Ilithian/Prakrit: Difference between revisions
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|- | |- | ||
! nom. | ! nom. | ||
| ''aha, a̋, ha, jech, ach'' || '' | | ''aha, a̋, ha, jech, ach'' || ''tou'' || ''sa'' || ''sa̋'' || ''tach'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! acc. | ! acc. | ||
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! | ! | ||
! colspan=2| ''výju'' (m.) = wind | ! colspan=2| ''výju'' (m.) = wind | ||
! colspan=2| '' | ! colspan=2| ''žőštou'' (f.) = meat | ||
! colspan=2| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey | ! colspan=2| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 207: | Line 207: | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''výju'' ||''výjavý'' | |''výju'' ||''výjavý'' | ||
|'' | |''žőštou'' ||''žőštavech'' | ||
|''medhu'' || '' | |''medhu'' || ''medhou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
| Line 221: | Line 221: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|'' | |''výjou'' ||''výjouch'' | ||
|'' | |''žőštou'' ||''žőštouch'' | ||
|''medhu'' ||'' | |''medhu'' ||''medhou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
| Line 231: | Line 231: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''výjumi'' ||'' | |''výjumi'' ||''výjouš'' | ||
|''žőštavý, | |''žőštavý, žőštouší'' ||''žőštouš'' | ||
|''medhumi'' ||'' | |''medhumi'' ||''medhouš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''výjő!'' ||''výjavý!'' | |''výjő!'' ||''výjavý!'' | ||
|''žőštő!'' ||''žőstavach!'' | |''žőštő!'' ||''žőstavach!'' | ||
|''medhő!'' ||'' | |''medhő!'' ||''medhou!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 363: | Line 363: | ||
= Late Prakrit = | = Late Prakrit = | ||
Veering towards Altaic, topic prominent grammar; ou > ő shift is complete; u, | Veering towards Altaic, topic prominent grammar; ou > ő shift is complete; u, ou > /y y:/ is complete | ||
== Nouns == | == Nouns == | ||
Old plural forms get displaced by old collective noun suffixes. | Old plural forms get displaced by old collective noun suffixes. | ||
Revision as of 02:14, 5 March 2024
TODO: Check out Middle Prakrit, use some Czech and Danish inspiration.
Early Prakrit
Pronouns
| case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | reflexive | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | ||||
| nom. | aha, a̋, ha, jech, ach | tou | sa | sa̋ | tach | - |
| acc. | me, mý | te, tý | ta | tő | tach | se, sý |
| gen. | mana̋ | tvana̋ | taš | tech | taš | svana̋ |
| dat. | meži, mej | tebhi, tej | tamej | tašej, ta̋j | tamej | sebhi, sej |
| ins. | maný (m), maja̋ (f) | tvaný (m/n), tvaja̋ (f) | taný | taja̋ | taný | svaný (m/n), svaja̋ (f) |
| loc. | maj, mami | tvaj, tvami | tami | taší | tami | svaj, svami |
| case | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | |||
| m. | f. | n. | ||||
| nom. | véch | jích | sí | sech | ta̋ | |
| acc. | nas | jis | tőch | tech | ta̋ | |
| gen. | namő | jimő | týšő | ta̋šő | týšő | |
| dat. | nabh | jibh | týbh | ta̋bh | týbh | |
| ins. | nabhi | jibhi | týbhi | ta̋bhi | týbhi | |
| loc. | namýš | jimýš | týš | ta̋š | týš | |
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šich (distance-neutral)
Interrogative (determiner and pronőn): či, čí, čich
Nouns
(-č/-če/-ce/-tě) behaves more like a contrast particle than in literary Ilithian
o-stems
| vrk (m.) = wolf | lőšna̋ (f.) = moon, month | őšta (n.) = mouth | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | vrk | vrký | lőšna̋ | lőšnech | őšta | őšta̋ |
| Genitive | vrka̋ch | vrkő | lőšna̋ch | lőšnő | őšta̋ch | őštő |
| Dative | vrké | vrkabh | lőšné | lőšna̋bh | őšté | őštabh |
| Accusative | vrka | vrkőch | lőšnő | lőšnech | őšta | őšta̋ |
