blow
99	to breathe
100	to laugh
101	to see
102	to hear
103	to know
104	to think
105	to smell
106	to fear
107	to sleep
108	to live
109	to die
110	to kill
111	to fight
112	to hunt
113	to hit
114	to cut
115	to split
116	to stab
117	to scratch
118	to dig
119	to swim
120	to fly
121	to walk
122	to come
123	to lie
124	to sit
125	to stand
126	to turn
127	to fall
128	to give
129	to hold
130	to squeeze
131	to rub
132	to wash
133	to wipe
134	to pull
135	to push
136	to throw
137	to tie
138	to sew
139	to count
140	to say
141	to sing
142	to play
143	to float
144	to flow
145	to freeze
146	to swell
147	sun
148	moon
149	star
150	water
151	rain
152	river
153	lake
154	sea
155	salt
156	stone
157	sand
158	dust
159	earth
160	cloud
161	fog
162	sky
163	wind
164	snow
165	ice
166	smoke
167	fire
168	ash
169	burn
170	road
171	mountain
172	red
173	green
174	yellow
175	white
176	black
177	night
178	day
179	year
180	warm
181	cold
182	full
183	new
184	old
185	good
186	bad
187	rotten
188	dirty
189	straight
190	round
191	sharp
192	dull
193	smooth
194	wet
195	dry
196	correct
197	near
198	far
199	right
200	left
201	at
202	in
203	with
204	and
205	if
206	because
207	name

Descendent of Old Latin

No.	English
1	I	mu
2	you (singular)	tu
3	he	gio
4	we	nox
5	you (plural)	gox
6	they	giox (m.); giax (f.)
7	this	xicce
8	that	isto
9	here	xic
10	there	eve
11	who	quex
12	what	que
13	where	cove
14	when	quando
15	how	quan
16	not	ne
17	all	guabrix
18	many	moltox (m.); moltax (f.)
19	some
20	few	pocox; pokax
21	other	alio
22	one	gueno (m.); guena (f.)
23	two	dúox (m.); dúax (f.)
24	three	trix
25	four	quattor
26	five	chinque
27	big	mangro
28	long	luango
29	wide	lato
30	thick
31	heavy
32	small
33	short
34	narrow
35	thin
36	woman	femna
37	man (adult male)	guero
38	man (human being)	huamne
39	child
40	wife	femna
41	husband	guero
42	mother	matre
43	father	patre
44	animal
45	fish	pesci
46	bird	agui
47	dog	cane
48	louse
49	snake	serpiante
50	worm	ghiarmi
51	tree	arbre
52	forest	selgua
53	stick
54	fruit	pomo
55	seed
56	leaf	folio
57	root
58	bark
59	flower
60	grass
61	rope
62	skin
63	meat	carne
64	blood
65	bone
66	fat (noun)
67	egg	ogo
68	horn
69	tail
70	feather
71	hair
72	head
73	ear
74	eye	guaclo
75	nose	naso
76	mouth
77	tooth	diante
78	tongue	dengua
79	fingernail
80	foot
81	leg
82	knee
83	hand
84	wing
85	belly
86	guts
87	neck
88	back
89	breast
90	heart
91	liver
92	to drink	bivre, bivo, beve
93	to eat	giadre, giado, gede
94	to bite
95	to suck
96	to spit
97	to vomit	guamre, guamo, gome
98	to blow
99	to breathe
100	to laugh
101	to see	guedere, guedio, guise
102	to hear	odire, odio, odigue
103	to know	groscre, grosco, grogue
104	to think
105	to smell	sentire, sianto, sentigue
106	to fear
107	to sleep
108	to live	guigre, guigo, guige
109	to die
110	to kill
111	to fight
112	to hunt
113	to hit
114	to cut
115	to split
116	to stab
117	to scratch
118	to dig
119	to swim
120	to fly
121	to walk
122	to come
123	to lie
124	to sit
125	to stand
126	to turn
127	to fall
128	to give
129	to hold
130	to squeeze
131	to rub
132	to wash
133	to wipe
134	to pull
135	to push
136	to throw
137	to tie
138	to sew
139	to count
140	to say
141	to sing
142	to play
143	to float
144	to flow
145	to freeze
146	to swell
147	sun	sol
148	moon	lona
149	star
150	water	aqua
151	rain
152	river
153	lake
154	sea	mare
155	salt
156	stone
157	sand
158	dust
159	earth	tiarra
160	cloud
161	fog
162	sky	celo
163	wind	ghianto
164	snow
165	ice
166	smoke
167	fire
168	ash
169	burn
170	road
171	mountain	muante
172	red
173	green
174	yellow
175	white	albo
176	black	negro
177	night	noapte
178	day	día
179	year	anno
180	warm
181	cold
182	full	pleno
183	new	nogo
184	old	seno
185	good	dueno
186	bad	malo
187	rotten
188	dirty
189	straight
190	round
191	sharp
192	dull
193	smooth
194	wet
195	dry	secco
196	correct
197	near
198	far
199	right
200	left
201	at	a
202	in	en
203	with	con
204	and	e
205	if
206	because
207	name	nome

