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Falamu (view source)

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|pronunciation = bɔ́ˑkɑ fɑlɑ́ˑmʊ
|pronunciation = bɔ́ˑkɑ fɑlɑ́ˑmʊ
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|region = East Africa
|state = East Africa
<!--
<!--
|states =  
|states =  
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|iso2 =  
|iso2 =  
|iso3 = -->
|iso3 = -->
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|script1      = Latn
<!--
<!--
|agency        = -->
|agency        = -->
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*Monophthong vowels in word-final syllables;
*Monophthong vowels in word-final syllables;
*Word-final diphthong vowels.
*Word-final diphthong vowels.
There are also true long vowels indicated by doubling the vowel letter of a monophthong (e.g. ''aa'') or the nucleus of a diphthong (e.g. ''aay''). If a word contains a true long vowel, an other accented short vowel in the same word is not lengthened.
There are also true long vowels indicated by doubling the vowel letter of a monophthong (e.g. ''aa'') or the nucleus of a diphthong (e.g. ''aay''). If a word contains a true long vowel, any other accented short vowel in the same word is not lengthened.


A word cannot begin in a vowel. Instead, a word written with an initial vowel is pronounced with a preceding glottal stop.
A word cannot begin in a vowel. Instead, a word written with an initial vowel is pronounced with a preceding glottal stop.
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In this article, a circumflex accent is used for accented "front" vowels, while an acute accent is used for accented "back" vowels. Accented vowels of indeterminate frontness/backness are represented with a grave accent.
In this article, a circumflex accent is used for accented "front" vowels, while an acute accent is used for accented "back" vowels. Accented vowels of indeterminate frontness/backness are represented with a grave accent.
====Etymological script====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonants
! Regular script !! ES equivalent !! Remarks
|-
| ' || ' ||
|-
| b || b; p ||
|-
| d || d ||
|-
| dh || dh ||
|-
| f || f ||
|-
| g || g ||
|-
| gw || gu ||
|-
| h || h ||
|-
| j || ch; dj; dg¹ ||
|-
| k || c; qu¹ ||
|-
| kuw || qu ||
|-
| l || l ||
|-
| m || m ||
|-
| n || n; m² ||
|-
| nh || nh ||
|-
| q || k ||
|-
| r || r ||
|-
| s || s; ss; z; c¹; sc¹; sç ||
|-
| t || t ||
|-
| w || u ||
|-
| x || x; j; g¹ ||
|-
| y || y; i; ∅ || Written ''i'' after vowels except when after another ''i'' or before a stressed ''i'', in which case it is not written. Otherwise written ''y''.
|-
| CVrV || CVrV; CrV || rowspan="2" | When an "echo vowel" is inserted to break a consonant cluster ending in a liquid, the "echo vowel" is not written. The first vowel may also be dropped in writing in some words, even when etymological, provided that it is identical to the second vowel.
|-
| CVlV || CVlV; ClV
|}
'''Notes:'''
¹ Before front vowels
² Word-finally
Vowels are the same as the regular script, except diphthongs end in ''i'' and ''u'' instead of ''y'' and ''w'' respectively.


