Anbirese: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
mNo edit summary
(278 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
Anglo-Swedo-Sino-Korean jokelang; include a xenic layer from a Pama-Nyungan-like language Dårle
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>


{{Infobox language
Use "Fljeongmjeongths" somewhere
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''Anbirjeong, kaz Anbirjeong''
|pronunciation=
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region = Talma
|familycolor=quihum
|fam1= [[Quame languages|Quame]]
|fam2= Talmic
|fam3= Tigolic
|script=Talmic alphabet
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}


'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''n gaz Anbirjeong'' /ən gǎz ànbirjəŋ/ [ànbírjəŋ]) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Sino-Korean, Swedish, and Welsh. compared to its relatives [[Skellan]] and [[Ciètian]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''n Smau'' /ən smau/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman countries [[Verse:Tricin/Anbir|Anbir]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Musun|Musun]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects.
Flijeon River


Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in the Bitaletan world.
Andaegol
==External history==
The idea of {{SUBPAGENAME}} began as "Tsjoen", before I decided to make it a Tigolic language. The grammar is heavily based on my first Tiogall draft.


==Todo==
Mjeolnir 'big hammer' -- hammer that periodically destroys the world (Sino-Korean myeol 'to wipe out') in Anbirese mythology?
*ot, od > vat, vad
*Numbers: kjam, tjeodeor, nask, dyv, solj, stam, rvað, lað, berb, ngjor, jachim, kne
*scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ
*obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
*Conjunctions that take pronominal suffixes, like Arabic ''ʔinna'' and ''ʔanna'' (or maybe Bhlaoighne)
*Swadesh list
*Tigol > {{SUBPAGENAME}} sound changes
<poem>
plus, {{SUBPAGENAME}} has "accusativus in infinitivo"!
le could be omitted before indefinite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}
but Maith Sivy always used it
that's one way of distinguishing archaic from modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}
another could be the use of the pronoun 'fiar'
which in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} was completely replaced with 'scid'
ca-ephyth = of that
ca-leth = that (acc.)
ca-dzeth = in that; there
ma-, ca-, ta-, m-compounds: this, that, what, which
in that house = ca-dzen souar
or "dze cin souar"
both are valid
the first being more archaic
</poem>
a verbalizer like ''-ować''


*Verb prefixes:
Mjeolbon 'Melbourne'
**''ar-'': on, at > ''ar-''
**''(deut.) as-'': telic > ''ys-''
**''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at > ''dze-'', ''do-''
**''é-'': with, co- > ''e-''
**''fin-''/''sin-'' = well, thoroughly > ''fin-''
**''for-'': causative, through > ''for-''
**''(prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-'': around, back > ''fl-''
**''imm-'': immediately > ''im-, m-, n-, ŋ-''
**''(prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-'': up, out > ''gol-''
**''ro-'': down > ''ro-''
**''sol-'': a causative > ''sol-''
**''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards > ''su-''
**''(prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-'': back > ''sor-''
**''(prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-'': from > ''oc-''


Vowel reflexes:
brjedjeong
*a e i o u > eo jeo ji u u
*ai ei oi ui > ae ji oe i
*á éa í(o) ó ú > a je ji o ou
*ái éi ói úi éu > ai je oi ui jau
*eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi ju jui
*ae ao aoi > e eu eui
*ia ua uai > ja veo vae


sjeong - sky, skjeong - to clean
Daerjeong-eup: town located where our timeline's Dwellingup is
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
*/k g x ŋ/
*'''k g ng''' /k g ŋ/
*/tɕ d͡ʑ tɕʰ ɲ/
*'''kj/tj gj/dj thj nj''' /tɕ d͡ʑ ɕ ɲ/
*/t d tʰ z n/
*'''t d th n''' /t d θ n/
*/p b f v m/
*'''p b f v m''' /p b f v~w m/
*/s ɕ ɧ h/
*'''s sj/stj/skj h''' /s ɧ h/
*/r ɹ j ɴ̆~w/
*'''r l -d j''' /ɾ l ð j/
 
===Notation===
====Radical consonants====
*k χ ng /k x ŋ/
*kj χj ngj /tɕ ɕ ɲ/
*t θ n /t tʰ n/
*tj θj nj /tɕ tɕʰ ɲ/
*c cj /ts tɕ/
*p f m /p f m/
*s sj/stj/skj h /s ɧ h/
*r l lj j /r ɴ̆ j j/
 
At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.
 
sj = sje, etc.


