Ilithian/Prakrit: Difference between revisions
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Interrogative (determiner and pronoun): či, čí, čich | Interrogative (determiner and pronoun): či, čí, čich | ||
== | ==Nőns== | ||
(-č/-če/-ce/-tě) behaves more like a contrast particle than in literary Ilithian | (-č/-če/-ce/-tě) behaves more like a contrast particle than in literary Ilithian | ||
=== o-stems === | === o-stems === | ||
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! | ! | ||
! colspan=2| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf | ! colspan=2| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf | ||
! colspan=2| '' | ! colspan=2| ''lőšná'' (f.) = moon, month | ||
! colspan=2| '' | ! colspan=2| ''őšta'' (n.) = mouth | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
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|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''vrk''||''vrký'' | |''vrk''||''vrký'' | ||
|'' | |''lőšná''||''lőšnech'' | ||
|'' | |''őšta'' || ''őštá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''vrkách'' ||'' | |''vrkách'' ||''vrkő'' | ||
|'' | |''lőšnách'' ||''lőšnő'' | ||
|'' | |''őštách'' ||''őštő'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabh'' | |''vrkej'' ||''vrkabh'' | ||
|'' | |''lőšnej'' ||''lőšnábh'' | ||
|'' | |''őštej'' ||''őštabh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''vrka'' ||'' | |''vrka'' ||''vrkőch'' | ||
|'' | |''lőšnő'' ||''lőšnech'' | ||
|'' | |''őšta'' ||''őštá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''vrkaný'' ||''vrkabhi'' | |''vrkaný'' ||''vrkabhi'' | ||
|'' | |''lőšnajá'' ||''lőšnábhi'' | ||
|'' | |''őštaný'' ||''őštabhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''vrkami'' ||''vrkýš'' | |''vrkami'' ||''vrkýš'' | ||
|'' | |''lőšný, lőšnaší'' ||''lőšnáš'' | ||
|'' | |''őštami'' ||''őštýš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''vrče!'' ||''vrký!'' | |''vrče!'' ||''vrký!'' | ||
|'' | |''lőšna!'' ||''lőšnech!'' | ||
|'' | |''őšte!'' ||''őštá!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''agních'' ||'' | |''agních'' ||''agňő'' | ||
|''matích'' ||'' | |''matích'' ||''maťő'' | ||
|''mařích'' ||'' | |''mařích'' ||''mařő'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''patních'' ||'' | |''patních'' ||''patnijő'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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! | ! | ||
! colspan=2| ''výju'' (m.) = wind | ! colspan=2| ''výju'' (m.) = wind | ||
! colspan=2| '' | ! colspan=2| ''žőštú'' (f.) = meat | ||
! colspan=2| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey | ! colspan=2| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''výju'' ||''výjavý'' | |''výju'' ||''výjavý'' | ||
|'' | |''žőštú'' ||''žőštavech'' | ||
|''medhu'' || ''medhú'' | |''medhu'' || ''medhú'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''výjőch'' ||''výjavő'' | ||
|'' | |''žőštőch'' ||''žőštavő'' | ||
|'' | |''medhőch'' ||''medhavő'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''výjavej'' ||''výjubh'' | |''výjavej'' ||''výjubh'' | ||
|'' | |''žőštaváj'' ||''žőštubh'' | ||
|''medhavej'' ||''medhubh'' | |''medhavej'' ||''medhubh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''výjú'' ||''výjúch'' | |''výjú'' ||''výjúch'' | ||
|'' | |''žőštú'' ||''žőštúch'' | ||
|''medhu'' ||''medhú'' | |''medhu'' ||''medhú'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''výjuný'' ||''výjubhi'' | |''výjuný'' ||''výjubhi'' | ||
|'' | |''žőštujá'' ||''žőštubhi'' | ||
|''medhuný'' ||''medhubhi'' | |''medhuný'' ||''medhubhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''výjumi'' ||''výjúš'' | |''výjumi'' ||''výjúš'' | ||
|'' | |''žőštavý, žőštúší'' ||''žőštúš'' | ||
|''medhumi'' ||''medhúš'' | |''medhumi'' ||''medhúš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|'' | |''výjő!'' ||''výjavý!'' | ||
|'' | |''žőštő!'' ||''žőstavach!'' | ||
|'' | |''medhő!'' ||''medhú!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''žmenách'' ||'' | |''žmenách'' ||''žmenő'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''vlamenách'' ||'' | |''vlamenách'' ||''vlamenő'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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=== Other athematics === | === Other athematics === | ||
Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, ''vrýž'' 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular ''i''-stem masculine | Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, ''vrýž'' 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular ''i''-stem masculine nőn. | ||
=== -ýr | === -ýr nőns === | ||
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesýr, sún, (d)hvátýr'' | TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesýr, sún, (d)hvátýr'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''patrách'' ||'' | |''patrách'' ||''patrő'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''patra'' ||'' | |''patra'' ||''patrőch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' |
Revision as of 01:59, 5 March 2024
TODO: Check out Middle Prakrit, use some Czech and Danish inspiration.
