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'''Kola''' (Native: ጅቆለ /d͡ʒɨˈkʼolə/, Arabic script: جقوله, Ethiopianist Latin script: ''Jïqolä'', Bantuist Latin script: ''Jïkolä'') is a Bantu language spoken by the Kola people (ወቆለ ''wäqolä'')<!-- in Eritrea and the Tigray Region of Ethiopia.-->.
'''Kola''' (Native: ጅቆለ /d͡ʒɨˈkʼolə/, Arabic script: جقوله, Ethiopicist Latin script: ''Jïqolä'', Bantuist Latin script: ''Jïkolä'') is a Bantu language spoken by the Kola people (ወቆለ ''wäqolä'')<!-- in Eritrea and the Tigray Region of Ethiopia.-->.
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Kola
|name = Kola
|nativename = ጅቆለ <br />Jïqolä <br />Jïkolä <br />جقوله
|nativename = ጅቆለ <br />Jïqolä <br />Jïkolä <br />جقوله
|pronunciation = d͡ʒɪˈkʼoˑlɐ
|pronunciation = d͡ʒɪˈkʼoˑlɐ
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|creator = User:Shariifka
|region = Ethiopia, Eritrea
|state = Ethiopia, Eritrea
<!--
<!--
|states =  
|states =  
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|date = 2017
|date = 2017
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|fam1 = [[w:Niger-Congo_languages|Niger-Congo]]
|fam2=[[w:Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
|fam2=[[w:Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
|fam3=[[w:Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]
|fam3=[[w:Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]
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|iso2 =  
|iso2 =  
|iso3 = -->
|iso3 = -->
|script        = [[w:Geez_script|Ge'ez]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]
|script1 = Latn
|script2 = Arab
|script3 = Ethi
<!--
<!--
|agency        = -->
|agency        = -->
| notice = ipa
}}
}}
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Kola is a Bantu language spoken in northwestern Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Kola is a Bantu language spoken in northwestern Ethiopia and Eritrea.
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====Latin alphabet====
====Latin alphabet====
There are two standardized Latin alphabets: a more common one based on the Semitic and Cushitic languages of Ethiopia ("Ethiopianist"), and a less common one based on other Bantu languages ("Bantuist"). The biggest difference between them is in the treatment of voiceless stops and affricates. In the Ethiopianist alphabet, the aspirated versions are treated as the unmarked forms and the ejective versions are treated as marked (as they are in Semitic and Cushitic languages). In the Bantuist alphabet, however, the ejectives are treated as unmarked and the aspirates as marked (as they are in Bantu languages). Since Kola is Bantu, the Bantuist alphabet more accurately represents the phonemes' status in the language; however, this article uses the more common Ethiopianist alphabet.
There are two standardized Latin alphabets: a more common one based on the Semitic and Cushitic languages of Ethiopia ("Ethiopicist"), and a less common one based on other Bantu languages ("Bantuist"). The biggest difference between them is in the treatment of voiceless stops and affricates. In the Ethiopicist alphabet, the aspirated versions are treated as the unmarked forms and the ejective versions are treated as marked (as they are in Semitic and Cushitic languages). In the Bantuist alphabet, however, the ejectives are treated as unmarked and the aspirates as marked (as they are in Bantu languages). Since Kola is Bantu, the Bantuist alphabet more accurately represents the phonemes' status in the language; however, this article uses the more common Ethiopicist alphabet.


In both alphabets, clusters that can be confused with digraphs are separated with an apostrophe - e.g. ''s'h'' /sh/ vs ''sh'' /ʃ/. Labialization is indicated with a following ''w''. Stress is not normally indicated in writing, but this article uses an acute accent.
In both alphabets, clusters that can be confused with digraphs are separated with an apostrophe - e.g. ''s'h'' /sh/ vs ''sh'' /ʃ/. Labialization is indicated with a following ''w''. Stress is not normally indicated in writing, but this article uses an acute accent.