====Lenited consonants====
[w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants.
*g γ /g Ø/
*gj γj /d͡ʑ j/
*d z /d z/
*dj zj /d͡ʑ ɹ/
*dz dzj /dz d͡ʑ/
*b v /b v/
*bj vj /bj vj/


====Eclipsed consonants====
/t d tʰ s z n/ are dental(ized).
*ng ngh /ŋ ŋʰ/
*nj nhj /ɲ ɲʰ/
*n nh /n nʰ/
*m mh /m mʰ/
 
===Mutations===
Anbirese has 3 types of mutations: lenition, eclipsis, and h-prothesis.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Consonant mutations'''
|-
!|grapheme
|''m''||''p''||''φ''||''f''||''t''||''θ''||''c''||''s''<sup>*</sup>||''z''||''k''||''χ''||''0, j''
|-
!|lenition
|''ng''||''b''||''v''||''h''||''d''||''z''||''dz''||''h''||''0''||''g''||''γ''||''-''
|-
!|eclipsis
|''-''||''m''||''mh''||''v''||''n''||''nh''||''-''||''z''||''-''||''ng''||''ngh''||''n(j)-''
|-
!|h-prothesis
|''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''h(j)-''
|}
Null-initial words may get h-prothesis after certain words.
 
<sup>*</sup>The clusters written ''sp'', ''st'', ''sk'' do not mutate.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
'''i eu u e eo a o ae oe''' /i ɨ ü e ʌ~ɔ a o~u ɛ~e ø/
Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. ''eu'' /ɨ/ may be treated as a hard counterpart of ''i'' /i/: ''mi ni pi ti ki bi di gi fi vi'' are read as ''mji nji pji tji kji bji dji gji fji vji''. ''si zi li'' are an exception: they're pronounced [ɕi ʑi li].


''eo'' is /ə/ when unstressed.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
===Stress===
Stress is weak to nonexistent in Modern Anbirese.
 
===Pitch accent===
Pitch accent is phonemic in Standard Anbirese, and often distinguishes different grammatical forms of the same word.
 
Each word has one of two possible pitch accents:
#Rising (or low, or peaking): starts low and rises, peaks at the second syllable; unmarked
#High: high and level, falls off word-finally, transcribed with an acute accent
 
For example:
*''skaen'' /skěn/ (rising tone) = 'a friend (sg)'; ''n skaen'' /ən skěn/ = 'the friend'
*''skáen'' /skén/ (high tone) = 'friends (pl)'; ''n skáen'' /ən skén/ = 'the friends'
*''ael'' (rising tone) = 'loves (present tense)'
*''áel'' (high tone) = 'loved (past tense)'
A handful of dialects lack pitch accent.
 
===Intonation===
*General fall: declarative clauses
*General rise: dependent clauses
*Interrogative: interrogative clauses
 
==Dialectology==
Anbirese is primarily spoken in Anbir, Musun and in overseas Anbirese colonies such as Euldondjama.
===Anbir===
Anbir has more dialectal diversity.
===Musun===
Musunese Anbir is similar to Standard Anbirese Anbirese, but has no pitch accent and uses more analytic constructions.
 
==Orthography==
Like other Talmic languages, Anbirese is written in the Talmic alphabet.
 
==Vocabulary==
Anbirese is about as purist as German, though it has a fair helping of [[Swuntsim]] loanwords. Anbirese vocabulary often uses compounding to disambiguate words that were made similar by dueum beopchik. Like in other Talman languages, academic vocabulary has more [[Tseer]] and [[Windermere]] loans.
 
==Morphology==
===Mutations===
Like Qenian, Anbirese has lenition and nasal mutation.
 
===Nouns===
Like its relative [[Ciètian]], Anbirese has three genders for nouns (masculine, feminine, and neuter).
====Definite article====
Regardless of gender and number, the definite article is
*''eo'' before nasals and resonants: ''eo mar'' [ə̀ mǎɾ] 'the tree'
*''n'' before other consonants and before vowels: ''n χeozir'' [ə̀n xə̀ʑîɾ] 'the flower'; ''n abeot'' [nàbə̂t] 'the book'
 
TODO: definite article mutations by gender
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Definite article'''
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
|-
|-
!  
! rowspan="2" |
| eclipsis || lenition || no mut. || no mut. || no mut.|| eclipsis
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
|-
! Example
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
| ''eo '''m'''ran''<br/>'the corner' || ''n '''g'''az''<br/>'the language' || ''n '''χ'''eozir''<br/>'the flower' || ''n '''p'''rán''<br/>'the corners' || ''n '''k'''áz''<br/>'the languages' || ''eo '''ngh'''éozir''<br/>'the flowers'
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|}
 
====Plural nouns====
A common way to pluralize nouns is by tone change. This is the default paradigm for loans.
 