Blank Swadesh list

No.	English
1	I
2	you (singular)
3	he
4	we
5	you (plural)
6	they
7	this
8	that
9	here
10	there
11	who
12	what
13	where
14	when
15	how
16	not
17	all
18	many
19	some
20	few
21	other
22	one
23	two
24	three
25	four
26	five
27	big
28	long
29	wide
30	thick
31	heavy
32	small
33	short
34	narrow
35	thin
36	woman
37	man (adult male)
38	man (human being)
39	child
40	wife
41	husband
42	mother
43	father
44	animal
45	fish
46	bird
47	dog
48	louse
49	snake
50	worm
51	tree
52	forest
53	stick
54	fruit
55	seed
56	leaf
57	root
58	bark
59	flower
60	grass
61	rope
62	skin
63	meat
64	blood
65	bone
66	fat (noun)
67	egg
68	horn
69	tail
70	feather
71	hair
72	head
73	ear
74	eye
75	nose
76	mouth
77	tooth
78	tongue
79	fingernail
80	foot
81	leg
82	knee
83	hand
84	wing
85	belly
86	guts
87	neck
88	back
89	breast
90	heart
91	liver
92	drink
93	eat
94	bite
95	suck
96	spit
97	vomit
98	blow
99	breathe
100	laugh
101	see
102	hear
103	know
104	think
105	smell
106	fear
107	sleep
108	live
109	die
110	kill
111	fight
112	hunt
113	hit
114	cut
115	split
116	stab
117	scratch
118	dig
119	swim
120	fly
121	walk
122	come
123	lie
124	sit
125	stand
126	turn
127	fall
128	give
129	hold
130	squeeze
131	rub
132	wash
133	wipe
134	pull
135	push
136	throw
137	tie
138	sew
139	count
140	say
141	sing
142	play
143	float
144	flow
145	freeze
146	swell
147	sun
148	moon
149	star
150	water
151	rain
152	river
153	lake
154	sea
155	salt
156	stone
157	sand
158	dust
159	earth
160	cloud
161	fog
162	sky
163	wind
164	snow
165	ice
166	smoke
167	fire
168	ash
169	burn
170	road
171	mountain
172	red
173	green
174	yellow
175	white
176	black
177	night
178	day
179	year
180	warm
181	cold
182	full
183	new
184	old
185	good
186	bad
187	rotten
188	dirty
189	straight
190	round
191	sharp
192	dull
193	smooth
194	wet
195	dry
196	correct
197	near
198	far
199	right
200	left
201	at
202	in
203	with
204	and
205	if
206	because
207	name