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
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====Intonation====
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ti || Sometimes maintained as ''t(i)''.
| ti || Sometimes maintained as ''t(i)''.
|-
|-
| x || all as /ʃ/ || rowspan="3" | x ||
| x || as /ʃ/ || rowspan="3" | x ||
|-
|-
| j || after vowels ||
| j || after vowels ||
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| rowspan="4" | lh || surrounded by non-front vowels || dh || rowspan="4" | These are the general tendencies, but individual words may break these guidelines.
| rowspan="4" | lh || surrounded by non-front vowels || dh || rowspan="4" | These are the general tendencies, but individual words may break these guidelines.
|-
|-
| preceded by non-front vowel and followed by front vowel || y
| preceded or followed by stressed /e/ || y
|-
|-
| preceded by front vowel and followed by non-front vowel || j
| preceded by stressed /i/ and followed by non-front vowel || j
|-
|-
| surrounded by front vowels || l
| preceded by stressed /i/ and followed by front vowel || l
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | -ão || from earlier ''-an'' or ''-ano'' || -an ||
| rowspan="2" | -ão || from earlier ''-an'' or ''-ano'' || -an ||
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'''Examples:'''
'''Examples:'''
*''Kôs éki bu tá komê?'' / ''Kosêbu tá komê?'' "What are you eating?"
*''Kôs éki bu tá komê?'' / ''Kosêbu tá komê?'' "What are you eating?"
*''Kén éki li bêba?'' / ''Kenhéli bêba?'' "Who did (s)he see?"
*''Kén éki li mirába?'' / ''Kenhéli mirába?'' "Who did (s)he see?"
*''Wêskê éki lis bîn?'' / ''Weskêlis bîn?'' "When are they coming?"
*''Wêskê éki lis bîn?'' / ''Weskêlis bîn?'' "When are they coming?"
*''Úndi éki lis nu bêba?'' / ''Undélis nu bêba?'' "Where did they see us?"
*''Úndi éki lis nu mirába?'' / ''Undélis nu mirába?'' "Where did they see us?"


====Demonstrative pronouns====
====Demonstrative pronouns====
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*''kêl'': "that/those" (far)
*''kêl'': "that/those" (far)
**Explicit plural: ''kêlis'' "those"
**Explicit plural: ''kêlis'' "those"
*''kulá'': "that/those over there" (very far)
*''kulá'': "that/those over there" (far emphatic)
**Explicit plural: ''kulás'' "those over there"
**Explicit plural: ''kulás'' "those over there"
**Used in opposition to ''kêl''.
**Used in opposition to ''kêl''.
====Definite pronouns====
====Definite pronouns====
*''ki'': "that, the one"
*''ki'': "that, the one"
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! Infinitive !! Present stem !! Past stem !! Meaning !! Remarks
! Infinitive !! Present stem !! Past stem !! Meaning !! Remarks
|-
|-
| sê || é ~ sê || éra || "to be" || When ''é'' is used as the present in main clauses, it falls before the complement and no clitic subject pronouns or focus particles are used. <br /> E.g. ''él é muyêr.'' ≈ ''muyêr éki li sê.'' ≈ ''kôs li sê muyêr.'' "she is a woman." <br /> When ''é'' is used adjectivally, it behaves as any other verb.<br /> E.g. ''muyêr awtór é'' "a woman who is an author''
| sê || é ~ sê || éra || "to be" || When ''é'' is used as the present in main clauses, it falls before the complement and no clitic subject pronouns or focus particles are used. <br /> E.g. ''él é muyêr.'' ≈ ''muyêr éki li sê.'' ≈ ''kôs li sê muyêr.'' "she is a woman." <br /> When used adjectivally, ''sê'' is used.<br /> E.g. ''muyêr awtór sê'' "a woman who is an author''
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
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|-->
|-->
|}
|}
Additionally, there are a class of verbs (many of which end in ''-u'') that form their past in ''-èra''. These generally correspond to adjectives in other languages - e.g. ''altú'' "to be tall"; ''áltu'' "(is) tall"; ''altéra'' "was tall".
Additionally, there are a class of verbs (many of which end in ''-u'') that form their past in ''-èra''. These generally correspond to adjectives in other languages - e.g. ''altú'' "to be high"; ''áltu'' "(is) high"; ''altéra'' "was high".


