Ilithian/Prakrit: Difference between revisions
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|- | |- | ||
! nom. | ! nom. | ||
| ''aha, a̋, ha, | | ''aha, a̋, ha, ah'' || ''tou'' || ''sa'' || ''sa̋'' || ''tah'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! acc. | ! acc. | ||
| ''me, mý'' || ''te, tý'' || ''ta'' || ''tő'' || '' | | ''me, mý'' || ''te, tý'' || ''ta'' || ''tő'' || ''tah'' || ''se, sý'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! gen. | ! gen. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! dat. | ! dat. | ||
| ''meži, mej'' || '' | | ''meži, mej'' || ''tehi, tej'' || ''tamej'' || ''tašej, ta̋j'' || ''tamej'' || ''sehi, sej'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ins. | ! ins. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! loc. | ! loc. | ||
| ''maj | | ''maj'' || ''tvaj'' || ''tami'' || ''taší'' || ''tami'' || ''svaj'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl. | ! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! nom. | ! nom. | ||
| '' | | ''véh'' || ''jíh'' || ''sí'' || ''seh'' || ''ta̋'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! acc. | ! acc. | ||
| ''nas'' || ''jis'' || '' | | ''nas'' || ''jis'' || ''tőh'' || ''teh'' || ''ta̋'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! gen. | ! gen. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! ins. | ! ins. | ||
| '' | | ''nahi'' || ''jihi''|| ''týhi'' || ''ta̋hi'' || ''týhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! loc. | ! loc. | ||
| ''namýš'' || ''jimýš'' || ''týš'' || ''ta̋š'' || ''týš'' | | ''namýš'' || ''jimýš'' || ''týš'' || ''ta̋š'' || ''týš'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Demonstratives: ši, ší, | Demonstratives: ši, ší, ših (distance-neutral) | ||
Interrogative (determiner and pronőn): či, čí, | Interrogative (determiner and pronőn): či, čí, čih | ||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
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|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''vrk''||''vrký'' | |''vrk''||''vrký'' | ||
|''lőšna̋''||'' | |''lőšna̋''||''lőšneh'' | ||
|''őšta'' || ''őšta̋'' | |''őšta'' || ''őšta̋'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''vrka̋h'' ||''vrkő'' | ||
|'' | |''lőšna̋h'' ||''lőšnő'' | ||
|'' | |''őšta̋h'' ||''őštő'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''vrka'' ||'' | |''vrka'' ||''vrkőh'' | ||
|''lőšnő'' ||'' | |''lőšnő'' ||''lőšneh'' | ||
|''őšta'' ||''őšta̋'' | |''őšta'' ||''őšta̋'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''vrkaný'' ||'' | |''vrkaný'' ||''vrkahi'' | ||
|''lőšnaja̋'' ||'' | |''lőšnaja̋'' ||''lőšna̋hi'' | ||
|''őštaný'' ||'' | |''őštaný'' ||''őštahi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
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|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''ageň'' ||''agní'' | |''ageň'' ||''agní'' | ||
|''mať'' ||'' | |''mať'' ||''matěh'' | ||
|''mař'' || ''maří'' | |''mař'' || ''maří'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''agníh'' ||''agňű'' | ||
|'' | |''matíh'' ||''maťű'' | ||
|'' | |''maříh'' ||''mařű'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|'' | |''agní'' ||''agněbh'' | ||
|'' | |''matí'' ||''matěbh'' | ||
|'' | |''maří'' ||''mařebh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''agni'' ||'' | |''agni'' ||''agníh'' | ||
|''mati'' || '' | |''mati'' || ''matěh'' | ||
|''mař'' ||''maří'' | |''mař'' ||''maří'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''agněný'' ||'' | |''agněný'' ||''agněhi'' | ||
|''matija̋'' ||'' | |''matija̋'' ||''matěhi'' | ||
|''mařený'' || '' | |''mařený'' || ''mařehi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''agněmi'' ||''agníš'' | |''agněmi'' ||''agníš'' | ||