Blank Swadesh list

No.	English
1	I
2	you (singular)
3	he
4	we
5	you (plural)
6	they
7	this
8	that
9	here
10	there
11	who
12	what
13	where
14	when
15	how
16	not
17	all
18	many
19	some
20	few
21	other
22	one
23	two
24	three
25	four
26	five
27	big
28	long
29	wide
30	thick
31	heavy
32	small
33	short
34	narrow
35	thin
36	woman
37	man (adult male)
38	man (human being)
39	child
40	wife
41	husband
42	mother
43	father
44	animal
45	fish
46	bird
47	dog
48	louse
49	snake
50	worm
51	tree
52	forest
53	stick
54	fruit
55	seed
56	leaf
57	root
58	bark
59	flower
60	grass
61	rope
62	skin
63	meat
64	blood
65	bone
66	fat (noun)
67	egg
68	horn
69	tail
70	feather
71	hair
72	head
73	ear
74	eye
75	nose
76	mouth
77	tooth
78	tongue
79	fingernail
80	foot
81	leg
82	knee
83	hand
84	wing
85	belly
86	guts
87	neck
88	back
89	breast
90	heart
91	liver
92	to drink
93	to eat
94	to bite
95	to suck
96	to spit
97	to vomit
98	to blow
99	to breathe
100	to laugh
101	to see
102	to hear
103	to know
104	to think
105	to smell
106	to fear
107	to sleep
108	to live
109	to die
110	to kill
111	to fight
112	to hunt
113	to hit
114	to cut
115	to split
116	to stab
117	to scratch
118	to dig
119	to swim
120	to fly
121	to walk
122	to come
123	to lie
124	to sit
125	to stand
126	to turn
127	to fall
128	to give
129	to hold
130	to squeeze
131	to rub
132	to wash
133	to wipe
134	to pull
135	to push
136	to throw
137	to tie
138	to sew
139	to count
140	to say
141	to sing
142	to play
143	to float
144	to flow
145	to freeze
146	to swell
147	sun
148	moon
149	star
150	water
151	rain
152	river
153	lake
154	sea
155	salt
156	stone
157	sand
158	dust
159	earth
160	cloud
161	fog
162	sky
163	wind
164	snow
165	ice
166	smoke
167	fire
168	ash
169	burn
170	road
171	mountain
172	red
173	green
174	yellow
175	white
176	black
177	night
178	day
179	year
180	warm
181	cold
182	full
183	new
184	old
185	good
186	bad
187	rotten
188	dirty
189	straight
190	round
191	sharp
192	dull
193	smooth
194	wet
195	dry
196	correct
197	near
198	far
199	right
200	left
201	at
202	in
203	with
204	and
205	if
206	because
207	name

Blank Swadesh List (WikiMedia Format)

No.	English
1	I
2	you (singular)
3	he
4	we
5	you (plural)
6	they
7	this
8	that
9	here
10	there
11	who
12	what
13	where
14	when
15	how
16	not
17	all
18	many
19	some
20	few
21	other
22	one
23	two
24	three
25	four
26	five
27	big
28	long
29	wide
30	thick
31	heavy
32	small
33	short
34	narrow
35	thin
36	woman
37	man (adult male)
38	man (human being)
39	child
40	wife
41	husband
42	mother
43	father
44	animal
45	fish
46	bird
47	dog
48	louse
49	snake
50	worm
51	tree
52	forest
53	stick
54	fruit
55	seed
56	leaf
57	root
58	bark
59	flower
60	grass
61	rope
62	skin
63	meat
64	blood
65	bone
66	fat (noun)
67	egg
68	horn
69	tail
70	feather
71	hair
72	head
73	ear
74	eye
75	nose
76	mouth
77	tooth
78	tongue
79	fingernail
80	foot
81	leg
82	knee
83	hand
84	wing
85	belly
86	guts
87	neck
88	back
89	breast
90	heart
91	liver
92	to drink
93	to eat
94	to bite
95	to suck
96	to spit
97	to vomit
98	to blow
99	to breathe
100	to laugh
101	to see
102	to hear
103	to know
104	to think
105	to smell
106	to fear
107	to sleep
108	to live
109	to die
110	to kill
111	to fight
112	to hunt
113	to hit
114	to cut
115	to split
116	to stab
117	to scratch
118	to dig
119	to swim
120	to fly
121	to walk
122	to come
123	to lie
124	to sit
125	to stand
126	to turn
127	to fall
128	to give
129	to hold
130	to squeeze
131	to rub
132	to wash
133	to wipe
134	to pull
135	to push
136	to throw
137	to tie
138	to sew
139	to count
140	to say
141	to sing
142	to play
143	to float
144	to flow
145	to freeze
146	to swell
147	sun
148	moon
149	star
150	water
151	rain
152	river
153	lake
154	sea
155	salt
156	stone
157	sand
158	dust
159	earth
160	cloud
161	fog
162	sky
163	wind
164	snow
165	ice
166	smoke
167	fire
168	ash
169	burn
170	road
171	mountain
172	red
173	green
174	yellow
175	white
176	black
177	night
178	day
179	year
180	warm
181	cold
182	full
183	new
184	old
185	good
186	bad
187	rotten
188	dirty
189	straight
190	round
191	sharp
192	dull
193	smooth
194	wet
195	dry
196	correct
197	near
198	far
199	right
200	left
201	at
202	in
203	with
204	and
205	if
206	because
207	name