| Instrumental | vrkaný | vrkabhi | lőšnaja̋ | lőšna̋bhi | őštaný | őštabhi |
| Locative | vrkami | vrkýš | lőšný, lőšnaší | lőšna̋š | őštami | őštýš |
| Vocative | vrče! | vrký! | lőšna! | lőšnech! | őšte! | őšta̋! |
i-stems
| ageň (m.) = fire | mať (f.) = thought, idea | mař (n.) = sea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | ageň | agní | mať | matěch | mař | maří |
| Genitive | agních | agňő | matích | maťő | mařích | mařő |
| Dative | agněj | agněbh | matěj | matěbh | mařé | mařebh |
| Accusative | agni | agních | mati | matěch | mař | maří |
| Instrumental | agněný | agněbhi | matija̋ | matěbhi | mařený | mařebhi |
| Locative | agněmi | agníš | maťí, matěší | matíš | mařemi | maříš |
| Vocative | agně! | agní! | maťi! | matěch! | maře! | maří! |
Feminines in -í
| patní (f.) = wife | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| Nominative | patní | patních | |
| Genitive | patních | patnijő | |
| Dative | patní | patníbh | |
| Accusative | patní | patních | |
| Instrumental | patnija̋ | patníbhi | |
| Locative | patnijí, patníší | patníš | |
| Vocative | patní! | patních! | |
u-stems
| výju (m.) = wind | žőštou (f.) = meat | medhu (n.) = honey | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | výju | výjavý | žőštou | žőštavech | medhu | medhou |
| Genitive | výjőch | výjavő | žőštőch | žőštavő | medhőch | medhavő |
| Dative | výjavé | výjubh | žőštava̋j | žőštubh | medhavé | medhubh |
| Accusative | výjou | výjouch | žőštou | žőštouch | medhu | medhou |
| Instrumental | výjuný | výjubhi | žőštuja̋ | žőštubhi | medhuný | medhubhi |
| Locative | výjumi | výjouš | žőštavý, žőštouší | žőštouš | medhumi | medhouš |
| Vocative | výjő! | výjavý! | žőštő! | žőstavach! | medhő! | medhou! |
n-stems
| žmů (m.) = human | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| Nominative | žmů | žmený |
| Genitive | žmena̋ch | žmenő |
| Dative | žmené | žmenabh |
| Accusative | žmena | žmenach |
| Instrumental | žmenaný | žmenabhi |
| Locative | žmenami | žmenýš |
| Vocative | žmů! | žmený! |
ma-stems
-ma nouns regularize to -mena nouns (cf. Czech)
| vlamena (n.) = name | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| Nominative | vlamena | vlamena̋ | |
| Genitive | vlamena̋ch | vlamenő | |
| Dative | vlamené | vlamenabh | |
| Accusative | vlamena | vlamena̋ | |
| Instrumental | vlamenaný | vlamenabhi | |
| Locative | vlamenami | vlamenýš | |
| Vocative | vlamena! | vlamena̋! | |
s-stems
nebh regularizes to nebhesa
Other athematics
Other athematics usually become regular o- or i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, vrýž 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular i-stem masculine.
-ýr nouns
| patýr (m.) = father | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| Nominative | patýr | patrý |
| Genitive | patra̋ch | patrő |
| Dative | patré | patrabh |
| Accusative | patra | patrőch |
| Instrumental | patraný | patrabhi |
| Locative | patrami | patrýš |
| Vocative | patre! | patrý! |
Copula
Present
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | smi, jsmi | sme, jsme |
| 2nd | si, jsi | ste, jste |
| 3rd | (zero) | (zero) |
Late Prakrit
Veering towards Altaic, topic prominent grammar; ou > ő shift is complete; u, ou > /y y:/ is complete
Nouns
Old plural forms get displaced by old collective noun suffixes.
| vrk (m.) = wolf | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | vrk | vrk-al |
| Genitive | vrk-ach | vrk-al-ach |
| Dative/Allative | vrk-pi | vrk-al-pi |
| Accusative | vrk-ej | vrk-al-ej |
| Instrumental | vrk-any | vrk-al-any |
| Locative | vrk-ami | vrk-al-ami |
Adjectives
Adjectives don't agree for number and case anymore
/ɕy:ɐ̯t jiːf/ = good horse; /ɕy:ɐ̯t dʐɛnɛ/ = good wife; /ɕy:ɐ̯t dʰein/ = good child