Ilithian/Prakrit: Difference between revisions
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|- | |- | ||
! nom. | ! nom. | ||
| ''aha, | | ''aha, a̋, ha, jech, ach'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sa̋'' || ''tach'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! acc. | ! acc. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! gen. | ! gen. | ||
| '' | | ''mana̋'' || ''tvana̋'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svana̋'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dat. | ! dat. | ||
| ''meži, mej'' || ''tebhi, tej'' || ''tamej'' || ''tašej, | | ''meži, mej'' || ''tebhi, tej'' || ''tamej'' || ''tašej, ta̋j'' || ''tamej'' || ''sebhi, sej'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ins. | ! ins. | ||
| ''maný'' (m), '' | | ''maný'' (m), ''maja̋'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvaja̋'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''taja̋'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svaja̋'' (f) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! loc. | ! loc. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! nom. | ! nom. | ||
| ''véch'' || ''jích'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || '' | | ''véch'' || ''jích'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || ''ta̋'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! acc. | ! acc. | ||
| ''nas'' || ''jis'' || ''tőch'' || ''tech'' || '' | | ''nas'' || ''jis'' || ''tőch'' || ''tech'' || ''ta̋'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! gen. | ! gen. | ||
| ''namő'' || ''jimő'' || ''týšő'' || '' | | ''namő'' || ''jimő'' || ''týšő'' || ''ta̋šő'' || ''týšő'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dat. | ! dat. | ||
| ''nabh'' || ''jibh'' || ''týbh'' || '' | | ''nabh'' || ''jibh'' || ''týbh'' || ''ta̋bh'' || ''týbh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ins. | ! ins. | ||
| ''nabhi'' || ''jibhi''|| ''týbhi'' || '' | | ''nabhi'' || ''jibhi''|| ''týbhi'' || ''ta̋bhi'' || ''týbhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! loc. | ! loc. | ||
| ''namýš'' || ''jimýš'' || ''týš'' || '' | | ''namýš'' || ''jimýš'' || ''týš'' || ''ta̋š'' || ''týš'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šich (distance-neutral) | Demonstratives: ši, ší, šich (distance-neutral) | ||
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! | ! | ||
! colspan=2| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf | ! colspan=2| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf | ||
! colspan=2| '' | ! colspan=2| ''lőšna̋'' (f.) = moon, month | ||
! colspan=2| ''őšta'' (n.) = mouth | ! colspan=2| ''őšta'' (n.) = mouth | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''vrk''||''vrký'' | |''vrk''||''vrký'' | ||
|'' | |''lőšna̋''||''lőšnech'' | ||
|''őšta'' || '' | |''őšta'' || ''őšta̋'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''vrka̋ch'' ||''vrkő'' | ||
|'' | |''lőšna̋ch'' ||''lőšnő'' | ||
|'' | |''őšta̋ch'' ||''őštő'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''vrké'' ||''vrkabh'' | |''vrké'' ||''vrkabh'' | ||
|''lőšné'' ||'' | |''lőšné'' ||''lőšna̋bh'' | ||
|''őšté'' ||''őštabh'' | |''őšté'' ||''őštabh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|''vrka'' ||''vrkőch'' | |''vrka'' ||''vrkőch'' | ||
|''lőšnő'' ||''lőšnech'' | |''lőšnő'' ||''lőšnech'' | ||
|''őšta'' ||'' | |''őšta'' ||''őšta̋'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''vrkaný'' ||''vrkabhi'' | |''vrkaný'' ||''vrkabhi'' | ||
|'' | |''lőšnaja̋'' ||''lőšna̋bhi'' | ||