====Verb tenses====
====Verb tenses====
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| Present 1 || Present stem || ''é li fála'' "(s)he speaks"; ''fála!'' "speak!"; ''bisów fála'' "a person who speaks" || Used for present simple affirmative (which may have a habitual or stative meaning depending on the verb), adjectival present simple affirmative, and imperative affirmative.
| Present 1 || Present stem || ''é li fála'' "(s)he speaks"; ''fála!'' "speak!"; ''bisów fála'' "a person who speaks" || Used for present simple affirmative (which may have a habitual or stative meaning depending on the verb), adjectival present simple affirmative, and imperative affirmative.
|-
|-
| Present 2 || Infinitive || ''é mi falá'' "I'll speak"; ''ki mi falá'' "that I speak"; ''ná mi falá'' "I do not speak"; ''ná falá!'' "do not speak!" || Used for present prospective, present subordinate (but not adjectival), present negative and imperative negative.
| Present 2 || Infinitive || ''é mi falá'' "I'll speak"; ''ba mi falá'' "that I speak"; ''ná mi falá'' "I do not speak"; ''ná falá!'' "do not speak!" || Used for present prospective, present subordinate (but not adjectival), present negative and imperative negative.
|-
|-
| Present progressive || tá + infinitive || ''é bu tá falá'' "you (sg.) are speaking" ||
| Present progressive || tá + infinitive || ''é bu tá falá'' "you (sg.) are speaking" ||
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#As the table shows, ''keré'' "to want" + infinitive is used to form the future. In order to express a desire, a subjunctive phrase is used. For example:
#As the table shows, ''keré'' "to want" + infinitive is used to form the future. In order to express a desire, a subjunctive phrase is used. For example:
#* ''é mi falá kére'' "I will speak" (lit. "I want speak") , versus
#* ''é mi falá kére'' "I will speak" (lit. "I want speak") , versus
#* ''ki mi falá é mi kére'' or ''kôs mi kére ki mi falá'' "I want to speak" (lit. "I want that I speak")-->
#* ''ba mi falá é mi kére'' or ''kôs mi kére ba mi falá'' "I want to speak" (lit. "I want that I speak")-->
<!--
<!--
====Auxiliary verbs====
====Auxiliary verbs====
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**This can be combined with the middle to form ''-(d)dase''.
**This can be combined with the middle to form ''-(d)dase''.
*'''Inchoative:''' add ''-eya'' to the stem (minus any final vowel).
*'''Inchoative:''' add ''-eya'' to the stem (minus any final vowel).
**This is mostly used with verbs that form their past in ''-èra'' (other than ''sê'', which instead becomes ''fiká'') - e.g. ''altú'' "to be tall/long" (past: ''altéra'') -> ''alteyá'' "to become tall/long". It may also be added directly to nouns - e.g. ''bôs'' "voice, vote" -> ''boseyâ'' "to vote".
**This is mostly used with verbs that form their past in ''-èra'' (other than ''sê'', which instead becomes ''fiká'') - e.g. ''altú'' "to be high" (past: ''altéra'') -> ''alteyá'' "to become high". It may also be added directly to nouns - e.g. ''bôs'' "voice, vote" -> ''boseyâ'' "to vote".
**Other verbal suffixes can be added on top of it, in which case the final ''-a'' is dropped - e.g. ''alteyá'' "to become tall/long" -> ''alteyfá'' "to make tall/long". Note that, depending on the verb, adding the middle suffix on its own may not always change the meaning - e.g. ''alteyá'' "to become tall/long" -> ''alteysé'' "to become tall/long"
**Other verbal suffixes can be added on top of it, in which case the final ''-a'' is dropped - e.g. ''alteyá'' "to become high" -> ''alteyfá'' "to make high". Note that, depending on the verb, adding the middle suffix on its own may not always change the meaning - e.g. ''alteyá'' "to become high" -> ''alteysé'' "to become high"


