Proto-Zanahic: Difference between revisions
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| Line 260: | Line 260: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! P | ! P | ||
| * | | *yūh || *ušme || *ušm̥biš || *ušmey || *ušmeṭ || *ušoʔom || *ušmi || *wō̆h || *ušoh, -ʔ, -om | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Refl. !! All !! All | ! Refl. !! All !! All | ||
| Line 269: | Line 269: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! F | ! F | ||
| *hiʔ || *hiʔm̥ || * | | *hiʔ || *hiʔm̥ || *tāʔi || *tohyaʔay || *tohyāṭ || *tohyāh || *tohyaʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! N | ! N | ||
Revision as of 10:30, 15 February 2024
Introduction
Proto-Zanahic is the reconstructed ancestor of Zanahi and other Zanahic languages.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | *m /m/ | *n /n/ | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | *p /p/ | *t /t/ | *k /k/ | *ʔ /ʔ/ | |
| voiced | *b /b/ | *d /d/ | *g /ɡ/ | |||
| ejective | *ṗ /pʼ/ | *ṭ /tʼ/ | *ḳ /kʼ/ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | *c /ts/ | ||||
| voiced | *z /dz/ | |||||
| ejective | *ṣ /tsʼ/ | |||||
| Fricative | *s /s/ | *š /ɕ/ | *h /h/ | |||
| Trill | *r /r/ | |||||
| Approximant | *l /l/ | *y /j/ | *w /w/ | |||
Vowels and Syllabics
| Short | Long | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |
| Close | *i /i/ | *u /u/ | *ī /iː/ | *ū /uː/ |
| Mid | *e /ɛ/ | *ē /ɛː/ | ||
| Open | *a /a/ | *o /ɒ/ | *ā /aː/ | *ō /ɒː/ |
| Short | Long | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /i/ | /u/ | /i/ | /u/ | |
| /ɛ/ | *ey /ɛi/ | *ew /ɛu/ | *ēy /ɛːi/ | *ēw /ɛːu/ |
| /a/ | *ay /ai/ | *aw /au/ | *āy /aːi/ | *āw /aːu/ |
| /ɒ/ | *oy /ɒi/ | *ow /ɒu/ | *ōy /ɒːi/ | *ōw /ɒːu/ |
| Consonant | Short | Long |
|---|---|---|
| */m/ | *m̥ /m̩/ | *m̥̄ /m̩ː/ |
| */n/ | *n̥ /n̩/ | *n̥̄ /n̩ː/ |
| */r/ | *r̥ /r̩/ | *r̥̄ /r̩ː/ |
| */l/ | *l̥ /l̩/ | *l̥̄ /l̩ː/ |
| */ʔ/ | *ə /ə/ | *əʔ /əʔ/ |
Note that *i and *u (and their long forms *ī and *ū) are considered the syllabic counterparts of *y and *w respectively.
Orthography
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
(IN PROGRESS)
Nominals
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| Person | Number | Gender | Nominative | Accusative | Instrumental | Dative | Ablative | Genitive | Locative | Clitic | Possessive pronoun |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | S | M/F | *ʔeṣ | *me | *moy | *megi | *meṭ | *mene | *moy | *me | *moh, -ʔ, -om |
| D | *weʔ | *n̥ʔwe | *n̥ʔuboʔ | *n̥ʔwey | *n̥ʔweṭ | *n̥ʔowš | *n̥ʔwi | *nō̆ʔ | *n̥ʔoh, -ʔ, -om | ||
| P | *weyeh | *n̥hme | *n̥hm̥biš | *n̥hmey | *n̥hmeṭ | *n̥hoʔom | *n̥hmei | *nō̆h | *n̥hoh, -ʔ, -om | ||
| 2 | S | M/F | *tuʔ | *twe | *toy | *tegi | *tweṭ | *tewe | *toy | *te | *twoh, -ʔ, -om |
| D | *yuʔ | *uʔwe | *uʔuboʔ | *uʔwey | *uʔweṭ | *uʔowš | *uʔwi | *wō̆ʔ | *uʔoh, -ʔ, -om | ||
| P | *yūh | *ušme | *ušm̥biš | *ušmey | *ušmeṭ | *ušoʔom | *ušmi | *wō̆h | *ušoh, -ʔ, -om | ||
| Refl. | All | All | — | *hwe | *hoy | *hegi | *hweṭ | *hewe | *hoy | *he | *hwoh, -ʔ, -om |
| 3 | S | M | *ho | *tom | *tonoʔ | *tohmey | *tohmeṭ | *tohyo | *tohmi | — | |
| F | *hiʔ | *hiʔm̥ | *tāʔi | *tohyaʔay | *tohyāṭ | *tohyāh | *tohyaʔ | ||||
| N | *toṭ | *toṭ | *tonoʔ | *tohmey | *tohmeṭ | *tohyo | *tohmi | ||||
| D | M | *hoʔ | *toʔ | *toyboʔ | *toyʔowš | ||||||
| F | *hiʔʔe | *hiʔboʔ | *hiʔboʔowš | ||||||||
| N | *toy | *toy | *toyboʔ | *toyʔowš | |||||||
| P | M | *tōh | *tonh | *toybiš | *toymoh | *toymoh | *toyšoʔom | *toyšu | |||
| F | *tiʔah | *tiʔn̥h | *tiʔbiš | *tiʔmoh | *tiʔmoh | *tiʔoʔom | *tiʔšu | ||||
| N | *taʔ | *taʔ | *toybiš | *toymoh | *toymoh | *toyšoʔom | *toyšu | ||||
Demonstrative pronouns
.
Numerals
| Symbol | Cardinal number | Ordinal number | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masc. | fem. | neuter | ||
| 1 | *ʔoynoh | *ʔoynaʔ | *ʔoynom | *pr̥ʔtm̥moh, -aʔ, -om |
| 2 | *ṭuwoʔ | *ṭuwaʔi | *ṭuwoʔ | *ṭwitiyoh, -aʔ, -om |
| 3 | *treyeh | *treyeh | *treyā | *tr̥tiyoh, -aʔ, -om |
| 4 | *ketureh | *ketureh | *keturaʔ | *keturtoh, -aʔ, -om |
| 5 | *penke | *penketoh, -aʔ, -om | ||
| 6 | *šecš | *šecštoh, -aʔ, -om | ||
| 7 | *heptm̥ | *heptm̥moh, -aʔ, -om | ||
| 8 | *ʔoctō | *ʔoctowoh, -aʔ, -om | ||
| 9 | *newn̥ | *newn̥noh, -aʔ, -om | ||
| 10 | *ṭecm̥ | *ṭecm̥toh, -aʔ, -om | ||
| 20 | *ṭwiʔcn̥ti | |||
| 30 | *triʔcont | |||
| 40 | *ketwr̥ʔcont | |||
| 50 | *penkeʔcont | |||
| 60 | *šecšcont | |||
| 70 | *heptm̥ʔcont | |||
| 80 | *ʔoctōʔcont | |||
| 90 | *newn̥ʔcont | |||
| 100 | *cn̥tom | |||
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
- holwoh monewʔom muktōn homʔōnke ???? ????ke ṣn̥ʔyontor.
yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.