|''őštaný'' ||''őštabhi'' | |''őštaný'' ||''őštabhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''vrkami'' ||''vrkýš'' | |''vrkami'' ||''vrkýš'' | ||
|''lőšný, lőšnaší'' ||'' | |''lőšný, lőšnaší'' ||''lőšna̋š'' | ||
|''őštami'' ||''őštýš'' | |''őštami'' ||''őštýš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|''vrče!'' ||''vrký!'' | |''vrče!'' ||''vrký!'' | ||
|''lőšna!'' ||''lőšnech!'' | |''lőšna!'' ||''lőšnech!'' | ||
|''őšte!'' ||'' | |''őšte!'' ||''őšta̋!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''agněný'' ||''agněbhi'' | |''agněný'' ||''agněbhi'' | ||
|'' | |''matija̋'' ||''matěbhi'' | ||
|''mařený'' || ''mařebhi'' | |''mařený'' || ''mařebhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|'' | |''patnija̋'' ||''patníbhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
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|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''výjavé'' ||''výjubh'' | |''výjavé'' ||''výjubh'' | ||
|'' | |''žőštava̋j'' ||''žőštubh'' | ||
|''medhavé'' ||''medhubh'' | |''medhavé'' ||''medhubh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''výjuný'' ||''výjubhi'' | |''výjuný'' ||''výjubhi'' | ||
|'' | |''žőštuja̋'' ||''žőštubhi'' | ||
|''medhuný'' ||''medhubhi'' | |''medhuný'' ||''medhubhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''žmena̋ch'' ||''žmenő'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''vlamena''||'' | |''vlamena''||''vlamena̋'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''vlamena̋ch'' ||''vlamenő'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''vlamena'' ||'' | |''vlamena'' ||''vlamena̋'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''vlamena!'' ||'' | |''vlamena!'' ||''vlamena̋!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''patra̋ch'' ||''patrő'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' |
Revision as of 02:11, 5 March 2024
TODO: Check out Middle Prakrit, use some Czech and Danish inspiration.
Early Prakrit
Pronouns
case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | reflexive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m. | f. | n. | ||||
nom. | aha, a̋, ha, jech, ach | tú | sa | sa̋ | tach | - |
acc. | me, mý | te, tý | ta | tő | tach | se, sý |
gen. | mana̋ | tvana̋ | taš | tech | taš | svana̋ |
dat. | meži, mej | tebhi, tej | tamej | tašej, ta̋j | tamej | sebhi, sej |
ins. | maný (m), maja̋ (f) | tvaný (m/n), tvaja̋ (f) | taný | taja̋ | taný | svaný (m/n), svaja̋ (f) |
loc. | maj, mami | tvaj, tvami | tami | taší | tami | svaj, svami |
case | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | |||
m. | f. | n. | ||||
nom. | véch | jích | sí | sech | ta̋ | |
acc. | nas | jis | tőch | tech | ta̋ | |
gen. | namő | jimő | týšő | ta̋šő | týšő | |
dat. | nabh | jibh | týbh | ta̋bh | týbh | |
ins. | nabhi | jibhi | týbhi | ta̋bhi | týbhi | |
loc. | namýš | jimýš | týš | ta̋š | týš |
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šich (distance-neutral)
Interrogative (determiner and pronőn): či, čí, čich
Nouns
(-č/-če/-ce/-tě) behaves more like a contrast particle than in literary Ilithian
o-stems
vrk (m.) = wolf | lőšna̋ (f.) = moon, month | őšta (n.) = mouth | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
Nominative | vrk | vrký | lőšna̋ | lőšnech | őšta | őšta̋ |
Genitive | vrka̋ch | vrkő | lőšna̋ch | lőšnő | őšta̋ch | őštő |
Dative | vrké | vrkabh | lőšné | lőšna̋bh | őšté | őštabh |
Accusative | vrka | vrkőch | lőšnő | lőšnech | őšta | őšta̋ |
Instrumental | vrkaný | vrkabhi | lőšnaja̋ | lőšna̋bhi | őštaný | őštabhi |
