Keren: Difference between revisions
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|name = Keren | |name = Keren | ||
|creator = User:Bari | |creator = User:Bari | ||
|created = November 2023 | |||
|created = 2023 | |created = 2023 | ||
|nativename = Keren | |nativename = Keren | ||
|pronunciation = ˈkɛ.ren | |pronunciation = ˈkɛ.ren | ||
|states = Sand Island | |states = Sand Island | ||
|speakers = 400 | |speakers = 400 | ||
|date = 2023 | |date = 2023 | ||
| | |ethnicity = Kerens | ||
|familycolor = Language | |familycolor = Language isolate | ||
|ancestor = Old Keren | |ancestor = Proto-Keren | ||
|ancestor2 = Old Keren | |||
|stand1 = Classical Keren (a.k.a. Literally Keren) | |||
}} | }} | ||
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--> | --> | ||
[[Category:Keren Language]] | |||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
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|colspan="2"|w | |colspan="2"|w | ||
|} | |} | ||
Notes: | |||
* /{{IPA|z}}/ is from Old Keren #'VsV & #ri. For these speakers, that has /{{IPA|z}}/ in palatal group (see below), only from #ri is in this group. | |||
** /{{IPA|l}}/ also is from Old Keren #'VɬV & #d. If #d occurs before #i, was paltalised to /{{IPA|ɥ}}/ after rounded vowels & to #d͡ʒ after non-rounded vowels & turned to modern /At͡ʃ˩/ (see consonant alternations) | |||
====Consonant groups==== | |||
* Labial: /{{IPA|p, m, ŋʷ, w, ɥ, ʀʷ, kʷ}}/ | |||
* Palatal: /{{IPA|ɲ, t͡ʃ, ʃ, j, ç}}/ & for some archaic speakers - /{{IPA|ɥ, t͡s, z}}/ | |||
* Neutral: /{{IPA|t, n, ŋ, r, ɬ, ʀ, ɰ, l, k, s, z, t͡s}}/ | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{|width=" | {|width="10%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="text-align:center; margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse" | ||
|-bgcolor="#eeeeee" | |-bgcolor="#eeeeee" | ||
!scope="col" colspan=2 width=" | !scope="col" colspan=2 width="30px" | | ||
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Front | !colspan="2" scope="col"|Front | ||
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Back | !colspan="2" scope="col"|Back | ||
| Line 114: | Line 126: | ||
|colspan="4"|a | |colspan="4"|a | ||
|} | |} | ||
Notes: | |||
* /{{IPA|e, o}}/ are [{{IPA|ɛ, ɔ}}] in open syllabes, [{{IPA|e, ɵ}}] after palatal consonant in unstressed syllabes, [{{IPA|e̞, o̞}}] in clossed syllabes & [{{IPA|ɛ, ʌ}}] in open unstressed syllabes (if previous consonant is not labialised or labial) | |||
* /{{IPA|a}}/ is [{{IPA|ɒ}}] after labialised or labial consonant, [{{IPA|æ}}] after palatal consonant & [{{IPA|ə}}] in unstressed closed syllabes | |||
* /{{IPA|i}}/ is [{{IPA|ɨ}}] in stressed syllabes | |||
* vowel lenght is phonemic | |||
** /{{IPA|oː}}/ can be [{{IPA|u̯o}}] in stressed position for some speakers | |||
===Syllabes=== | |||
Keren syllabes occur as (C)(C)V(:)(C)(C²)T where (C²) is one of these three consonants /{{IPA|r, n, m}}/, that can be stressed independently as syllabic consonants. (T) is mid tone /{{IPA|˧}}/ (unmarked/default), low tone /{{IPA|˩}}/ or “question tone” - /{{IPA|˧˩˥}}/ (only in question particle). Some speakers can ad [{{IPA|ə̥}}] between onset-syllabes consonant cluster, at least in unstressed syllabes. Low-toned syllabes work as stressed syllabes. | |||
===Prosody=== | |||
Stress is penultimate. Secondary stress is on first syllabe & occurs in word with at least five syllabes (for some archaic speakers, at least four). | |||
==Grammar== | |||
===Syntax=== | |||
Keren is SVO in positive clausules, VSO in negative clausules & SOV in question clausules. | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
====N-type nouns==== | |||
====K-type nouns==== | |||
===Consonant alternations=== | |||
====Lateral mutation==== | |||
====Palatal mutation==== | |||
====Labial mutation==== | |||
====Vocalic mutation==== | |||
Latest revision as of 14:21, 6 December 2023
Keren
| Keren | |
|---|---|
| Keren | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈkɛ.ren] |
| Created by | Bari |
| Date | 2023 |
| Native to | Sand Island |
| Ethnicity | Kerens |
| Native speakers | 400 (2023) |
language isolate
| |
Early forms | Proto-Keren
|
Standard form | Classical Keren (a.k.a. Literally Keren)
|
Background
Keren in language for Kerens - people, that live on Sand Island - fictional island. Is based on amazonian proto-languages & have some proto-indo-european morphology.
Phonology
Keren has 24 phonemic consonants & 4 vowels.
Consonants
| Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Labio-Palatal | Dorsal | Labio-Dorsal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | ||||||||
| Stops | p | t͡s | t | t͡ʃ | k | kʷ | |||||||
| Sibilant | s | z | ʃ | ||||||||||
| Trills | r | ʀ | ʀʷ | ||||||||||
| Fricative | ɬ | ç | |||||||||||
| Glides | l | j | ɥ | ɰ | w | ||||||||
Notes:
- /z/ is from Old Keren #'VsV & #ri. For these speakers, that has /z/ in palatal group (see below), only from #ri is in this group.
- /l/ also is from Old Keren #'VɬV & #d. If #d occurs before #i, was paltalised to /ɥ/ after rounded vowels & to #d͡ʒ after non-rounded vowels & turned to modern /At͡ʃ˩/ (see consonant alternations)
Consonant groups
- Labial: /p, m, ŋʷ, w, ɥ, ʀʷ, kʷ/
- Palatal: /ɲ, t͡ʃ, ʃ, j, ç/ & for some archaic speakers - /ɥ, t͡s, z/
- Neutral: /t, n, ŋ, r, ɬ, ʀ, ɰ, l, k, s, z, t͡s/
Vowels
| Front | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ||||
| Mid | e | o | |||
| Low | a | ||||
Notes:
- /e, o/ are [ɛ, ɔ] in open syllabes, [e, ɵ] after palatal consonant in unstressed syllabes, [e̞, o̞] in clossed syllabes & [ɛ, ʌ] in open unstressed syllabes (if previous consonant is not labialised or labial)
- /a/ is [ɒ] after labialised or labial consonant, [æ] after palatal consonant & [ə] in unstressed closed syllabes
- /i/ is [ɨ] in stressed syllabes
- vowel lenght is phonemic
- /oː/ can be [u̯o] in stressed position for some speakers
Syllabes
Keren syllabes occur as (C)(C)V(:)(C)(C²)T where (C²) is one of these three consonants /r, n, m/, that can be stressed independently as syllabic consonants. (T) is mid tone /˧/ (unmarked/default), low tone /˩/ or “question tone” - /˧˩˥/ (only in question particle). Some speakers can ad [ə̥] between onset-syllabes consonant cluster, at least in unstressed syllabes. Low-toned syllabes work as stressed syllabes.
Prosody
Stress is penultimate. Secondary stress is on first syllabe & occurs in word with at least five syllabes (for some archaic speakers, at least four).
Grammar
Syntax
Keren is SVO in positive clausules, VSO in negative clausules & SOV in question clausules.