|'' | |''matí, matěší'' ||''matíš'' | ||
|''mařemi'' ||''maříš'' | |''mařemi'' ||''maříš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''agně!'' ||''agní!'' | |''agně!'' ||''agní!'' | ||
|'' | |''mati!'' ||''matěh!'' | ||
|''maře!'' ||''maří!'' | |''maře!'' ||''maří!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''patní'' ||'' | |''patní'' ||''patníh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''patních'' ||'' | |''patních'' ||''patňű'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''patní'' ||'' | |''patní'' ||''patníh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''patnija̋'' ||'' | |''patnija̋'' ||''patníhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''patní!'' ||'' | |''patní!'' ||''patníh!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''výju'' ||''výjavý'' | |''výju'' ||''výjavý'' | ||
|''žőštou'' ||'' | |''žőštou'' ||''žőštaveh'' | ||
|''medhu'' || ''medhou'' | |''medhu'' || ''medhou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''výjűh'' ||''výjavő'' | ||
|'' | |''žőštőh'' ||''žőštavő'' | ||
|'' | |''medhőh'' ||''medhavő'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''výjuný'' ||'' | |''výjuný'' ||''výjuhi'' | ||
|''žőštuja̋'' ||'' | |''žőštuja̋'' ||''žőštuhi'' | ||
|''medhuný'' ||'' | |''medhuný'' ||''medhuhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|'' | |''výjű!'' ||''výjavý!'' | ||
|''žőštő!'' ||'' | |''žőštő!'' ||''žőstavah!'' | ||
|''medhő!'' ||''medhou!'' | |''medhő!'' ||''medhou!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''žmenaný'' ||'' | |''žmenaný'' ||''žmenahi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''vlamenaný'' ||'' | |''vlamenaný'' ||''vlamenahi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''patraný'' ||'' | |''patraný'' ||''patrahi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 3rd | ! 3rd | ||
| | | ''jéch'' || ''śa̋'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
= Late Prakrit = | = Late Prakrit = | ||
Veering towards Altaic, topic prominent grammar | Veering towards Altaic, topic prominent grammar | ||
== Nouns == | == Nouns == | ||
Old plural forms get displaced by old collective noun suffixes. | Old plural forms get displaced by old collective noun suffixes. |
Latest revision as of 02:30, 5 March 2024
TODO: Check out Middle Prakrit, use some Czech and Danish inspiration.
Early Prakrit
Pronouns
case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | reflexive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m. | f. | n. | ||||
nom. | aha, a̋, ha, ah | tou | sa | sa̋ | tah | - |
acc. | me, mý | te, tý | ta | tő | tah | se, sý |
gen. | mana̋ | tvana̋ | taš | tech | taš | svana̋ |
dat. | meži, mej | tehi, tej | tamej | tašej, ta̋j | tamej | sehi, sej |
ins. | maný (m), maja̋ (f) | tvaný (m/n), tvaja̋ (f) | taný | taja̋ | taný | svaný (m/n), svaja̋ (f) |
loc. | maj | tvaj | tami | taší | tami | svaj |
case | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | |||
m. | f. | n. | ||||
nom. | véh | jíh | sí | seh | ta̋ | |
acc. | nas | jis | tőh | teh | ta̋ | |
gen. | namő | jimő | týšő | ta̋šő | týšő | |
dat. | nabh | jibh | týbh | ta̋bh | týbh | |
ins. | nahi | jihi | týhi | ta̋hi | týhi | |
loc. | namýš | jimýš | týš | ta̋š | týš |
Demonstratives: ši, ší, ših (distance-neutral)
Interrogative (determiner and pronőn): či, čí, čih
Nouns
(-č/-če/-ce/-tě) behaves more like a contrast particle than in literary Ilithian
o-stems
vrk (m.) = wolf | lőšna̋ (f.) = moon, month | őšta (n.) = mouth | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
Nominative | vrk | vrký | lőšna̋ | lőšneh | őšta | őšta̋ |
Genitive | vrka̋h | vrkő | lőšna̋h | lőšnő | őšta̋h | őštő |
