Proto-Zanahic: Difference between revisions

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! 1
! 1
| *ʔoynoh || *ʔoynaʔ || *ʔoynom || *pr̥ʔtm̥moh, -aʔ, -om
| *ʔóynoh || *ʔóynaʔ || *ʔóynom || *pr̥ʔtm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| *ṭuwoʔ || *ṭuwaʔi || *ṭuwoʔ || *ṭwitiyoh, -aʔ, -om
| *ṭúwoʔ || *ṭúwaʔi || *ṭúwoʔ || *ṭwitíyoh, -aʔ, -om
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| *treyeh || *treyeh || *treyā || *tr̥tiyoh, -aʔ, -om
| *tréyeh || *tréyeh || *tríʔ || *tr̥tíyoh, -aʔ, -om
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| *ketureh || *ketureh || *keturaʔ || *keturtoh, -aʔ, -om
| *keturéh || *keturéh || *ketúrʔ || *keturtóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| colspan="3"| *penke || *penketoh, -aʔ, -om
| colspan="3"| *pénke || *penketóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| colspan="3"| *šecš || *šecštoh, -aʔ, -om
| colspan="3"| *šécš || *šecštóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| colspan="3"| *heptm̥ || *heptm̥moh, -aʔ, -om
| colspan="3"| *heptḿ̥ || *heptm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| colspan="3"| *ʔoctō || *ʔoctowoh, -aʔ, -om
| colspan="3"| *ʔoctṓ || *ʔoctowóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| colspan="3"| *newn̥ || *newn̥noh, -aʔ, -om
| colspan="3"| *néwn̥ || *newn̥nóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| colspan="3"| *ṭecm̥ || *ṭecm̥toh, -aʔ, -om
| colspan="3"| *ṭécm̥ || *ṭecm̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
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! 20
! 20
| colspan="3"| *ṭwiʔcn̥ti
| colspan="3"| *ṭwiʔcn̥tí || *ṭwiʔcn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 30
! 30
| colspan="3"| *triʔcont
| colspan="3"| *triʔcónt || *triʔcn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|-
|-
! 40
! 40
| colspan="3"| *ketwr̥ʔcont
| colspan="3"| *keturʔcónt
|-
|-
! 50
! 50
| colspan="3"| *penkeʔcont
| colspan="3"| *penkeʔcónt
|-
|-
! 60
! 60
| colspan="3"| *šecšcont
| colspan="3"| *šecšcónt
|-
|-
! 70
! 70
| colspan="3"| *heptm̥ʔcont
| colspan="3"| *heptm̥ʔcónt
|-
|-
! 80
! 80
| colspan="3"| *ʔoctōʔcont
| colspan="3"| *ʔoctōʔcónt
|-
|-
! 90
! 90
| colspan="3"| *newn̥ʔcont
| colspan="3"| *newn̥ʔcónt
|-
|-
! 100
! 100
| colspan="3"| *cn̥tom
| colspan="3"| *cn̥tóm
|-
|-
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Revision as of 10:55, 16 February 2024

Introduction

Proto-Zanahic is the reconstructed ancestor of Zanahi and other Zanahic languages.

Phonology

Consonants

Reconstructed consonant phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal *m /m/ *n /n/
Stop voiceless *p /p/ *t /t/ *k /k/ *ʔ /ʔ/
voiced *b /b/ *d /d/ *g /ɡ/
ejective *ṗ /pʼ/ *ṭ /tʼ/ *ḳ /kʼ/
Affricate voiceless *c /ts/
voiced *z /dz/
ejective *ṣ /tsʼ/
Fricative *s /s/ *š /ɕ/ *h /h/
Trill *r /r/
Approximant *l /l/ *y /j/ *w /w/

Vowels and Syllabics

Reconstructed vowel phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
Short Long
Front Back Front Back
Close *i /i/ *u /u/ *ī /iː/ *ū /uː/
Mid *e /ɛ/ *ē /ɛː/
Open *a /a/ *o /ɒ/ *ā /aː/ *ō /ɒː/
Reconstructed diphthongs of Proto-Zanahic
Short Long
/i/ /u/ /i/ /u/
/ɛ/ *ey /ɛi/ *ew /ɛu/ *ēy /ɛːi/ *ēw /ɛːu/
/a/ *ay /ai/ *aw /au/ *āy /aːi/ *āw /aːu/
/ɒ/ *oy /ɒi/ *ow /ɒu/ *ōy /ɒːi/ *ōw /ɒːu/
Reconstructed syllabic consonants of Proto-Zanahic
Consonant Short Long
*/m/ *m̥ /m̩/ *m̥̄ /m̩ː/
*/n/ *n̥ /n̩/ *n̥̄ /n̩ː/
*/r/ *r̥ /r̩/ *r̥̄ /r̩ː/
*/l/ *l̥ /l̩/ *l̥̄ /l̩ː/
*/ʔ/ *ə /ə/ *əʔ /əʔ/