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{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Ethiopianist !! Bantuist
! Ethiopicist !! Bantuist
! IPA
! IPA
|-
|-
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{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Ethiopianist !! Bantuist
! Ethiopicist !! Bantuist
! IPA
! IPA
|-
|-
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|<big><big> ۻ </big></big> || <big><big> تٜ </big></big> || <big><big> ڊ </big></big> || <big><big> ݑ </big></big> || <big><big> ذٜ </big></big>
|<big><big> ۻ </big></big> || <big><big> تٜ </big></big> || <big><big> ڊ </big></big> || <big><big> ݑ </big></big> || <big><big> ذٜ </big></big>
|-
|-
! Latin (Ethiopianist)
! Latin (Ethiopicist)
| tl || tlh || rowspan="2" | dl || rowspan="2" | sl || rowspan="2" | zl
| tl || tlh || rowspan="2" | dl || rowspan="2" | sl || rowspan="2" | zl
|-
|-
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| tlh || tl
| tlh || tl
|}
|}
*Maintaining tone distinction in stressed syllables.
*Maintaining tone distinction in stressed syllables. Depending on the dialect, there are three main tone systems:
**2-tone: High and low.
**3-tone: High, low, and falling.
**4-tone: High, low, rising, and falling.
*Maintaining full tonality in all syllables.
*Labialized/palatalized consonants where the standard has plain consonants.
*Labialized/palatalized consonants where the standard has plain consonants.
*Devoicing of voiced fricatives.
*Devoicing of voiced fricatives.
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:e.g. class 3 ምጢ ''mïthí'' "tree" (stem: ''-thí'') → class 4 ምጢ ''mïthí'' or class 6 መምጢ ''mämthí'' "trees"
:e.g. class 3 ምጢ ''mïthí'' "tree" (stem: ''-thí'') → class 4 ምጢ ''mïthí'' or class 6 መምጢ ''mämthí'' "trees"
::class 5 ዚጨ ''zíchä'' "eye" (stem: ''-íchä'') → class 6 ሜጨ ''méchä'' or መሜጨ ''mäméchä'' / መዚጨ ''mäzíchä'' "eyes"
::class 5 ዚጨ ''zíchä'' "eye" (stem: ''-íchä'') → class 6 ሜጨ ''méchä'' or መሜጨ ''mäméchä'' / መዚጨ ''mäzíchä'' "eyes"
::class 5 ዝት ''zḯtt'' "giant; great person" (stem: ''-́tt'') → class 6 መት ''mä́tt'' or class 2 ወመት ''mä́tt'' / ወዝት ''wäzḯtt''<!-- were low --> "giants; great people"
::class 5 ዝት ''zḯtt'' "giant; great person" (stem: ''-́tt'') → class 6 መት ''mä́tt'' or class 2 ወመት ''wämä́tt'' / ወዝት ''wäzḯtt''<!-- were low --> "giants; great people"
Younger speakers tend to add the prefixes to the noun's singular form, while older speakers add them to the plural forms or don't add them at all. In this article, the traditional plurals are used.
Younger speakers tend to add the prefixes to the noun's singular form, while older speakers add them to the plural forms or don't add them at all. In this article, the traditional plurals are used.


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*The proximal and distal demonstratives can either take regular or extended pronominal concord prefixes. The extended prefixes provide extra emphasis.
*The proximal and distal demonstratives can either take regular or extended pronominal concord prefixes. The extended prefixes provide extra emphasis.
*The referential pronoun generally uses the non-reduplicated form (identical to the clitic pronoun) in the presence of a prefix.
*The referential pronoun generally uses the non-reduplicated form (identical to the clitic pronoun) in the presence of a prefix.
====Interrogatives====
<!-- add to dict-->
*'''Without concord prefixes:'''
**'''ጂ ''jí'':''' "what"
**'''ቤ ''bé'':''' "where", "which", "where from"
**'''ጒ ''gwí'':''' "around where", "where to"
**'''ሚ ''mí'':''' "who"
**'''ቤማኛ ''bemánya'':''' "when"
**'''ግጂ ''gïjí'':''' "why"
**'''ደጂ ''däjí'':''' "how"
*'''With promnominal concord:'''
**'''-ቃ ''-́qa'':''' "which"
*'''With adjectival concord:'''
**'''-ልገ ''-lḯggä'':''' "how much, how many"
====Indefinite pronouns====
The indefinite pronouns are identical to the corresponding nouns.
