Linguifex

Sharqi: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Sharqi (view source)

Revision as of 20:00, 16 December 2023

1,129 bytes added ,  16 December 2023
→‎Stem 1
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(6 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 20: Line 20:
|fam1 = [[w:Afro-Asiatic_languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam1 = [[w:Afro-Asiatic_languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Semitic_languages|Semitic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Semitic_languages|Semitic]]
|fam3 = [[w:South_Semitic_languages|South Semitic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Ethiopian_Semitic_languages|Ethiopian Semitic]]
<!--
<!--
|iso1 =  
|iso1 =  
Line 50: Line 52:
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Af Sharqi consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" |
! Labial
! Dental/<br />Alveolar
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Uvular
! Pharyngeal
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''''m'''''
| '''''n'''''
| |
|('''''ny''''' /ɲ/)
| || || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop consonant
! voiceless
|
| '''''t''''' /t̪/
| ||
| '''''k'''''
| '''''q'''''
|
| ''''' ' '''''/ʔ/
|-
! voiced
| '''''b'''''
| '''''d''''' /d̪/
| '''''dh''''' /ɖ/
|
| '''''ɡ'''''
| || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
| ||
|
| || || || ||
|-
! voiced
| ||
| '''''j''''' /dʒ/
| || || || ||
|-
! colspan="2"|Fricative
| '''''f'''''
| '''''s'''''
| '''''sh''''' /ʃ/
|
|
| '''''kh''''' /x̠~χ/
| '''''x''''' /ħ/
| '''''h'''''
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
|
| '''''l'''''
|
| '''''y''''' /j/
| '''''w'''''
|
| '''''c''''' /ʕ/ ||
|-
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
| '''''r''''' /r~ɾ/
| || || || || ||
|}
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Line 131: Line 206:
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Stem 1====
====Stem 1====
Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect.
Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. <!--The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect.-->
*''F-C-L'' is used as the generic verb stem (with ''qadal'' "kill" as the example verb).
*''F-C-L'' is used as the generic verb stem (with ''qadal'' "kill" as the example verb).
**''F'': first root consonant
**''F'': first root consonant
Line 187: Line 262:
*If ''F'' is:-
*If ''F'' is:-
**w:  
**w:  
***''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''uw'' becoming ''uu'' before a consonant. If the following syllable has the vowel ''i'', it also becomea ''u'' - e.g. ''al yuudud'' "he does not love" (from ''*yiwdid'').  
***''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''uw'' becoming ''uu'' before a consonant. If the following syllable has the vowel ''i'', it also becomes ''u'' - e.g. ''al yuudud'' "he does not love" (from ''*yiwdid'').  
***The sequence ''uwa'' is further simplified to ''oo'' - e.g. ''yoodad'' "he loves" (from ''*yuwadad'' < ''*yiwadad'').
***The sequence ''uwa'' is further simplified to ''oo'' - e.g. ''yoodad'' "he loves" (from ''*yuwadad'' < ''*yiwadad'').
**y:  
**y:  
Line 193: Line 268:
***The sequence ''iya'' is simplified to ''ee'' - e.g. ''teebas'' "she/it dries" (from ''*tiyabas'').
***The sequence ''iya'' is simplified to ''ee'' - e.g. ''teebas'' "she/it dries" (from ''*tiyabas'').
**Ø: preceding ''i'' becomes ''a'' in the imperfect and lengthened in the subjunctive/jussive - e.g. ''yaahal'' "it is enough" (from ''*yiØahal''), ''ay yiíhal'' "let it not be enough" (from *''yíØhal'').
**Ø: preceding ''i'' becomes ''a'' in the imperfect and lengthened in the subjunctive/jussive - e.g. ''yaahal'' "it is enough" (from ''*yiØahal''), ''ay yiíhal'' "let it not be enough" (from *''yíØhal'').
**A guttural letter (''G'': ', h, c, x): when intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. ''yaxamal'' "he carries" (from ''*yixamal'')<!--, ''ay tácraf'' "don't rest" (from ''tícraf'')-->.
**A guttural letter (''G'': ', h, c, x): when intervocalic, a preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. ''yaxamal'' "he carries" (from ''*yixamal'')<!--, ''ay tácraf'' "don't rest" (from ''tícraf'')-->.
*If ''C'' is:-
*If ''C'' is:-
**y, yC, or Cy:  
**y, yC, or Cy:  
Line 213: Line 288:
**G:
**G:
***''aGii'' in gerundive becomes ''iGii'' - e.g. ''mixíiraw'' "him being kind/merciful"-->
***''aGii'' in gerundive becomes ''iGii'' - e.g. ''mixíiraw'' "him being kind/merciful"-->
***When intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel.
***When intervocalic, a preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel.
*If ''L'' is:-