===Particles===
===Particles===
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**Used when the independent object or emphasized subject is placed before the verb.
**Used when the independent object or emphasized subject is placed before the verb.
**Comes after the relevant object/subject. Note that when used with a subject, it places the verb into its subordinate form - e.g. ''kumîda éki mi kôme.'' "I eat food./Food [is what] I eat."; ''Úmar éki kumîda komê.'' "[It is] Omar [who] eats food."
**Comes after the relevant object/subject. Note that when used with a subject, it places the verb into its subordinate form - e.g. ''kumîda éki mi kôme.'' "I eat food./Food [is what] I eat."; ''Úmar éki kumîda komê.'' "[It is] Omar [who] eats food."
**''éki'' can contract with a following subject pronoun (if applicable), in which case the ''-ki-'' is dropped and ''e-'' takes the frontness/backness of the verb - e.g. ''kumîda émi kôme.'' "I eat food."<br /> Note that this is identical to the contraction of ''é''.
**''éki'' can contract with a following subject pronoun (if applicable), in which case the ''-ki-'' is dropped and ''e-'' takes the frontness/backness of the verb - e.g. ''kumîda êmi kôme.'' "I eat food."<br /> Note that this is identical to the contraction of ''é''.
**''éki'' is usually not used in negative sentences - e.g. ''kumîda ná mi komê.'' "I do not eat food.".<br />However, it may be used for extra emphasis - e.g. ''Úmar éki kumîda ná komê.'' "[It is] Omar [who] does not eat food."
**''éki'' is usually not used in negative sentences - e.g. ''kumîda ná mi komê.'' "I do not eat food.".<br />However, it may be used for extra emphasis - e.g. ''Úmar éki kumîda ná komê.'' "[It is] Omar [who] does not eat food."
*''kôs'': used to form main clauses.
*''kôs'': used to form main clauses.
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====Conjunctions====
====Conjunctions====
*''i'': "and" (within a clause)
*''i'': "and" (within a clause)
*''tamên'': "and" (connects clauses)
*''tabên'': "and" (connects clauses)
*''bos'': "or"
*''bos'': "or"
*''nón'': "or" (in questions)
*''nón'': "or" (in questions)
*''kán'': "while, when"
*''kán'': "while, when"
*''mâs'': "but"
*''mâs'': "but"
*''ò'': connects modified with modifier.
*''ê'': connects modified with modifier.
**Follows modified.
**Follows modified.
**Used for disambiguation (i.e. when its absence can lead to potential ambiguity).
**Used for disambiguation (i.e. when its absence can lead to potential ambiguity).
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===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''Têmbuki - Têmpu-qui''===
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Hijri Months - ''Los mesos hijrís''
! English !! Essanian
|-
| Muharram || muhárram
|-
| Safar || sáfar
|-
| Rabi' al-Awwal || rabigh primer
|-
| Rabi' ath-Thani || rabigh second
|-
| Jumada al-Ula || jumada primera
|-
| Jumada al-Akhirah || jumada seconda
|-
| Rajab || rájab
|-
| Sha'ban || xaghbán
|-
| Ramadan || ramadán
|-
| Shawwal || xawal
|-
| Dhu'l-Qa'dah || zulcaghda
|-
| Dhu'l-Hijjah || zulhaja
|-
|}-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Greogorian months - ''Mêsiski milâdiki - Mêsis-qui milâdi-qui''
! English !! colspan="2"| Falamu
|-
| January || jenêru || djenêru
