Proto-Zanahic: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | 1 !! S !! rowspan="3"| M/F
! rowspan="3" | 1 !! S !! rowspan="3"| M/F
| *ʔeṣ || *me || *moy || *megi || *meṭ || *mene || *moy || *me || *moh, -ʔ, -om
| *ʔéṣ || *mé || *móy || *mébi || *méṭ || *méme || *móy || *me || *móh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! D
! D
| *weʔ || *n̥ʔwe || *n̥ʔuboʔ || *n̥ʔwey || *n̥ʔweṭ || *n̥ʔowš || *n̥ʔwi || *nō̆ʔ || *n̥ʔoh, -ʔ, -om
| *wéʔ || *n̥ʔwé || *n̥ʔúboʔ || *n̥ʔwéy || *n̥ʔwéṭ || *n̥ʔówš || *n̥ʔwí || *nō̆ʔ || *n̥ʔóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! P
! P
| *weyeh || *n̥hme || *n̥hm̥biš || *n̥hmey || *n̥hmeṭ || *n̥hoʔom || *n̥hmei || *nō̆h || *n̥hoh, -ʔ, -om
| *wéyeh || *n̥hmé || *n̥hm̥bíš || *n̥hméy || *n̥hméṭ || *n̥hóʔom || *n̥hméy || *nō̆h || *n̥hóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 2 !! S !! rowspan="3"| M/F
! rowspan="3"| 2 !! S !! rowspan="3"| M/F
| *tuʔ || *twe || *toy || *tegi || *tweṭ || *tewe || *toy || *te || *twoh, -ʔ, -om
| *túʔ || *twé || *tóy || *tégi || *twéṭ || *téwe || *tóy || *te || *twóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! D
! D
| *yuʔ || *uʔwe || *uʔuboʔ || *uʔwey || *uʔweṭ || *uʔowš || *uʔwi || *wō̆ʔ || *uʔoh, -ʔ, -om
| *yúʔ || *uʔwé || *uʔúboʔ || *uʔwéy || *uʔwéṭ || *uʔówš || *uʔwí || *wō̆ʔ || *uʔóh, -áʔ, -om
|-
|-
! P
! P
| *yūh || *ušme || *ušm̥biš || *ušmey || *ušmeṭ || *ušoʔom || *ušmi || *wō̆h || *ušoh, -ʔ, -om
| *yū́h || *ušmé || *ušm̥bíš || *ušméy || *ušméṭ || *ušóʔom || *ušmí || *wō̆h || *ušóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! Refl. !! All !! All
! Refl. !! All !! All
| — || *hwe || *hoy || *hegi || *hweṭ || *hewe || *hoy || *he || *hwoh, -ʔ, -om
| — || *hwé || *hóy || *hégi || *hwéṭ || *héwe || *hóy || *he || *hwóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! rowspan="9" | 3 !! rowspan="3"| S !! M
! rowspan="9" | 3 !! rowspan="3"| S !! M
| *ho || *tom || *tonoʔ || *tohmey || *tohmeṭ || *tohyo || *tohmi || colspan="2" rowspan="9"| —
| *hó || *tóm || *téynoʔ || *téhmey || *téhmeṭ || *téhyo || *téhmi || colspan="2" rowspan="9"| —
|-
|-
! F
! F
| *hiʔ || *hiʔm̥ || *tāʔi || *tohyaʔay || *tohyāṭ || *tohyāh || *tohyaʔ
| *híʔ || *híʔm || *tā́ʔi || *téhyaʔay || *téhyāṭ || *téhyāh || *téhyaʔ
|-
|-
! N
! N
| *toṭ || *toṭ || *tonoʔ || *tohmey || *tohmeṭ || *tohyo || *tohmi
| *tóṭ || *tóṭ || *téynoʔ || *téhmey || *téhmeṭ || *téhyo || *téhmi
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| D !! M
! rowspan="3"| D !! M
| *hoʔ || *toʔ || colspan="3"| *toyboʔ || colspan="2"| *toyʔowš
| *hóʔ || *tóʔ || colspan="3"| *téyboʔ || colspan="2"| *téyʔowš
|-
|-
! F
! F
| colspan="2"| *hiʔʔe || colspan="3"| *hiʔboʔ || colspan="2"| *hiʔboʔowš
| colspan="2"| *hī́ʔe || colspan="3"| *híʔboʔ || colspan="2"| *híʔboʔowš
|-
|-
! N
! N
| *toy || *toy || colspan="3"| *toyboʔ || colspan="2"| *toyʔowš
| *tóy || *tóy || colspan="3"| *téyboʔ || colspan="2"| *téyʔowš
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| P !! M
! rowspan="3"| P !! M
| *tōh || *tonh || *toybiš || *toymoh || *toymoh || *toyšoʔom || *toyšu
| *tṓh || *tónh || *téybiš || *téymoh || *téymoh || *téyšoʔom || *téyšu
|-
|-
! F
! F
| *tiʔah || *tiʔn̥h || *tiʔbiš || *tiʔmoh || *tiʔmoh || *tiʔoʔom || *tiʔšu
| *tíʔah || *tíʔn̥h || *tíʔbiš || *tíʔmoh || *tíʔmoh || *tíʔoʔom || *tíʔšu
|-
|-
! N
! N
| *taʔ || *taʔ || *toybiš || *toymoh || *toymoh || *toyšoʔom || *toyšu
| *táʔ || *táʔ || *téybiš || *téymoh || *téymoh || *téyšoʔom || *téyšu
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 05:55, 16 February 2024

Introduction

Proto-Zanahic is the reconstructed ancestor of Zanahi and other Zanahic languages.