Vocab template

Time -

Seasons -

English
spring
summer
fall
winter

Gregorian months -

English
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

Days of the week -

English
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday

Parts of the day -

English
day
dawn
morning
noon
afternoon
evening
dusk
night
midnight

Units of time -

English
second
minute
hour
day
week
month
season
year

Time adverbs -

English
now
then
recently, a short time ago
earlier
soon, shortly
later
always
often
sometimes
rarely
never
ever
still, yet
already
today
tonight
yesterday
last night
tomorrow
before yesterday
two nights ago
after tomorrow
this week
last week
next week

Colours -

Colours -

English
white
grey
black
red
orange
brown
yellow
green
blue
pink
purple
golden

Mayal/Makaahiil

In 1932, Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil (Somali: Maxamed Cabdi Makaahiil), a Somali scholar who studied at Al-Azhar University, published a short book titled "Inšāʾ al makātibāt al ʿarabiyyah fīl-luġah as-Sūmāliyyah" (Arabic: إنشاء المكاتبات العربية في اللغة الصوماليّة; Creating of Arabic correspondences in the Somali language) in which he printed Somali orthographic conventions as well as several sample letters and many sample proverbs. He built upon earlier work by Ibraahim Cabdullaahi Mayal. In this book, he also argues against those who at the time favored adopting Arabic language as the sole official language of Somalia, and he argued strongly for adopting Arabic Script for Somali language.

Makaahiil's proposed orthography uses the same letters as in Arabic, with only two additional letters, ڎ for /ɖ/ and گ for /g/. On the other hand, there are 8 consonants in Arabic alphabet that do not exist in Somali language (except for writing Arabic loanwords), which include the letters thāʼ (ث), dhal (ذ), zāy (ز), ṣād (ص), ḍād (ض), ṭāʾ (ط), ẓāʾ (ظ), and ghayn (غ).

This writing convention relies on vowel diacritics.

Somali Arabic Alphabet

Name	Forms				Sound represented	Latin equivalent	Notes
	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
ʾalif الف	ا	ـا			- / /a/	-	ʾalif has two functions, first as vowel carrier for vowels at the beginning of words. Second for showing long vowel "aa".
bāʾ باء	ب	ـب	ـبـ	بـ	/b/	b
tāʾ تاء	ت	ـت	ـتـ	تـ	/t/	t
thāʼ ثاء	ث	ـث	ـثـ	ثـ	/s/	s	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
jīm جيم	ج	ـج	ـجـ	جـ	/d͡ʒ/	j
ḥāʾ حاء	ح	ـح	ـحـ	حـ	/ħ/	x
khāʾ خاء	خ	ـخ	ـخـ	خـ	/χ/	kh
dāl دال	د	ـد			/d/	d
dhāl ذال	ذ	ـذ			/d/	d	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
dhā ڎا	ڎ	ـڎ			/ɖ/	dh	Additional letter not present in Arabic Also historically represented by ط
rāʾ راء	ر	ـر			/r/	r
zāʾ زاي	ز	ـز			/z/	z
sīn سين	س	ـس	ـسـ	سـ	/s/	s
shīn شين	ش	ـش	ـشـ	شـ	/ʃ/	sh
ṣād صاد	ص	ـص	ـصـ	صـ	/s/	s	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
ḍād ضاد	ض	ـض	ـضـ	ضـ	/d/	d	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
ṭāʾ طاء	ط	ـط	ـطـ	طـ	/t/, /ɖ/	t, dh	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Also historically used for representing "dh" instead of ڎ
ẓāʾ ظاء	ظ	ـظ	ـظـ	ظـ	/d/~/z/	d, z	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords. Some such loan words are written in Latin with "z", others with "d".
ʿayn عين	ع	ـع	ـعـ	عـ	/ʕ/	c
ghayn غين	غ	ـغ	ـغـ	غـ	/ɣ/~/g/	g	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
fāʾ فاء	ف	ـف	ـفـ	فـ	/f/	f
qāf قاف	ق	ـق	ـقـ	قـ	/q/	q
kāf كاف	ك	ـك	ـكـ	كـ	/k/	k
gāʾ گاء	گ	ـگ	ـگـ	گـ	/ɡ/	g	Additional letter not present in Arabic.
lām لام	ل	ـل	ـلـ	لـ	/l/	l
mīm ميم	م	ـم	ـمـ	مـ	/m/	m
nūn نون	ن	ـن	ـنـ	نـ	/n/	n
wāw واو	و	ـو			/w/ /ɞ:/, /ɔ:/, /ʉ:/, /u:/	w and oo, uu	The letter wāw serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [w]. Second is in writing of long vowels "oo" and "uu".
hāʾ هاء	ه	ـه	ـهـ	هـ	/h/	h
yāʾ ياء	ي	ـي	ـيـ	يـ	/j/ /e:/, /ɛ:/, /i:/, /ɪ:/	y, ee, ii	The letter yāʾ serves two functions. First is as a vowel, with a sound [j]. Second is in writing of long vowels "ee" and "ii".
hamzah همزة	ء				/ʔ/	’