Note that *i and *u (and their long forms *ī and *ū) are considered the syllabic counterparts of *y and *w respectively.

Orthography

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

(IN PROGRESS)

Nominals

Pronouns

Personal pronouns
Proto-Zanahi reconstructed personal pronouns
Person Number Gender Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative Clitic Possessive pronoun
1 S M/F *ʔéṣ *mé *móy *mébi *méṭ *méme *móy *me *móh, -áʔ, -óm
D *wéʔ *n̥ʔwé *n̥ʔúboʔ *n̥ʔwéy *n̥ʔwéṭ *n̥ʔówš *n̥ʔwí *nō̆ʔ *n̥ʔóh, -áʔ, -óm
P *wéyeh *n̥hmé *n̥hm̥bíš *n̥hméy *n̥hméṭ *n̥hóʔom *n̥hméy *nō̆h *n̥hóh, -áʔ, -óm
2 S M/F *túʔ *twé *tóy *tégi *twéṭ *téwe *tóy *te *twóh, -áʔ, -óm
D *yúʔ *uʔwé *uʔúboʔ *uʔwéy *uʔwéṭ *uʔówš *uʔwí *wō̆ʔ *uʔóh, -áʔ, -om
P *yū́h *ušmé *ušm̥bíš *ušméy *ušméṭ *ušóʔom *ušmí *wō̆h *ušóh, -áʔ, -óm
Refl. All All — *hwé *hóy *hégi *hwéṭ *héwe *hóy *he *hwóh, -áʔ, -óm
3 S M *hó *tóm *téynoʔ *téhmey *téhmeṭ *téhyo *téhmi —
F *híʔ *híʔm *táʔʔi *téhyaʔay *téhyāṭ *téhyāh *téhyaʔ
N *tóṭ *tóṭ *téynoʔ *téhmey *téhmeṭ *téhyo *téhmi
D M *hóʔ *tóʔ *téyboʔ *téyʔowš
F *híʔʔe *híʔboʔ *híʔboʔowš
N *tóy *tóy *téyboʔ *téyʔowš
P M *tṓh *tónh *téybiš *téymoh *téymoh *téyšoʔom *téyšu
F *tíʔah *tíʔn̥h *tíʔbiš *tíʔmoh *tíʔmoh *tíʔoʔom *tíʔšu
N *táʔ *táʔ *téybiš *téymoh *téymoh *téyšoʔom *téyšu
Demonstrative pronouns

.

Numerals

Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic numerals
Symbol Cardinal number Ordinal number
masc. fem. neuter
1 *ʔóynoh *ʔóynaʔ *ʔóynom *pr̥ʔtm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
2 *ṭúwoʔ *ṭúwaʔi *ṭúwoʔ *ṭwitíyoh, -aʔ, -om
3 *tréyeh *tréyeh *tríʔ *tr̥tíyoh, -aʔ, -om
4 *keturéh *keturéh *ketúrʔ *keturtóh, -áʔ, -óm
5 *pénke *penketóh, -áʔ, -óm
6 *šécš *šecštóh, -áʔ, -óm
7 *heptḿ̥ *heptm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
8 *ʔoctṓ *ʔoctowóh, -áʔ, -óm
9 *néwn̥ *newn̥nóh, -áʔ, -óm
10 *ṭécm̥ *ṭecm̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
20 *ṭwiʔcn̥tí *ṭwiʔcn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
30 *triʔcónt *triʔcn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
40 *keturʔcónt
50 *penkeʔcónt
60 *šecšcónt
70 *heptm̥ʔcónt
80 *ʔoctōʔcónt
90 *newn̥ʔcónt
100 *cn̥tóm

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

  • holwoh monewʔom muktōn homʔōnke ???? ????ke ṣn̥ʔyontor. 
yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.

Other resources

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