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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
added part 1 of a section on derivational morphology
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The next two groups have their separate words, but are quantities rarely used in common speech: '''1.00.00.00.000''' (12<sup>9</sup>) <small>(5.159.780.352<sub>10</sub>)</small> is a ''tūśvāna'' and '''1.00.00.00.00.000''' (12<sup>11</sup>) <small>(743.008.370.688<sub>10</sub>)</small> a ''lallatūśvāna''. <!-- The words ''khorādi'' (12<sup>7</sup>, i.e. synonym of lallaraice), ''yaṣmūn'' (12<sup>11</sup>, i.e. lallatūśvāna), ''iriakas'' (12<sup>13</sup>), ''mairāṇa'' or ''lalleriakas'' (12<sup>15</sup>), ''nirāvah'' (12<sup>17</sup>), and ''sṝva'' or ''lallanirāvah'' (12<sup>19</sup>) were introduced in Classical-era texts, but are almost never used today. However, they form the base for the scientific measurement system's prefixes. --> | The next two groups have their separate words, but are quantities rarely used in common speech: '''1.00.00.00.000''' (12<sup>9</sup>) <small>(5.159.780.352<sub>10</sub>)</small> is a ''tūśvāna'' and '''1.00.00.00.00.000''' (12<sup>11</sup>) <small>(743.008.370.688<sub>10</sub>)</small> a ''lallatūśvāna''. <!-- The words ''khorādi'' (12<sup>7</sup>, i.e. synonym of lallaraice), ''yaṣmūn'' (12<sup>11</sup>, i.e. lallatūśvāna), ''iriakas'' (12<sup>13</sup>), ''mairāṇa'' or ''lalleriakas'' (12<sup>15</sup>), ''nirāvah'' (12<sup>17</sup>), and ''sṝva'' or ''lallanirāvah'' (12<sup>19</sup>) were introduced in Classical-era texts, but are almost never used today. However, they form the base for the scientific measurement system's prefixes. --> | ||
===Derivational morphology (''vāb̃lavona hufāmvailaḫlana'')=== | |||
====Noun-forming morphemes=== | |||
There are four morphemes that are used to form general derivatives from verbal roots: '''-a''', '''-vu''', '''-ib-e''' and '''-uḍu'''. The first two are generally unproductive nowadays (although a terminal ''-a'' is often added to the end of loanwords, but it is not considered to be this morpheme), while the latter two are still somewhat used in new coinings. All four morphemes are used with the zero-grade (''ślūtya'') root. | |||
* ''lel-'' (to live) → ''lila'' (person; living thing) | |||
* ''jo-'' (to hurry) → ''jūva'' (hurry) (with epenthetic ''-v-'' due to regular saṃdhi) | |||
* ''tvorg-'' (to fear) → ''tūrgibe'' (fear) | |||
* ''mord-'' (to promise) → ''murdibe'' (promise) | |||
* ''ḫamf-'' (to express oneself) → ''ḫamfa'' (language) | |||
* ''nyäɂ-'' (to laugh) → ''nyäɂvu'' (laugh) (also ''nyäɂa'') | |||
* ''dhā-'' (to let, permit) → ''dhauḍu'' (permission) | |||
* ''ṣrop-'' (to honor, celebrate) → ''ṣropuḍu'' (praise) | |||
* ''tamb-'' (to kiss) → ''tambuḍu'' (kiss) | |||
* ''lav-'' (to go, walk) → ''lavibe'' (walk) | |||
'''-(i)ḫ-e''' (first ablauting declension) sometimes marks a result of the action denoted by a verb root, but commonly has unpredictable meanings (even agents, particularly body parts). | |||
* ''lel-'' (to live) → ''lelḫe'' (life) | |||
* ''rañj-'' (to name, identify, mark) → ''rañjiḫe'' (name; noun) | |||
* ''tuḫ-'' (to beat) → ''tuḫḫe'' (heart) | |||
* ''bhel-'' (to eat) → ''bheliḫe'' (meal) | |||
'''-ta''' has a similar meaning (or unpredictablity) as ''-(i)ḫ-e'', but often implies a sense of collectiveness, or an abstract state. Used with the middle-grade (''būcūya'') root. | |||
* ''ṣar-'' (to rule, govern) → ''ṣarta'' (government, rule; ''in compounds:'' -cracy) | |||
* ''śod-'' (to know, understand) → ''śodda'' (knowledge; ''in compounds:'' -logy) | |||
* ''ni-sākh-'' (to create, produce) → ''nisāktha'' (production, artifact; the works of an artist) | |||
'''-uṣ-a''' (second ablauting declension) forms meaning related to qualities, but sometimes also something used for a determinate action. | |||
* ''bhaṭ-'' (to expand, swell, bloat) → ''bhaṭuṣa'' (expansion, swelling) | |||
* ''kṛs-'' (to wait) → ''kṛsuṣa'' (wait) | |||
* ''meś-'' (to see) → ''meśuṣa'' (visibility) | |||
'''-na''' ('''-ra''' after ''t'' or ''d''; '''-iyāna''' after ''Cy''; '''-uvāna''' after ''Cv''; '''-ṝna''' with a preceding ''ṛ''), with a middle-grade root, is the most common suffix denoting qualities. | |||
* ''meś-'' (to see) → ''meśña'' (sight) | |||
* ''ne-'' (to say, tell, speak) → ''nena'' (voice) | |||
