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Enkesh: Difference between revisions
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| creator = User:Jukethatbox | | creator = User:Jukethatbox | ||
| ethnicity = Bawakhi, Nedeẃi, Yawayé, Nnibiteẃẃi | | ethnicity = Bawakhi, Nedeẃi, Yawayé, Nnibiteẃẃi | ||
| state = | | state = Enkophone communities | ||
| familycolor = American | | familycolor = American | ||
| fam1 = Nakna-Tiwaic | | fam1 = Nakna-Tiwaic | ||
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| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Enkesh'''(/ɛŋ.kɛʃ/, <small>Enkesh:</small> ['e.ɳe.koʃwan]) is a Nakna-Tiwaic language spoken natively on the river banks of the Anippa/Anéppa river, which is a major source of irrigation water for most pastures in the nation of Anéppia, as well as for the nomadic tribal confederacy of Bawakyawan. | '''Enkesh'''(/ɛŋ.kɛʃ/, <small>Enkesh:</small> [[Help:IPA|['e.ɳe.koʃwan]]]) is a Nakna-Tiwaic language spoken natively on the river banks of the Anippa/Anéppa river, which is a major source of irrigation water for most pastures in the nation of Anéppia, as well as for the nomadic tribal confederacy of Bawakyawan. | ||
The formation of the Enkesh language is actually an ongoing conversion of Nakna languages into a singular language of varied dialects throughout the centuries. The first records of linguistic converging among Nakna languages was recorded in 1889, when linguists discovered that the now extinct Bawak(''bémékoẃanma'') language and Yawa languages had grown similar enough to be considered dialects of a single language. | The formation of the Enkesh language is actually an ongoing conversion of Nakna languages into a singular language of varied dialects throughout the centuries. The first records of linguistic converging among Nakna languages was recorded in 1889, when linguists discovered that the now extinct Bawak(''bémékoẃanma'') language and Yawa languages had grown similar enough to be considered dialects of a single language. | ||
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! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced | ! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced !! voiceless !! voiced | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan= | ! rowspan=3 | Plosive | ||
! <small>standard</small> | ! <small>standard</small> | ||
| p || b || t || d || colspan=2 | || ʈ ⟨tt⟩|| ɖ ⟨dd⟩ || c || || k || g || q || colspan=3 | | | p || b || t || d || colspan=2 | || ʈ ⟨tt⟩|| ɖ ⟨dd⟩ || c || || k || g || q || colspan=3 | | ||
| Line 48: | Line 48: | ||
! <small>aspirated</small> | ! <small>aspirated</small> | ||
| pʰ⟨ph⟩ || bʱ⟨bh⟩ || tʰ⟨th⟩ || dʱ⟨dh⟩ || colspan=2 | || ʈʰ ⟨tth⟩|| ɖʱ ⟨ddh⟩ || colspan=2 | || kʰ⟨kh⟩ || gʱ⟨gh⟩ || qʰ⟨qh⟩ || colspan=3 | | | pʰ⟨ph⟩ || bʱ⟨bh⟩ || tʰ⟨th⟩ || dʱ⟨dh⟩ || colspan=2 | || ʈʰ ⟨tth⟩|| ɖʱ ⟨ddh⟩ || colspan=2 | || kʰ⟨kh⟩ || gʱ⟨gh⟩ || qʰ⟨qh⟩ || colspan=3 | | ||
|- | |||
! <small>ejective</small> | |||
| pʼ ⟨pp⟩|| bʼ ⟨bb⟩|| colspan=8 | || kʼ ⟨kk⟩|| gʼ ⟨gg⟩ || qʼ ⟨qq⟩ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Nasal | ! colspan=2 | Nasal | ||
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|+ Enkesh vowels | |+ Enkesh vowels | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Front | ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Front !! colspan=2 | Back | ||
|- class=small | |- class=small | ||
! unrounded !! rounded !! unrounded !! rounded | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Close | ! colspan=2 | Close | ||
| | | i || || ɯ ⟨ú⟩|| u | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Mid | ! rowspan=2 | Mid | ||
! class=small | Close-mid | ! class=small | Close-mid | ||
| e ⟨é⟩ || ø ⟨ö⟩ | | | e ⟨é⟩ || ø ⟨ö⟩ || || o | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=small | Open-mid | ! class=small | Open-mid | ||
| ɛ ⟨e⟩ | | | ɛ ⟨e⟩ || || ʌ ⟨á⟩ || ɔ ⟨ó⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Open | ! colspan=2 | Open | ||
| a || colspan= | | a || colspan=3 | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
| Line 99: | Line 102: | ||
The use of stress in a Nakna-Tiwaic language is rare, as most other Nakna-Tiwaic and even Nakna languages in general tend to have a detailed tone system, although even Enkesh's use of stress closely resembles tone patterns in other Nakna-Tiwaic languages. | The use of stress in a Nakna-Tiwaic language is rare, as most other Nakna-Tiwaic and even Nakna languages in general tend to have a detailed tone system, although even Enkesh's use of stress closely resembles tone patterns in other Nakna-Tiwaic languages. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Enkesh uses a (C)(C)V(V)(C)(C) syllable structure, which is descendant from Proto-Nakna-Tiwaic ''*(C)V(C)''. | Enkesh uses a (C)(C)V(V)(C)(C) syllable structure, which is descendant from Proto-Nakna-Tiwaic ''*(C)V(C)''. | ||
===Morphophonology=== | |||
If a voiced plosive consonant(usually alveolar~retroflex) is in an outset position, then the consonant becomes voiceless, e.g.: | |||
* /d/ in ''A'''d'''am'' → /t/ in ''otiqaöpiná'''d'''''. | |||
Enkesh also extensively uses the [[w:Sandhi|sandhi]] phenomenon, e.g. the word ''śukullan''("chocolate"), when in its accusative form, the outset and onset /n/s from ''śukullan'' and ''-né'' respectively turn said /n/s into a /ɳ/. | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
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|+ Enkesh noun case declensions | |+ Enkesh noun case declensions | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | !! Suffix | ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Suffix | ||
|- class=small | |||
! written form !! pronunciation<br>(phonetic) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=7 | Case | ! rowspan=7 | Case | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| ∅ | | colspan=2 | ∅ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ergative | ! Ergative | ||
| ''-iw'' | | ''-iw'' || iw | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| ''-né'' | | ''-né'' || ne | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| ''- | | ''-nyé'' || ɲe | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| ''-kö'' | | ''-kö'' || kø | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| ''-ád'' | | ''-ád'' || ʌt | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Verbs=== | |||
Verbs in Enkesh have strong(irregular conjugation) and weak(strict conjugation pattern) forms. | |||
Most verbs end in ''-a''. | |||
====Weak verbs==== | |||
Weak verbs always end in ''-a'' or ''-z'', but if it ends in ''-a'' then it is inflected to ''-am'' if the subject is plural. | |||
* ''Médda phulád.'' (I swim in the pool.) | |||
* ''Myeddariw méddam phulád.'' (The swimmers swim in the pool.) | |||
====Strong verbs==== | |||
Strong verbs do not have general grammatical patterns, and always end in ''-a'', even in plural. It is then up to context to indicate the subject of the verb. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
Enkesh has a free word order, as both subjects and objects are indicated by ergative and accusative case declensions. | Enkesh has a free word order, as both subjects and objects are indicated by ergative and accusative case declensions, although most sentences stick to an SVO format. | ||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||