*'''ምት ''mḯtt'' (pl.: ወት ''wä́tt'')''': someone, anyone; person
*'''ጅት ''jḯtt'' (pl.: ቭት ''vḯtt'')''': something, anything; thing
*'''በት ''bä́tt'' (pl.: ግት ''gḯtt'')''': somewhere, anywhere; place, (''plural'') general area
*'''ማኛ ''mánya'' (pl : ማኛ ''mánya'')''': some time, any time; time


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
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In the below table, like the rest of this article, animacy concord is used (with 9/10 for inanimate). Class 7/8 forms are also given in order to demonstrate the effects of sandhi, particularly in the forms for "two". Note that 10 and higher numbers do not take concord prefixes.
In the below table, like the rest of this article, animacy concord is used (with 9/10 for inanimate). Class 7/8 forms are also given in order to demonstrate the effects of sandhi, particularly in the forms for "two". Note that 10 and higher numbers do not take concord prefixes.


Ordinal numbers are formed with the relativizing particle ''a-'' and therefore are actually possessives. For example, አቁም ''aqúm'' "tenth" literally means "of ten". አጓዘ ''agwázä'' "first" literally means "of the beginning" (from ጓዘ ''gwazä'' "beginning; to begin", stem: ''-azä'').
Ordinal numbers are formed with the relativizing particle ''a-'' and therefore are technically possessives. For example, አቁም ''aqúm'' "tenth" literally means "of ten". አጓዘ ''agwázä'' "first" literally means "of the beginning" (from ጓዘ ''gwazä'' "beginning; to begin", stem: ''-azä'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Kola numbers
|+ Kola numbers
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'''Negation''' is accomplished with the circumfix ከ-ም ''kä-m'' in main clauses, the prefix ከ- ''kä-'' for subjunctive verbs, and the post-subject prefix -ሲ- ''-si-'' for relative verbs and derived nouns.
'''Negation''' is accomplished with the circumfix ከ-ም ''kä-m'' in main clauses, the prefix ከ- ''kä-'' for subjunctive verbs, and the post-subject prefix -ሲ- ''-si-'' for relative verbs and derived nouns.
:e.g. ኜደ ''nyéddä'' "I walk" → ከኜደም ''<b>kä</b>nyéddä<b>m</b>'' "I do not walk"
:e.g. ኜደ ''nyéddä'' "I walk" → ከኜደም ''<b>kä</b>nyéddä<b>m</b>'' "I do not walk"
::ከዌዴ ''<b>kä</b>weddé'' "do not walk", ያያሴዴ ''yaya<b>s</b>eddä'' "who does not walk"
::ከዌዴ ''<b>kä</b>weddé'' "do not walk", ያያሴዴ ''yaya<b>s</b>éddä'' "who does not walk"
::ግሴደ ''gï<b>s</b>éddä'' "to not walk", ምሴደ ''mï<b>s</b>éddä'' "one who does not walk"  
::ግሴደ ''gï<b>s</b>éddä'' "to not walk", ምሴደ ''mï<b>s</b>éddä'' "one who does not walk"  
<!--
<!--
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**በ- ማኛ ''bä- mánya'': "when, at the time when"
**በ- ማኛ ''bä- mánya'': "when, at the time when"
**በ- ግጊሰ ''bä- gïgísä'': "because; because of"
**በ- ግጊሰ ''bä- gïgísä'': "because; because of"
**በ- ኝማ ''bä- nyïmá'': "before; behind"
**በ- በል ''bä- bä́l'': "after; in front of"


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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Like most modifiers, relative clauses and possessors precede the noun they modify.
Like most modifiers, relative clauses and possessors precede the noun they modify.