* ''śoc-'' (to clean) → ''śocña'' (cleanliness) | |||
* ''dhomy-'' (to hope) → ''dhomiyāna'' (hope) | |||
* ''prā-nart-'' (to imagine, foresee) → ''prānartra'' (imagination; clairvoyance) | |||
'''-ūmma''', with middle grade ablaut, is a rarer suffix with a meaning overlapping to ''-uṣ-a''. | |||
* ''pūn-'' (to work) → ''pūnūmma'' (work [a relationship between employer and employee]) | |||
* ''bhe-'' (to cure, care for) → ''bhayūmma'' (caring) | |||
* ''dar-'' (to do) → ''darūmma'' (action; verb) | |||
* ''rav-'' (to open) → ''ravūmma'' (width, breadth) | |||
'''-anah''', with middle grade ablaut, denotes an act or process, or its tangible manifestation (see third example). | |||
* śoc- (to clean) → ''śocanah'' (cleaning, the act of cleaning) | |||
* ''khāh-'' (to buy) → ''khāhanah'' (shopping) | |||
* ''meś-on-'' (to see + causative marker) → ''meśonnah'' (exhibition) | |||
'''-āmita''', with higher grade ablaut (''udhyukṣṇise'') when used with verb roots, also forms quality, states, but often with more abstract meanings - cf. English ''-hood'', ''-ship'', ''-ism'' - or denoting a state in scientific terms. Unlike most previous suffixes, it is most commonly (but not exclusively) used to derive nouns from other nouns, instead of verb roots or stems. | |||
* ''ñältah'' (sister; (male's) sister; sibling) → ''ñältāmita'' "siblinghood; sisterhood, brotherhood" | |||
* ''lilāḍu'' (friend) → ''lilāḍvāmita'' (friendship) (bookish variant ''lilāḍūmita'') | |||
* ''lel-'' (to live) → ''lailāmita'' (the state of being alive) | |||
* ''girḍ-'' (to be wet) → ''gīrḍāmita'' (humidity) | |||
'''-āvam''' (m-stem non-ablauting), with zero grade ablaut, has various generic and sometimes unpredictable meanings, though typically instrumental. | |||
* ''dhoj-'' (to keep together; assign, allocate) → ''dhujāvam'' (number, numeral) | |||
* ''khor-'' (to sing) → ''khurāvam'' (choir) | |||
* ''śod-'' (to know, understand) → ''śudāvam'' (explanation) | |||
'''-ūlte''', or '''-lte''' with lengthening of a stem-final vowel (more rarely simply '''-lte'''), with middle grade ablaut, forms nouns that generally denote tools, something used in doing an action; containers; more rarely places - cf. Latin ''-brum''. | |||
* ''nādah'' (leg) → ''nādālte'' (knee-length sock) | |||
* ''tuḫ-'' (to beat) → ''tuḫūlte'' (drum) | |||
* ''śoc-'' (to clean) → ''śocūlte'' (detergent; cleaning product) | |||
* ''hamvy-'' (to cradle) → ''hamvyūlte'' (cradle) | |||
* ''näly-'' (to think) (class V) → ''nälilte'' (brain) | |||
'''-ṅ-ka''' (second ablauting declension) also denotes tools, or instruments that do a particular action - not always synonymous with the preceding one. | |||
* ''haf-'' (to insert) → ''hāṅka'' (socket) | |||
* ''ni-de-'' (to stand on, to stand over) → ''nideṅka'' (roof) | |||
* ''ni-ko-'' (to sit on) → ''nikoṅka'' (chair) | |||
'''-ura''' (but ''-y-ura'' → '''-ira'''), attached to a verb's perfect stem, denotes something that has undergone a certain action (i.e. the equivalent of a past participle). | |||
* ''pad-miś-'' (to see beyond, to see further) → ''padimiśura'' (view, overlook) | |||
* ''cor-'' (to save, keep for the future) → ''ucururai'' (savings) (pl. tantum) | |||
* ''lūkr-'' (to fold) → ''ulūkrura'' (wardrobe [the elements composing it, and colloquially, by extension, the piece of furniture]) | |||
'''-se''', with a zero grade root, is a synonym of '''-ura''', but generally used in a compound where the first element denotes the agent, or with a verb prefix.<br/>Note that ablauting roots ending in ''-ar-'', no matter the class, lengthen the vowel to ''-ār-'' and do not add the ''-s-''. | |||
* ''nādah'' (leg) + ''śro-'' (to propel, launch) → ''nādaśrūṣe'' (bicycle, bike) | |||
* ''pūnan'' (worker) + ''ṣar-'' (to rule) → ''pūnaṃṣāre'' (worker cooperative) | |||
* ''pad-'' (forth, beyond) + ''gṇyau-'' (to give birth; to be born) → ''padagṇyausi'' (sons and daughters) (pl. tantum) | |||
* ''udhi-'' (within) + ''ukṣṇy-'' (to grow) → ''udhyukṣṇise'' (higher grade ablaut, ''vṛddhi'') | |||
'''-ḫana''', with zero grade ablaut, forms nouns meaning "that ought to be X-ed", i.e. a future passive participle. | |||
* ''uc-'' (to believe) → ''vacchana'' (miracle) | |||
* ''meś-'' (to see) → ''miśaḫana'' (video) | |||
* ''śod-'' (to know, understand) → ''śuddhana'' (rule) | |||
(TBC) | |||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||