Hara: Difference between revisions
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| Line 163: | Line 163: | ||
! colspan="2"| | ! colspan="2"| | ||
! Labial | ! Labial | ||
! Dental | |||
! Coronal | ! Coronal | ||
! Palatal/ <br /> Postalveolar | ! Palatal/ <br /> Postalveolar | ||
| Line 170: | Line 171: | ||
! colspan = "2" | Nasal | ! colspan = "2" | Nasal | ||
| m | | m | ||
| n | | colspan="2"| n | ||
| ɲ | | ɲ | ||
| ŋ | | ŋ | ||
| Line 178: | Line 179: | ||
! tenuis | ! tenuis | ||
| p | | p | ||
| t | | colspan="2"| t | ||
| tʃ | | tʃ | ||
| k | | k | ||
| ʔ | | (ʔ) | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | |||
! prenasalized¹ | ! prenasalized¹ | ||
| ᵐb | | ᵐb | ||
| ⁿd | | colspan="2"| ⁿd | ||
| ⁿdʒ | | ⁿdʒ | ||
| ᵑɡ | | ᵑɡ | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
--> | |||
! voiced¹ | |||
| b | |||
| colspan="2"| d | |||
| dʒ | |||
| ɡ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! implosive | ! implosive | ||
| ɓ | | ɓ | ||
| ɗ | | colspan="2"| ɗ | ||
| ʄ | | ʄ | ||
| ɠ | | ɠ | ||
| Line 199: | Line 209: | ||
! rowspan="2" | Fricative | ! rowspan="2" | Fricative | ||
! voiceless | ! voiceless | ||
| | | f | ||
| (θ) | |||
| s | | s | ||
| ʃ | | ʃ | ||
| | | (x) | ||
| h | | h | ||
|- | |- | ||
!voiced | ! voiced | ||
| β | | β | ||
| z | | (ð) | ||
| | | (z) | ||
| | | ʒ | ||
| (ɣ) | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan = "2" | Approximant | ! colspan = "2" | Approximant | ||
| w | | w | ||
| l | | colspan="2"| l | ||
| j | | j | ||
| ɰ | | ɰ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan = "2" | Tap | ! colspan = "2" | Tap | ||
| | | | ||
| colspan="2"| ɾ | |||
| ɽ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 230: | Line 242: | ||
'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
¹ In native words, tenuis and voiced stops are in complementary distribution, with voiced stops occuring after nasals (which are always homorganic) and tenuis stops occuring otherwise. | ¹ In native words, tenuis and voiced stops are in complementary distribution, with voiced stops occuring after nasals (which are always homorganic) and tenuis stops occuring otherwise. Likewise, /β, ɾ, ɣ ~ ɰ/ were originally intervocalic allophones of /p, t, k/, and they still behave as such in native words. However, the above distinctions have been phonemized due to the introduction of loanwords. | ||
² Phonemes in brackets exclusively occur in loanwords. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Revision as of 11:06, 29 September 2023
Hara (/hɑɹə/, native: fòhàràà /fòhàɾàː/) is a South Semitic language.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Coronal | Palatal/ Postalveolar |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Stop | tenuis | p | t | tʃ | k | (ʔ) | |
| voiced¹ | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | |||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ɠ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | (θ) | s | ʃ | (x) | h |
| voiced | β | (ð) | (z) | ʒ | (ɣ) | ||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ɰ | |||
| Tap | ɾ | ɽ | |||||
Notes:
¹ In native words, tenuis and voiced stops are in complementary distribution, with voiced stops occuring after nasals (which are always homorganic) and tenuis stops occuring otherwise. Likewise, /β, ɾ, ɣ ~ ɰ/ were originally intervocalic allophones of /p, t, k/, and they still behave as such in native words. However, the above distinctions have been phonemized due to the introduction of loanwords.
² Phonemes in brackets exclusively occur in loanwords.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i, iː | u, uː | |
| Mid | e, eː | o, oː | |
| Low | a, aː |
Diphthongs do not exist in native words.
Nasals can be syllabic.
A long vowel consists of two moras. A syllabic nasal is considered a mora.
Tones
A mora can have either a high tone or low tone. High tone is considered the default/unmarked form.
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Prenasalization
When a stem-initial tenuis stop is preceded by a nasal, it merges with the nasal to become the corresponding prenasalized stop.