As for vowels, in Somali, there are five vowel articulations. These vowel articulations can either be short or long. Each vowel also has a harmonic counterpart, expressed either at the front or at the back of the mouth. Somali words follow a vowel harmony rule. However, Somali orthography, neither Somali Latin alphabet, nor Arabic alphabet, nor Osmanya alphabet distinguish between the two vowel harmony sets.

A shortcoming of the Arabic script for Somali language, is that while Somali has 5 vowels, Arabic has 3. This was where, Galaal got the most creative, coming up with brand new letters to represent vowels. In the 1961 Somali Language Committee Report, several other Arabic proposals were also listed, where other solutions were proposed for showing the 5 short vowels and 5 long vowels. None of these other proposals gained traction.

In Mahammad 'Abdi Makaahiil's orthographic convention, he added two new diacritics. For short vowel sounds [a], [u], and [i], Arabic diacritics are used. For long vowel sounds [a:], [u:], and [i:], similar to Arabic, the letters alif (ا), wāw (و), and yāʾ (ي) respectively.

For the short vowel sound [e], Makaahil interpreted the sound to be in between [a] and [i], thus he proposed to combine "◌َ " (Fatha, [a]) and "◌ِ" and (Dhamma, [i]), and write "◌َِ". As for long vowel sound [e:], it'd be written as "◌َِ" followed by yāʾ (ي).

Vowel diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet

-a	-e	-i	-o	-u
◌َ	◌َِ	◌ِ	◌ٗ	◌ُ

Long vowels in Somali Arabic Alphabet

-aa	-ee	-ii	-oo	-uu
ـا	◌َِيـ / ◌َِي	يـ / ي	◌ٗو	و / ـو

Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of alif (ا). Long vowels are written as they would in the middle of the word, except that wāw (و), and yāʾ (ي) would be preceded by alif instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, alif madda (آ) is used.

Vowel in the beginning of words in Somali Arabic Alphabet

Short vowels					Long vowels
A	E	I	O	U	Aa	Ee	Ii	Oo	Uu
اَ	اَِ	اِ	اٗ	اُ	آ	اَِيـ / اَِي	اي	اٝو	او