Dative | vrké | vrkabh | lőšné | lőšna̋bh | őšté | őštabh |
Accusative | vrka | vrkőh | lőšnő | lőšneh | őšta | őšta̋ |
Instrumental | vrkaný | vrkahi | lőšnaja̋ | lőšna̋hi | őštaný | őštahi |
Locative | vrkami | vrkýš | lőšný, lőšnaší | lőšna̋š | őštami | őštýš |
Vocative | vrče! | vrký! | lőšna! | lőšnech! | őšte! | őšta̋! |
i-stems
ageň (m.) = fire | mať (f.) = thought, idea | mař (n.) = sea | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
Nominative | ageň | agní | mať | matěh | mař | maří |
Genitive | agníh | agňű | matíh | maťű | maříh | mařű |
Dative | agní | agněbh | matí | matěbh | maří | mařebh |
Accusative | agni | agníh | mati | matěh | mař | maří |
Instrumental | agněný | agněhi | matija̋ | matěhi | mařený | mařehi |
Locative | agněmi | agníš | matí, matěší | matíš | mařemi | maříš |
Vocative | agně! | agní! | mati! | matěh! | maře! | maří! |
Feminines in -í
patní (f.) = wife | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
Nominative | patní | patníh | |
Genitive | patních | patňű | |
Dative | patní | patníbh | |
Accusative | patní | patníh | |
Instrumental | patnija̋ | patníhi | |
Locative | patnijí, patníší | patníš | |
Vocative | patní! | patníh! |
u-stems
výju (m.) = wind | žőštou (f.) = meat | medhu (n.) = honey | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
Nominative | výju | výjavý | žőštou | žőštaveh | medhu | medhou |
Genitive | výjűh | výjavő | žőštőh | žőštavő | medhőh | medhavő |
Dative | výjavé | výjubh | žőštava̋j | žőštubh | medhavé | medhubh |
Accusative | výjou | výjouch | žőštou | žőštouch | medhu | medhou |
Instrumental | výjuný | výjuhi | žőštuja̋ | žőštuhi | medhuný | medhuhi |
Locative | výjumi | výjouš | žőštavý, žőštouší | žőštouš | medhumi | medhouš |
Vocative | výjű! | výjavý! | žőštő! | žőstavah! | medhő! | medhou! |
n-stems
žmů (m.) = human | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
Nominative | žmů | žmený |
Genitive | žmena̋ch | žmenő |
Dative | žmené | žmenabh |
Accusative | žmena | žmenach |
Instrumental | žmenaný | žmenahi |
Locative | žmenami | žmenýš |
Vocative | žmů! | žmený! |
ma-stems
-ma nouns regularize to -mena nouns (cf. Czech)
vlamena (n.) = name | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
Nominative | vlamena | vlamena̋ | |
Genitive | vlamena̋ch | vlamenő | |
Dative | vlamené | vlamenabh | |
Accusative | vlamena | vlamena̋ | |
Instrumental | vlamenaný | vlamenahi | |
Locative | vlamenami | vlamenýš | |
Vocative | vlamena! | vlamena̋! |
s-stems
nebh regularizes to nebhesa
Other athematics
Other athematics usually become regular o- or i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, vrýž 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular i-stem masculine.
-ýr nouns
patýr (m.) = father | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
Nominative | patýr | patrý |
Genitive | patra̋ch | patrő |
Dative | patré | patrabh |
Accusative | patra | patrőch |
Instrumental | patraný | patrahi |
Locative | patrami | patrýš |
Vocative | patre! | patrý! |
Copula
Present
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | śmi | śme |
2nd | śi | śte |
3rd | jéch | śa̋ |
Late Prakrit
Veering towards Altaic, topic prominent grammar
Nouns
Old plural forms get displaced by old collective noun suffixes.
vrk (m.) = wolf | ||
---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | vrk | vrk-al |
Genitive | vrk-ach | vrk-al-ach |
Dative/Allative | vrk-pi | vrk-al-pi |
Accusative | vrk-ej | vrk-al-ej |
Instrumental | vrk-any | vrk-al-any |
Locative | vrk-ami | vrk-al-ami |
Adjectives
Adjectives don't agree for number and case anymore
/ɕy:ɐ̯t jiːf/ = good horse; /ɕy:ɐ̯t dʐɛnɛ/ = good wife; /ɕy:ɐ̯t dʰein/ = good child