*If ''L'' is:-
**y:  
**y:  
***''(a)ya'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad'')
***''(a)ya(y)'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad'')
***''(a)yay'' becomes ''eey'' - e.g. ''salleey'' "I prayed" (from ''*sallayay'').
***''(a)yaw'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''sallaw'' "he prayed" (from ''*sallayaw'').
***Final ''iy'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''silli'' "pray" (from ''*silliy'').
***Final ''iy'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''silli'' "pray" (from ''*silliy'').
***''yu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinasúun'' "they forget" (from ''*yinasyúun'').
***''yu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinasúun'' "they forget" (from ''*yinasyúun'').
Line 227: Line 302:
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCíi-'' before a consonant).-->
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCíi-'' before a consonant).-->
**w:
**w:
***''(a)wa'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad'').
***''(a)wa(w)'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad'').
***''(a)way'' becomes ''ooy'' - e.g. ''cafooy'' "I forgave" (from ''*cafway'').
***''(a)way'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. ''cafoy'' "I forgave" (from ''*cafway'').
***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (''uu'' before a consonant) and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw'').
***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (''uu'' before a consonant) and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw'').
***''wu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yacafúun'' "they forgive" (from ''*yicafwúun'').
***''wu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yacafúun'' "they forgive" (from ''*yicafwúun'').
Line 239: Line 314:
***Final ''iØ'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''níshi'' "take/lift" (from ''*níshiØ'').
***Final ''iØ'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''níshi'' "take/lift" (from ''*níshiØ'').
***''Øu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinashúun'' "they take/lift" (from ''*yinashØúun'').
***''Øu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinashúun'' "they take/lift" (from ''*yinashØúun'').
***''aØu(u)'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. ''yuwaddówn'' "they finish" (from ''*yiwaddaØúun'')
***''aØu(u)'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. ''yooddówn'' "they finish" (from ''*yiwaddaØúun'')
***''iØuu'' becomes ''uu''  e.g. ''al tinshúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not take/lift" (from ''*tinshiØúun'')
***''iØuu'' becomes ''uu''  e.g. ''al tinshúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not take/lift" (from ''*tinshiØúun'')
<!--
<!--
Line 269: Line 344:
=====Compound tenses=====
=====Compound tenses=====
*Present progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes and with final accent) + Perfect of ''-(ah)alaw'' - e.g. ''yikeéd(ah)alaw'' "he is walking/going".
*Present progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes and with final accent) + Perfect of ''-(ah)alaw'' - e.g. ''yikeéd(ah)alaw'' "he is walking/going".
**This is derived from the defective verb ''halaw'' "he is present" (notice that it has present meaning despite the perfect form)
**This is derived from the defective verb ''halaw'' "he is present".
*Past progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes and with final accent) + Perfect of ''nabar'' "he was present" - e.g. ''yikeéd nabrúun'' "they were walking/going".
**''Halaw'' (stem: ''h-l-w'') is conjugated as a perfect verb, but has present meaning. Its past equivalent is ''nabraw'' (stem: ''n-b-r'').
*Past progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes and with final accent) + Perfect of ''nabraw'' "he was present" - e.g. ''yikeéd nabrúun'' "they were walking/going".


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 283: Line 359:
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
<!--Beni aadanka kulligaw WAXA aw yitoolad nusuga OO XOR AH KANA SIMAN XAGGA sharafta IYO xuquuqa. WAXA Ilaahay SIIYAY WACYI IYO damiir, WAANA IN QOF WALBA QOFKA KALE SI WALAALTINIMO AH UU ULA DHAQMAA.-->
<!--Beni aadanka kulligaw WAXA aw yitoolad nusuga OO xor AH KANA SIMAN XAGGA sharafta IYO xuquuqda. WAXA Ilaahay SIIYAY WACYI IYO damiir, WAANA IN QOF WALBA QOFKA KALE ULA DHAQMAA SI WALAALTINIMO AH.-->


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
Shariifka
7,080

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/274441...341591"