My Somali Arabic alphabet

Letters

Somali Arabic Alphabet

Name		Forms				Sound represented	Latin equivalent	Notes
Arabicized	Traditional Somali	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
ʾalif الف		ا	ـا			- / /aː/	-	ʾalif has two functions: firstly, as a carrier for hamzah (which may not be written, especially at the beginning of words). Secondly, for showing the long vowel "aa".
bāʾ باء	ba' بأ	ب	ـب	ـبـ	بـ	/b/	b
tāʾ تاء	ta' تأ	ت	ـت	ـتـ	تـ	/t/	t
thāʼ ثاء	θa' ثأ	ث	ـث	ـثـ	ثـ	/θ/ (Arabic)	s	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
jīm جيم	jīn جين	ج	ـج	ـجـ	جـ	/d͡ʒ/	j
ḥāʾ حاء	xa'	ح	ـح	ـحـ	حـ	/ħ/	x
khāʾ خاء	kha'	خ	ـخ	ـخـ	خـ	/χ/	kh
dāl دال	deel	د	ـد			/d/	d
dhāl ذال	ðeel	ذ	ـذ			/ð/ (Arabic)	d	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
rāʾ راء	ra'	ر	ـر			/r/	r
zāy زاي	za'	ز	ـز			/z/ (Arabic)	s	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
sīn سين	siin	س	ـس	ـسـ	سـ	/s/	s
shīn شين	shiin	ش	ـش	ـشـ	شـ	/ʃ/	sh
ṣād صاد	ṣaad	ص	ـص	ـصـ	صـ	/sˁ/ (Arabic)	s	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
ḍād ضاد	ḍaad	ض	ـض	ـضـ	ضـ	/d͡ɮˁ/ (Arabic)	l, d	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
ṭāʾ طاء	ṭa'	ط	ـط	ـطـ	طـ	/t/, /ɖ/	d	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
ẓāʾ ظاء	ð̣a'	ظ	ـظ	ـظـ	ظـ	/ðˁ/	d	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
dhāʾ ڟاء	dha'	ڟ	ـڟ	ـڟـ	ڟـ	/ɖ/	dh	Additional letter not present in Arabic.
ʿayn عين	cayn	ع	ـع	ـعـ	عـ	/ʕ/	c
ghayn غين	ɣayn	غ	ـغ	ـغـ	غـ	/ɣ/~/g/	g	Not used in native Somali words; mainly used in Arabic loanwords.
fāʾ فاء	fa'	ف	ـف	ـفـ	فـ	/f/	f
qāf قاف	qaaf	ق	ـق	ـقـ	قـ	/q/	q
kāf كاف	kaaf	ك	ـك	ـكـ	كـ	/k/	k
gāf ڬاف	gaaf	ڬ	ـڬ	ـڬـ	ڬـ	/ɡ/	g	Additional letter not present in Arabic.
lām لام	laan	ل	ـل	ـلـ	لـ	/l/	l
mīm ميم	miin	م	ـم	ـمـ	مـ	/m/	m
nūn نون	nuun	ن	ـن	ـنـ	نـ	/n/	n
wāw واو	woow	و	ـو			/w/ /ɞ:/, /ɔ:/, /ʉ:/, /u:/	w and oo, uu	The letter wāw serves three functions. First is as a consonant, with a sound [w]. Second is in writing of long vowels "oo" and "uu". Finally, it is sometimes used as a carrier for hamzah.
hāʾ هاء	ha'	ه	ـه	ـهـ	هـ	/h/	h	Hāʾ is also used silently at the end of nouns ending in /e/ or /o/. Such a silent hāʾ may be replaced with tāʾ marbūṭah (ـَة، ة) in some words (generally feminine words and/or words that end in it in Arabic).
yāʾ ياء	ya'	ي	ـي	ـيـ	يـ	/j/ /e:/, /ɛ:/, /i:/, /ɪ:/	y, ee, ii	The letter yāʾ serves three functions. First is as a consonant, with a sound [j]. Second is in writing of long vowels "ee" and "ii". Finally, it is used as a carrier for hamzah.
hamzah همزة	hamse/firgin	ء				/ʔ/	’	It may be written on its own (ء) or with a carrier (أ، ؤ، ئ) depending on the environment.

Vowel diacritics

Vowel diacritics in Somali Arabic Alphabet

-a	-e	-i	-o	-u
◌َ	◌َِ	◌ِ	◌ٗ	◌ُ

Long vowels are written as the short vowel followed by the corresponding consonant letter.

Long vowels in Somali Arabic Alphabet

-aa	-ee	-ii	-oo	-uu
ـَا	ـَِي	ـِي	ـٗو	ـُو

Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of alif (ا). This alif actually has a hamzah on it; however, this hamzah is often left unwritten. Long vowels are written as they would be in the middle of the word, except that wāw (و), and yāʾ (ي) would be preceded by alif instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, alif maddah (آ) is used.

Vowels at the beginning of words in Somali Arabic Alphabet

Short vowels					Long vowels
A	E	I	O	U	Aa	Ee	Ii	Oo	Uu
اَ	اَِ	اِ	اٗ	اُ	آ	اَِي	اِي	اٝو	اُو

Like in Arabic, sukūn (◌ْ) and shaddah (◌ّ) are used to indicate an unvowelled consonant and a geminate consonant respectively. They can also be used on the consonant letter of long vowels; however, they are more often dropped.