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ማኛ<!--jányá, 3--> (''mánya'')===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ቫቀ (''váqä'')
! English !! Kola !! Remarks
|-
| spring || ጅሌሌ ''jïléle'' (7, pl.: ቭሌሌ ''vïléle'') || lesser rainy season
|-
| summer || ጅቩለ ''jïvúlä'' (7, pl.: እቩለ ''ïvvúlä'', 8) || main rainy season
|-
| fall || ጅኹጥ ''jïkhúth'' (7, pl.: ቭኹጥ ''vïkhúth'', 8) || lesser dry season
|-
| winter || ጅቃለ ''jïqálä'' (7, pl.: ቭቃለ ''vïqálä'', 8) || main dry season
|-
<!--
| spring || || Ganna, Belg, Deyr*, Tsedeya, Tseday || Mar-Jun OR Apr-July (lesser rainy season)
|-
| summer || || Bona, Gu*, Keremt(i), Ganna || Jun/Jul-Sep (main rainy season)
|-
| fall || || Tseday, Xagaa*, Qewci, Metsew || Sep-Nov/Dec (lesser dry season)
|-
| winter || ''hhangay''?? || Bega/Jilaal*/Xagaay/Xagaay || Nov-Mar OR Jan-Mar (main dry season)
|-
-->
|}
'''Notes:'''
#The seasons in Kola do not exactly correspond to the seasons in English due to the tropical climate of the areas where Kola is spoken. In the above table, they were matched according to the time of year in which they occur.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Months - ሜዝ (''méz'') <!--add to dictionary-->
! English !! colspan="2"| Kola
|-
| January || ጃንዩዌሪ ''jan'yuwéri''
|-
| February || ፌብሩዌሪ ''februwéri''
|-
| March || ማርች ''márc''
|-
| April || ኤፕሪል ''épril''
|-
| May || ሜይ ''méy''
|-
| June || ጁን ''jún''
|-
| July || ጁላይ ''juláy''
|-
| August || ኦገስት ''ógäst''
|-
| September || ሴፕቴምበር ''septémbär''<!--''mäskäräm''-->
|-
| October || ኦክቶበር ''októbär''
|-
| November || ኖቬምበር ''novémbär''
|-
| December || ዴሴምበር ''desémbär''
|-
|}
<!--
'''Note:''' Kola traditionally uses the Ethiopian calendar.-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ጃገጣለ መሹቅ (''ĵagäthálä mäshúq'') <!-- add to dictionary-->
! English !! Kola
|-
| Sunday || ገጣለሙ ''gäthalämú'' (12, pl.: ድጣለሙ ''dïthalamú'', 13)
|-
| Monday || ገጣለውሊ ''gäthalä́wli''/ገጣሎሊ ''gäthalóli'' (12, pl.: ድጣለውሊ ''dïthalä́wli''/ ድጣሎሊ ''dïthalóli'', 13)
|-
| Tuesday || ገጣለዳጥ ''gäthalädáth'' (12, pl.: ድጣለዳጥ ''dïthalädáth'', 13)
|-
| Wednesday || ገጣለኔ ''gäthaläné'' (12, pl.: ድጣለኔ ''dïthaläné'', 13)
|-
| Thursday || ገጣለጫን ''gäthalächán'' (12, pl.: ድጣለጫን ''dïthalächán'', 13)
|-
| Friday || ጁምዓ ''júmqha'' (7, pl.: ቩምዓ ''vúmqha'', 8)
|-
| Saturday || ገጣለጓዘ ''gäthalagwázä'' (12, pl.: ድጣለጓዘ ''dïthalagwázä'', 13)
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ጃውሹቅ ቭጵድ (''ĵawïshúq vïphḯdd'')
! English !! Kola
|-
| daytime || ምጂች ''mïĵíc'' (3, pl.: ምጂች ''mïĵíc'', 4)
|-
| dawn || ምጬ ''mïché'' (3, pl.: ምጬ ''mïché'')
|-
| morning || ምጬለ ''mïchélä'' (3, pl.: ምጬለ ''mïchélä'', 4)
|-
| noon || ምጨና ''mïchäná'' (3, pl.: ምጨና ''mïchäná'', 4)
|-
| afternoon || በምጨና በል ''bämïchäná bä́l''
|-
| evening || ዙለ ''zúlä'' (5, pl.: ሞለ ''mólä'', 6)
|-