Phonology

Consonants

Reconstructed consonant phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal *m /m/ *n /n/
Stop voiceless *p /p/ *t /t/ *k /k/ *ʔ /ʔ/
voiced *b /b/ *d /d/ *g /ɡ/
ejective *ṗ /pʼ/ *ṭ /tʼ/ *ḳ /kʼ/
Affricate voiceless *c /ts/
voiced *z /dz/
ejective *ṣ /tsʼ/
Fricative *s /s/ *š /ɕ/ *h /h/
Trill *r /r/
Approximant *l /l/ *y /j/ *w /w/

Vowels and Syllabics

Reconstructed vowel phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
Short Long
Front Back Front Back
Close *i /i/ *u /u/ *ī /iː/ *ū /uː/
Mid *e /ɛ/ *ē /ɛː/
Open *a /a/ *o /ɒ/ *ā /aː/ *ō /ɒː/
Reconstructed diphthongs of Proto-Zanahic
Short Long
/i/ /u/ /i/ /u/
/ɛ/ *ey /ɛi/ *ew /ɛu/ *ēy /ɛːi/ *ēw /ɛːu/
/a/ *ay /ai/ *aw /au/ *āy /aːi/ *āw /aːu/
/ɒ/ *oy /ɒi/ *ow /ɒu/ *ōy /ɒːi/ *ōw /ɒːu/
Reconstructed syllabic consonants of Proto-Zanahic
Consonant Short Long
*/m/ *m̥ /m̩/ *m̥̄ /m̩ː/
*/n/ *n̥ /n̩/ *n̥̄ /n̩ː/
*/r/ *r̥ /r̩/ *r̥̄ /r̩ː/
*/l/ *l̥ /l̩/ *l̥̄ /l̩ː/
*/ʔ/ *ə /ə/ *əʔ /əʔ/

Note that *i and *u (and their long forms *ī and *ū) are considered the syllabic counterparts of *y and *w respectively.

Orthography

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

(IN PROGRESS)

Nominals

Pronouns

Personal pronouns
Proto-Zanahi reconstructed personal pronouns
Person Number Gender Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative Clitic Possessive pronoun
1 S M/F *ʔéṣ *mé *móy *mébi *méṭ *méme *móy *me *móh, -áʔ, -óm
D *wéʔ *n̥ʔwé *n̥ʔúboʔ *n̥ʔwéy *n̥ʔwéṭ *n̥ʔówš *n̥ʔwí *nō̆ʔ *n̥ʔóh, -áʔ, -óm
P *wéyeh *n̥hmé *n̥hm̥bíš *n̥hméy *n̥hméṭ *n̥hóʔom *n̥hméy *nō̆h *n̥hóh, -áʔ, -óm
2 S M/F *túʔ *twé *tóy *tégi *twéṭ *téwe *tóy *te *twóh, -áʔ, -óm
D *yúʔ *uʔwé *uʔúboʔ *uʔwéy *uʔwéṭ *uʔówš *uʔwí *wō̆ʔ *uʔóh, -áʔ, -om
P *yū́h *ušmé *ušm̥bíš *ušméy *ušméṭ *ušóʔom *ušmí *wō̆h *ušóh, -áʔ, -óm
Refl. All All — *hwé *hóy *hégi *hwéṭ *héwe *hóy *he *hwóh, -áʔ, -óm
3 S M *hó *tóm *téynoʔ *téhmey *téhmeṭ *téhyo *téhmi —
F *híʔ *híʔm *tā́ʔi *téhyaʔay *téhyāṭ *téhyāh *téhyaʔ
N *tóṭ *tóṭ *téynoʔ *téhmey *téhmeṭ *téhyo *téhmi
D M *hóʔ *tóʔ *téyboʔ *téyʔowš
F *hī́ʔe *híʔboʔ *híʔboʔowš
N *tóy *tóy *téyboʔ *téyʔowš
P M *tṓh *tónh *téybiš *téymoh *téymoh *téyšoʔom *téyšu
F *tíʔah *tíʔn̥h *tíʔbiš *tíʔmoh *tíʔmoh *tíʔoʔom *tíʔšu
N *táʔ *táʔ *téybiš *téymoh *téymoh *téyšoʔom *téyšu
Demonstrative pronouns

.

Numerals

Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic numerals
Symbol Cardinal number Ordinal number
masc. fem. neuter
1 *ʔoynoh *ʔoynaʔ *ʔoynom *pr̥ʔtm̥moh, -aʔ, -om
2 *ṭuwoʔ *ṭuwaʔi *ṭuwoʔ *ṭwitiyoh, -aʔ, -om
3 *treyeh *treyeh *treyā *tr̥tiyoh, -aʔ, -om
4 *ketureh *ketureh *keturaʔ *keturtoh, -aʔ, -om
5 *penke *penketoh, -aʔ, -om
6 *šecš *šecštoh, -aʔ, -om
7 *heptm̥ *heptm̥moh, -aʔ, -om
8 *ʔoctō *ʔoctowoh, -aʔ, -om
9 *newn̥ *newn̥noh, -aʔ, -om
10 *ṭecm̥ *ṭecm̥toh, -aʔ, -om
20 *ṭwiʔcn̥ti
30 *triʔcont
40 *ketwr̥ʔcont
50 *penkeʔcont
60 *šecšcont
70 *heptm̥ʔcont
80 *ʔoctōʔcont
90 *newn̥ʔcont
100 *cn̥tom

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

  • holwoh monewʔom muktōn homʔōnke ???? ????ke ṣn̥ʔyontor. 
yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.

Other resources

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