|-
| February || colspan="2"| febrêru
|-
| March || mársu || márçu
|-
| April || colspan="2"| abrílu
|-
| May || máyu || máiu
|-
| June || júnhu || djúnhu
|-
| July || júdhu || djúdhu
|-
| August || colspan="2"| agôstu
|-
| September || colspan="2"|setêbru
|-
| October ||colspan="2"| otôbru
|-
| November || colspan="2"|nobêbru
|-
| December || desêbru || decêbru
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Dîyaski simánaki - Dîas-qui simána-qui''
! English !! colspan="2"| Falamu
|-
| Sunday || colspan="2"|dimíngu
|-
| Monday || colspan="2"|sugúnda
|-
| Tuesday || térsa || térça
|-
| Wednesday || kuwárta || quárta
|-
| Thursday || kínta || quínta
|-
| Friday || júm'a || djúm'a
|-
| Saturday || colspan="2"|sábtu
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Bártiski dîyaki - Pártis-qui dîa-qui''
! English !! colspan="2"|Falamu
|-
| day || dîya || dîa
|-
| dawn || manhasé || manhacé
|-
| morning || manhasîn || manhacîm
|-
| noon || meydîya || mei-dîa
|-
| afternoon || colspan="2"|tárdi
|-
| evening || serán || serám
|-
| dusk || notisê || noticê
|-
| night || colspan="2"|nôti
|-
| midnight || meynôti || mei-nôti
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Bártiski têmbuki - Pártis-qui têmpu-qui''
! English !! colspan="2"|Falamu
|-
| second || colspan="2"|sugúndu
|-
| minute || colspan="2"|minútu
|-
| hour || colspan="2"|óra
|-
| day || dîya || dîa
|-
| week || colspan="2"|simána
|-
| month || colspan="2"|mês
|-
| year || colspan="2"|ánhu
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - '' ''
! English !! colspan="2"| Falamu
|-
| now || colspan="2"| agóra
|-
| then || entôn || entôm
|-
| recently, a short time ago || resén || recém
|-
| earlier || colspan="2"| ántis
|-
| soon, shortly ||  ||
|-
| later || colspan="2"| lôg
|-
| always || sémber || sémper
|-
| often || wês jéy || uêz chéi
|-
| sometimes || wês-wês || uêz-uêz
|-
| rarely || ||
|-
| never || núnka || núnca
|-
| ever || núnka || núnca
|-
| still, yet || colspan="2"| înda
|-
| already || já || djá
|-
| today || ôxi || ôji
|-
| tonight || notîn || notîm
|-
| yesterday || colspan="2"| ónti
|-
| last night ||  ||
|-
| tomorrow || colspan="2"| manhá
|-
| before yesterday || ||
|-
| two nights ago || ||
|-
| after tomorrow || ||
|-
| this week || ||
|-
| last week || ||
|-
| next week || ||
|-
|}
===Colours - ''Kôriski - Côris-qui''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Kôriski - Côris-que''
! English !! colspan="2"|Falamu
|-
| white || baránku || bráncu
|-
| grey || sinsêntu || cinzêntu
|-
| black || colspan="2"|nêgru
|-
| red || werméyu || uerméiu
|-
| orange || laránja || larándja
|-
| brown || kastán || castám
|-
| yellow || colspan="2"| marêl
|-
| green || wêrdi || uêrdi
|-
| blue || asúl || azúl
|-
| pink || colspan="2"|rósa
|-
| purple || colspan="2"|rôx
|-
| golden || colspan="2"|dorád
|-
|}
==Sample Texts==
==Sample Texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
'''Regular:'''
'''Regular:'''
Aadamiki todkisu kos li nase el o hor e nibradu tamen na orra i deretis. Ilaahi kos daba menti i damir, e tamen ba bisowki si we bisowki otu kuli modi irman li axi.
Aadamiki todkisu kos li nase el e hor se nibradu taben na orra i deretis. Ilaahi kos daba menti i damir, taben e ba bisowki si we bisowki otu kuli modi irman li axi.