Early Prakrit
Pronouns
case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | reflexive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m. | f. | n. | ||||
nom. | aha, á, ha, jech, ach | tú | sa | sá | tach | - |
acc. | me, mý | te, tý | ta | tou | tach | se, sý |
gen. | maná | tvaná | taš | tech | taš | svaná |
dat. | meži, mej | tebhi, tej | tamej | tašej, táj | tamej | sebhi, sej |
ins. | maný (m), majá (f) | tvaný (m/n), tvajá (f) | taný | tajá | taný | svaný (m/n), svajá (f) |
loc. | maj, mami | tvaj, tvami | tami | taší | tami | svaj, svami |
case | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | |||
m. | f. | n. | ||||
nom. | véch | jích | sí | sech | tá | |
acc. | nas | jis | touch | tech | tá | |
gen. | namou | jimou | týšou | tášou | týšou | |
dat. | nabh | jibh | týbh | tábh | týbh | |
ins. | nabhi | jibhi | týbhi | tábhi | týbhi | |
loc. | namýš | jimýš | týš | táš | týš |
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šich (distance-neutral)
Interrogative (determiner and pronoun): či, čí, čich
Nőns
(-č/-če/-ce/-tě) behaves more like a contrast particle than in literary Ilithian
o-stems
vrk (m.) = wolf | lőšná (f.) = moon, month | őšta (n.) = mouth | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
Nominative | vrk | vrký | lőšná | lőšnech | őšta | őštá |
Genitive | vrkách | vrkő | lőšnách | lőšnő | őštách | őštő |
Dative | vrkej | vrkabh | lőšnej | lőšnábh | őštej | őštabh |
Accusative | vrka | vrkőch | lőšnő | lőšnech | őšta | őštá |
Instrumental | vrkaný | vrkabhi | lőšnajá | lőšnábhi | őštaný | őštabhi |
Locative | vrkami | vrkýš | lőšný, lőšnaší | lőšnáš | őštami | őštýš |
Vocative | vrče! | vrký! | lőšna! | lőšnech! | őšte! | őštá! |
i-stems
ageň (m.) = fire | mať (f.) = thought, idea | mař (n.) = sea | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
Nominative | ageň | agní | mať | matěch | mař | maří |
Genitive | agních | agňő | matích | maťő | mařích | mařő |
Dative | agněj | agněbh | matěj | matěbh | mařej | mařebh |
Accusative | agni | agních | mati | matěch | mař | maří |
Instrumental | agněný | agněbhi | matijá | matěbhi | mařený | mařebhi |
Locative | agněmi | agníš | maťí, matěší | matíš | mařemi | maříš |
Vocative | agně! | agní! | maťi! | matěch! | maře! | maří! |
Feminines in -í
patní (f.) = wife | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
Nominative | patní | patních | |
Genitive | patních | patnijő | |
Dative | patní | patníbh | |
Accusative | patní | patních | |
Instrumental | patnijá | patníbhi | |
Locative | patnijí, patníší | patníš | |
Vocative | patní! | patních! |
u-stems
výju (m.) = wind | žőštú (f.) = meat | medhu (n.) = honey | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
Nominative | výju | výjavý | žőštú | žőštavech | medhu | medhú |
Genitive | výjőch | výjavő | žőštőch | žőštavő | medhőch | medhavő |
Dative | výjavej | výjubh | žőštaváj | žőštubh | medhavej | medhubh |
Accusative | výjú | výjúch | žőštú | žőštúch | medhu | medhú |
Instrumental | výjuný | výjubhi | žőštujá | žőštubhi | medhuný | medhubhi |
Locative | výjumi | výjúš | žőštavý, žőštúší | žőštúš | medhumi | medhúš |
Vocative | výjő! | výjavý! | žőštő! | žőstavach! | medhő! | medhú! |
n-stems
žmů (m.) = human | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
Nominative | žmů | žmený |
Genitive | žmenách | žmenő |
Dative | žmenej | žmenabh |
Accusative | žmena | žmenach |
Instrumental | žmenaný | žmenabhi |
Locative | žmenami | žmenýš |
Vocative | žmů! | žmený! |
ma-stems
-ma nouns regularize to -mena nouns (cf. Czech)
vlamena (n.) = name | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
Nominative | vlamena | vlamená | |
Genitive | vlamenách | vlamenő | |
Dative | vlamenej | vlamenabh | |
Accusative | vlamena | vlamená | |
Instrumental | vlamenaný | vlamenabhi | |
Locative | vlamenami | vlamenýš | |
Vocative | vlamena! | vlamená! |
s-stems
nebh regularizes to nebhesa
Other athematics
Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, vrýž 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular i-stem masculine nőn.
-ýr nőns
TODO: Family members patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesýr, sún, (d)hvátýr
patýr (m.) = father | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
Nominative | patýr | patrý |
Genitive | patrách | patrő |
Dative | patrej | patrabh |
Accusative | patra | patrőch |
Instrumental | patraný | patrabhi |
Locative | patrami | patrýš |
Vocative | patre! | patrý! |
Copula
Present
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | smi, jsmi | sme, jsme |
2nd | si, jsi | ste, jste |
3rd | (zero) | (zero) |
Late Prakrit
Veering towards Altaic, topic prominent grammar; ou > ő shift is complete; u, ú > /y y:/ is complete
Nouns
Old plural forms get displaced by old collective noun suffixes.
vrk (m.) = wolf | ||
---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | vrk | vrk-ol |
Genitive | vrk-ach | vrk-ol-ach |
Dative/Allative | vrk-pi | vrk-ol-pi |
Accusative | vrk-ej | vrk-ol-ej |
Instrumental | vrk-any | vrk-ol-any |
Locative | vrk-ami | vrk-ol-ami |
Adjectives
Adjectives don't agree for number and case anymore
/ɕy:rt jɛʂv/ = good horse; /ɕy:rt dʐɛna/ = good wife; /ɕy:rt dʰi:nə/ = good child
Copula
Present
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | =(e)hem | =(e)hme |
2nd | =(e)si | =(e)ste |
3rd | (zero) | (zero) |