*''mar'' /mǎɾ/ [mǎɾ] = a tree
*''már'' /máɾ/ [mâɾ] = trees
 
However, many plurals use suffixes or other changes:
*''íms'' /íms/ [îms] = a loved one
*''imseot'' /ǐmsət/ [ìmsə̂t] = loved ones (some dialects use ''ímseot'')
 
Musunese Anbirese always uses ''-eot'' for the plural.
<!--
Nouns only have two states (absolute and construct) and two numbers (singular and plural).  The usual affixes are:
*plural absolute: ''-r''
*singular construct: ''-(y)th''
*plural construct: ''-(y)ph''
 
e.g. ''cythr'' 'flower', ''cythryr'' 'flowers'; ''chyvn'' 'woman', ''chyvnyr'' 'women'.
 
The definite article is always ''i'', or ''in'' before a V or after a preposition.
 
Possessive suffixes: mar-na, mar-s, mar-ou, mar-i, mar-yth, mar-ym, mar-fe, mar-yc, mar-ur (or mar-thur)
 
Plural: mar-ph-yna, mar-ph-s, mar-ph-ou, mar-ph-i, ...
 
''i marna'' = my tree
 
''i cythr suvn-yna'' = my beautiful flower
-->
 
===Adjectives===
Predicate adjectives are uninflected. Attributive adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number by mutations.
 
Adverbs derived from adjectives are unchanged (as in German).
 