'''Phonetic:'''
'''Phonetic:'''
Aadâmiki tôdkisu kôs li náse êl ô hór é nibrádu tamên na órra i derêtis. Ilaâhi kôs dába mênti i damír, é tamên ba bisówki si wê bisówki ôtu kuli módi irmán li âxi.
Aadâmiki tôdkisu kôs li náse êl ê hór sê nibrádu tabên na órra i derêtis. Ilaâhi kôs dába mênti i damír, tabên é ba bisówki si wê bisówki ôtu kuli módi irmán li âxi.


'''Portuguese-based:'''
'''Portuguese-based:'''
Aadâmi-qui tôd-qui-su côs li násce êl ô hór é nibrádu tamêm na órra i derêtis. Ilaâhi côs dába mênti i damír, é tamêm pa pissóu-qui si uê pissóu-qui ôtu culi módi irmã li âgi.
Aadâmi-qui tôd-qui-su côs li násce êl ê hór sê nibrádu tabêm na órra i drêtis. Ilaâhi côs dába mênti i damír, tabêm é pa pissóu-qui si uê pissóu-qui ôtu culi módi irmám li âgi.


'''IPA:'''
'''IPA:'''
/æːdǽmiki tɞ́dkisʉ kɞ́s lɪ nɑ́sɛ él ɞ́ hɔ́r ɛ́ nɪbrɑ́dʊ tæméŋ nɑ ʔɔ́rːɑ i derétis || ilæ̌ːhi kɞ́s dɑ́bɑ ménti ɪ dɑmɪ́r | ʔɛ́ tæméŋ bɑ bɪsɔ́ʊkɪ si wé bɪsɔ́ʊkɪ ɞ́tʉ kʉli  mɔ́dɪ ʔɪrmɑ́ŋ li ʔǽʃi/
/æːdǽmiki tɞ́dkisʉ kɞ́s lɪ nɑ́sɛ él é hɔ́r sé nɪbrɑ́dʊ tæbéŋ nɑ ʔɔ́rːɑ i derétis || ilæ̌ːhi kɞ́s dɑ́bɑ ménti ɪ dɑmɪ́r | tæbéŋ ʔɛ́ bɑ bɪsɔ́ʊkɪ si wé bɪsɔ́ʊkɪ ɞ́tʉ kʉli  mɔ́dɪ ʔɪrmɑ́ŋ li ʔǽʃi/


[æːðǽmiki tɞ́ˑdki sʉ kɞ́ˑs lɪ nɑ́ˑsɛ éˑl ɞ́ˑ hɔ́ˑr ɛ́ˑ nɪbrɑ́ˑðʊ tæméˑŋ nɑ ʔɔ́rːɑ i deréˑtis || ilæ̌ːhi kɞ́ˑs dɑ́ˑβɑ ménti ɪ dɑmɪ́ˑr | ʔɛ́ˑ tæméˑŋ bɑ bɪsɔ́ʊ̯kɪ si wéˑ bɪsɔ́ʊ̯kɪ ɞ́ːtʉ kʉli  mɔ́ˑðɪ ʔɪrmɑ́ˑŋ li ʔǽˑʃi]
[æːðǽmiki tɞ́ˑdkisʉ kɞ́ˑs lɪ nɑ́ˑsɛ éˑl éˑ hɔ́ˑr séˑ nɪbrɑ́ˑðʊ tæβéˑŋ nɑ ʔɔ́rːɑ i deréˑtis || ilæ̌ːhi kɞ́ˑs dɑ́ˑβɑ ménti ɪ dɑmɪ́ˑr | tæβéˑŋ ʔɛ́ˑ bɑ bɪsɔ́ʊ̯kɪ si wéˑ bɪsɔ́ʊ̯kɪ ɞ́ːtʉ kʉli  mɔ́ˑðɪ ʔɪrmɑ́ˑŋ li ʔǽˑʃi]


'''Gloss:'''
'''Gloss:'''
humanity-the all-the-3S.POSS FOC 3S.SUBJ be_born 3S.SUBJ ADJ free being being_equal and in dignity and rights. God FOC give-PST reason and conscience, is and that person-the IMP see person-the other with-3S like brother 3S.SUBJ act.PRES1.
humanity-the all-the-3S.POSS FOC 3S.SUBJ be_born 3S.SUBJ ADJ free being being_equal and in dignity and rights. God FOC give-PST reason and conscience, and is that person-the IMP see person-the other with-3S like brother 3S.SUBJ act.PRES1.


'''Translation:'''  
'''Translation:'''  
Line 543: Line 819:


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[[Falamu/Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]
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Jukethatbox
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