| dusk || ውዝቀ ''wḯzqä'' (14, pl.: መዝቀ ''mä́zqä'', 6)
|-
| night || ውሲቅ ''wïsíq'' (14, pl.: መሲቅ ''mäsíq'', 6)
|-
| midnight || ውሲቅጢ ''wïsíqthi'' (14, pl.: መሲቅጢ ''mäsíqthi'', 6)
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ጃማኛ መመሲ ''ĵamánya mämä́si''
! English !! Kola
|-
| second || ሴኮንድ ''sékond'' (9, pl.: ሴኮንድ ''sékond'', 10)
|-
| minute || ደቂቃ ''däqíqa'' (9, pl.: ደቂቃ ''däqíqa'', 10)
|-
| hour || ሳዓት ''saqhát'' (5, pl.: መሳዓት ''mäsaqhát'', 6)
|-
| day || ውሹቅ ''wïshúq'' (14, pl.: መሹቅ ''mäshúq'', 6)
|-
| week || ገጣለ ''gäthálä'' (12, pl.: ድጣለ ''dïthálä'', 13)
|-
| month || ሜዝ ''méz'' (3, pl.: ሜዝ ''méz'', 4)
|-
| season || ጃቀ ''jáqä'' (7, pl: ቫቀ váqä, 8)
|-
| year || ማቀ ''máqä'' (3, pl.: ማቀ ''máqä'', 4)
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ጃማኛ ተውሳከ-ግስ ''ĵamánya täwsákä-gïss'' <!-- add to dictionary-->
! English !! Kola
|-
| now || ኖማኛ ''nománya''
|-
| then || ጆማኛ ''jománya''
|-
| recently, a short time ago ||
|-
| earlier || በኝማ ''bänyïmá''
|-
| soon, shortly ||
|-
| later || በበል ''bäbä́l''
|-
| always || ማኛቸ ''mányacä''
|-
| often || ጂጂ ማኛ ''ĵíji mánya''
|-
| sometimes || ሙሙ ማኛ ''mumú mánya''
|-
| rarely ||
|-
| never || ስማኛ ''sïmánya''
|-
| ever || ማኛ ''mánya''
|-
| still, yet ||
|-
| already ||
|-
| today || ቸና ''cäná'' (9)
|-
| tonight || ሌሎ ''lélo'' (5)
|-
| yesterday || ዝሎ ''zïló'' (5, pl.: መሎ ''mäló'', 6)
|-
| last night || ዝሎ ውሲቅ ''zïló wïsíq''
|-
| tomorrow || ቼ ''cé'' (9, pl.: ቼ ''cé'', 10)
|-
<!--
| before yesterday ||
|-
| two nights ago ||
|-
| after tomorrow ||
|-
| this week ||
|-
| last week ||
|-
| next week ||
|-
-->
|}
===Colours - መቀለም (''mäqä́läm'')===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - መቀለም (''mäqä́läm'')'' <!--add-->
! English !! Kola
|-
| white || ዌል ''wél'' (-ኤል ''-él'')
|-
| grey || ወላ ''wálä'' (-ኣለ ''-álä'')
|-
| black ||<!--ዊዝ ''wíz'' (-ኢዝ ''-íz'') = dark < jídì--> ውፊፊ ''wïfífi'' (-ፊፊ ''-fífi'') <!--pììpí-->
|-
| red || ውጞለ ''wïngólä'' (-ጞለ''-ngólä'')
|-
| orange || ወቡርቱካን ''wäburtukán'' (-አቡርቱካን ''-äburtukán'') <!--burtukan is orange-->
|-
| brown || ወቡን ''wäbunn'' (-አቡን ''-äbunn'')<!-- bunn coffee-->
|-
| yellow || ውብጫ ''wḯbcha'' (-ብጫ ''-bḯcha'')
|-
| green || ዎጃን ''woján'' (-ኦጃን ''-oján'') <!--zïján = leaf; mäján = leaves, grass; wïján = greenery, grass from jánì, Swahili jani Zulu utshani-->
|-
| blue || ወዙል ''wäzúl'' (-አዙል ''-äzúl'');<!--zúl (act. zùl) is sky from gÙdÙ, also 7/8 heap and 11/12 hill and 3/4 top??--> ወሰማይ ''wäsämáy'' (-አሰማይ ''-äsämáy'')
|-
| pink || ወወርዲ ''wäwä́rdi'' (-አወርዲ ''-äwä́rdi'')
|-
| purple || ወወይን ''wäwä́yn'' (-አወይን ''-äwä́yn'')
|-
| golden || ወወርቂ ''wäwä́rqi'' (-አወርቂ ''-äwä́rqi'')
|-
|}


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
Jukethatbox
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edits

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