Locative | vrkami | vrkýš | lőšný, lőšnaší | lőšna̋š | őštami | őštýš |
Vocative | vrče! | vrký! | lőšna! | lőšnech! | őšte! | őšta̋! |
i-stems
ageň (m.) = fire | mať (f.) = thought, idea | mař (n.) = sea | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
Nominative | ageň | agní | mať | matěch | mař | maří |
Genitive | agních | agňő | matích | maťő | mařích | mařő |
Dative | agněj | agněbh | matěj | matěbh | mařé | mařebh |
Accusative | agni | agních | mati | matěch | mař | maří |
Instrumental | agněný | agněbhi | matija̋ | matěbhi | mařený | mařebhi |
Locative | agněmi | agníš | maťí, matěší | matíš | mařemi | maříš |
Vocative | agně! | agní! | maťi! | matěch! | maře! | maří! |
Feminines in -í
patní (f.) = wife | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
Nominative | patní | patních | |
Genitive | patních | patnijő | |
Dative | patní | patníbh | |
Accusative | patní | patních | |
Instrumental | patnija̋ | patníbhi | |
Locative | patnijí, patníší | patníš | |
Vocative | patní! | patních! |
u-stems
výju (m.) = wind | žőštú (f.) = meat | medhu (n.) = honey | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
Nominative | výju | výjavý | žőštú | žőštavech | medhu | medhú |
Genitive | výjőch | výjavő | žőštőch | žőštavő | medhőch | medhavő |
Dative | výjavé | výjubh | žőštava̋j | žőštubh | medhavé | medhubh |
Accusative | výjú | výjúch | žőštú | žőštúch | medhu | medhú |
Instrumental | výjuný | výjubhi | žőštuja̋ | žőštubhi | medhuný | medhubhi |
Locative | výjumi | výjúš | žőštavý, žőštúší | žőštúš | medhumi | medhúš |
Vocative | výjő! | výjavý! | žőštő! | žőstavach! | medhő! | medhú! |
n-stems
žmů (m.) = human | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
Nominative | žmů | žmený |
Genitive | žmena̋ch | žmenő |
Dative | žmené | žmenabh |
Accusative | žmena | žmenach |
Instrumental | žmenaný | žmenabhi |
Locative | žmenami | žmenýš |
Vocative | žmů! | žmený! |
ma-stems
-ma nouns regularize to -mena nouns (cf. Czech)
vlamena (n.) = name | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
Nominative | vlamena | vlamena̋ | |
Genitive | vlamena̋ch | vlamenő | |
Dative | vlamené | vlamenabh | |
Accusative | vlamena | vlamena̋ | |
Instrumental | vlamenaný | vlamenabhi | |
Locative | vlamenami | vlamenýš | |
Vocative | vlamena! | vlamena̋! |
s-stems
nebh regularizes to nebhesa
Other athematics
Other athematics usually become regular o- or i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, vrýž 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular i-stem masculine.
-ýr nouns
patýr (m.) = father | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
Nominative | patýr | patrý |
Genitive | patra̋ch | patrő |
Dative | patré | patrabh |
Accusative | patra | patrőch |
Instrumental | patraný | patrabhi |
Locative | patrami | patrýš |
Vocative | patre! | patrý! |
Copula
Present
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | smi, jsmi | sme, jsme |
2nd | si, jsi | ste, jste |
3rd | (zero) | (zero) |
Late Prakrit
Veering towards Altaic, topic prominent grammar; ou > ő shift is complete; u, ú > /y y:/ is complete
Nouns
Old plural forms get displaced by old collective noun suffixes.
vrk (m.) = wolf | ||
---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | vrk | vrk-al |
Genitive | vrk-ach | vrk-al-ach |
Dative/Allative | vrk-pi | vrk-al-pi |
Accusative | vrk-ej | vrk-al-ej |
Instrumental | vrk-any | vrk-al-any |
Locative | vrk-ami | vrk-al-ami |
Adjectives
Adjectives don't agree for number and case anymore
/ɕy:ɐ̯t jiːf/ = good horse; /ɕy:ɐ̯t dʐɛnɛ/ = good wife; /ɕy:ɐ̯t dʰein/ = good child