TODO: degree
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Adjective inflection'''
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''u''' /ü/
| '''eu''' [ɨ]
| '''o''' /o~u/
|-
|-
!  
! style="" |Mid
| eclipsis || lenition || no mut. || no mut. || no mut.|| eclipsis
| '''ae, e''' /e̞/
| '''ö''' /ø~œ/
| '''eo''' [ə]
| '''eo''' /ʌ~ɔ/
|-
|-
! Example
! style="" |Open
| ''eo '''n'''al '''nh'''jeongeosan''<br/>'the interesting shop' || ''n '''g'''az '''z'''jeongeosan''<br/>'the interesting language' || ''n '''χ'''eozir '''θ'''jeongeosan''<br/>'the interesting flower' || ''n '''t'''ál '''θ'''jeongeosan''<br/>'the interesting shops' || ''n '''k'''áz '''θ'''jeongeosan''<br/>'the interesting languages' || ''eo '''ngh'''éozir '''nh'''jeongeosan''<br/>'the interesting flowers'
|  
|  
| '''a''' /ɐ/
|  
|}
|}
*Comparative: ''θjeongeosan'''teo''''' = more interesting
*Superlative: ''θjeongeosan'''eos''''' = most interesting
===Verbs===
Verbs are conservative and similar to [[Ciètian]], with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in [[Skellan]].
====Finite verb inflection====
Anbirese has 3 tenses:
*Present tense: ''-ig'', negative ''θri'' + IMPERATIVE
*Future tense: ''aeb'' + IMPERATIVE
*Past tense: regularly ''-in''; induces split-ergativity
There is no aspect distinction.
===="Non-finite" forms====
*The ''-eod'' infinitive is used with some modal verbs.
**with ''djeobjeol'', indicates purpose: "in order to VERB"
**with ''ok'' 'from', indicates stopping, avoiding, or preventing from VERBing
**with ''ast'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing" [Dialects may use the ''-a'' infinitive]
*The ''-a'' infinitive is mainly used to construct deranked time clauses (like the Biblical Hebrew bi- + infinite construct), and also
**with ''djeo'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
**with ''eor'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed,  "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
**with ''nae'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a purpose: "by VERBing"
**with ''ok'' 'from', indicates a reason clause
**with the accusative marker ''ljeo'', indicates a complement clause. There are two possible syntaxes for the ''ljeo''-complement clause:
***''ljeo'' + SUBJECT + ''seo/s'' + VERB-''a''
***''ljeo'' + VERB + SUBJECT (possessed verbal noun)
====Split-ergativity====
Anbirese has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment.
That is, the subject is marked with the preposition ''u'' for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object.
Examples:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Transitive verbs'''
:''Xabin '''u''' na.''
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG
:'I have eaten.'
:''Xabin '''u''' na n sáeng.''
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread
:'I have eaten the bread.'
:''A tjéobrjeong '''u''' na n kéolsjang χa.''
:but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there
:'But I left the kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad there.'
{{col-break}}
'''Intransitive verbs'''
:''Eoseong eo már.''
:die.PRET DEF tree/PL
:'The trees died.'
:''Farjeogin meo nóγeol χaltan.''
:return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last
:'Our dogs finally returned.'
{{col-end}}
===Copula===
{{SUBPAGENAME}} is zero copula in the present tense; ''ngu'', ''si'', ''jeo'' and ''tar'' can be used as present tense copulas.
The past tense copula is ''lazeon'' and the infinitive is ''faz''.
===Pronouns===
na, skid, ngu, si, jeo, me, tid, skid, tar = I, you, he, she, it, we (exc), we (inc), you, they
There is also an archaic 2nd person singular pronoun ''fjeor'' 'thou'.
===Prepositions===
*ljeo = accusative (ljeo + eo/n > ljeon) (only used with definite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}})
**''ljeo-na, (ljeo-s,) lj-u, l-i, lj-eoz, lj-am, ljeof, ljeok, ljur''
*djeo = in (djeo + eo/n > djeon)
**''djeo-na, (djeo-s,) dj-u, d-i, dj-eoz, dj-am, djeof, djeok, djur''
*ae = to, for (ae + eo/n > aen)
**''aemna, (aebeos), aebu, aebi, aebeoz, aebam, aebeof, aebeok, aebur''
*lang = on
**''langna, (langeos), langu, langi, langeoz, langam, langeof, langeok, langur''
*eor = at
**''eorna, eoreos, or, eri, eoreoz, eoram, eoreof, eoreok, eorur''
*hjel = like
**''hjelna, hjeleos, hjelu, hjeli, hjeleoz, hjelam, hjeleof, hjeleok, hjerur''
===Conjunctions===
===Derivational morphology===
====Native====
*-a = verbalizer
*ba- = sub-
*-eod = nominalizer
*-jeond/-eond = nominalizer
*-eog = nominalizer
*-leon = nominalizer of adjectives
*mi- = mis-, pseudo-
====Foreign====
*ing- = verbalizer ([[Windermere|Wdm.]])
*bin- = nominalizer (Wdm.)
==Syntax==
:''More: [[Anbirese/Syntax]]
==Sample text==
===UDHR===
:'''''Dakjeorig ba γχar djeo hsjeok eok blje naen fraeχleod eok naen méorjeond. Oskjeonin har naen masrin eok naen stvarnga, eok pjeozjeo areor djeo skrateon djeo ljes n jezeokleon so heosrag.'''''
:be_born-PRES all human PRED free and same INST-DEF dignity and INST-DEF right/PL. endow-PAST 3PL INST-DEF reason and INST-DEF conscience, and part on-3PL ADV mutual in spirit DEF brotherhood to act.
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
[[Category:Tricin]]

Revision as of 04:31, 5 April 2024

Anglo-Swedo-Sino-Korean jokelang; include a xenic layer from a Pama-Nyungan-like language Dårle

Use "Fljeongmjeongths" somewhere

Flijeon River

Andaegol

Mjeolnir 'big hammer' -- hammer that periodically destroys the world (Sino-Korean myeol 'to wipe out') in Anbirese mythology?

Mjeolbon 'Melbourne'

brjedjeong

sjeong - sky, skjeong - to clean

Daerjeong-eup: town located where our timeline's Dwellingup is

Phonology

Consonants

  • k g ng /k g ŋ/
  • kj/tj gj/dj thj nj /tɕ d͡ʑ ɕ ɲ/
  • t d th n /t d θ n/
  • p b f v m /p b f v~w m/
  • s sj/stj/skj h /s ɧ h/
  • r l -d j /ɾ l ð j/

[w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants.

/t d tʰ s z n/ are dental(ized).

Vowels

Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. eu /ɨ/ may be treated as a hard counterpart of i /i/: mi ni pi ti ki bi di gi fi vi are read as mji nji pji tji kji bji dji gji fji vji. si zi li are an exception: they're pronounced [ɕi ʑi li].

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i /i/ u /ü/ eu [ɨ] o /o~u/
Mid ae, e /e̞/ ö /ø~œ/ eo [ə] eo /ʌ~ɔ/
Open a /ɐ/
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Anbirese&oldid=367176"