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{{construction}}
Anglo-Swedo-Sino-Korean jokelang; include a xenic layer from a Pama-Nyungan-like language Dårle
'''Amphirese''' (''amphirifh'' /amphiriv/) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Ancient Greek, Korean, Etruscan, Romani, and the Slavic languages. Compared to [[Eevo]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''i Smaouch'' /i smaukh/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Amphir|Amphir]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; after [[Eevo]], it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers, though most modern speakers know Eevo. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects.


Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
Use "Fljeongmjeongths" somewhere
==External history==
Amphirese began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhlaoighne]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still felt that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project as "Anvyrese" or "Anvirese". One thing that was still nagging me was that the grammar was still too German for a country with a Germany-like history, so I decided to swap a minority Tigolic language "Tumaka" with "Anvirese", and this is the result.
==Todo==
*Numbers: cefh, tzath, nusch, doiph, solitzh, ...
*Swadesh list
*Tigol > Amphirese sound changes
**How do syllabic resonants arise?
**e.g. imm- > syllabic nasal
**car > cr 'person'
**mh > fh
*Less rhymes than in Eevo or Anvirese, so poetry should be based on something else
*''gysph'' = narrow


==Phonology==
Flijeon River
===Consonants===
*c g ch ŋ /k g kʰ ŋ/
*t d th n /t d tʰ n/
*tz dz tzh /ts dz tsʰ/
*p b ph m /p b pʰ m/
*f fh s sh (ś) (š) h /f v~fʰ s z~sʰ ç ɕ h/
*r l i /r L j/


At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.
Andaegol


Some consonants can be syllabic, namely ''m n ŋ l r''.
Mjeolnir 'big hammer' -- hammer that periodically destroys the world (Sino-Korean myeol 'to wipe out') in Anbirese mythology?


===Vowels===
Mjeolbon 'Melbourne'
i u ou e y a o /i ü u e ə a o/


Probably needs some diphthongs
brjedjeong


===Stress===
sjeong - sky, skjeong - to clean
Stress is always initial.
===Prosody===
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. It originates from discursive uptalk in older stages of the language, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as the Tummaka accent, do not use this pattern.
*In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...")
*In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
*In exclamations, the stressed syllable starts low and receives a rising intonation ("... mid ꜜ LOW-HIGH mid ... !"), possibly with a gradual drop to low pitch in the end. Angry or indignant questions also use an exclamatory intonation.


==Morphology==
Daerjeong-eup: town located where our timeline's Dwellingup is
===Mutations===
==Phonology==
Unlike [[Tigol]], Tumaka has no mutation; instead, former feminine nouns often begin in an aspirated consonant, as a result of lenition after the definite article. (cf. [[Eevo]], where former feminine nouns begin in different consonants than former masculine nouns.)
===Consonants===
*'''k g ng''' /k g ŋ/
*'''kj/tj gj/dj thj nj''' /tɕ d͡ʑ ɕ ɲ/
*'''t d th n''' /t d θ n/
*'''p b f v m''' /p b f v~w m/
*'''s sj/stj/skj h''' /s ɧ h/
*'''r l -d j''' /ɾ l ð j/


===Nouns===
[w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants.
Nouns only have two states (absolute and construct) and two numbers (singular and plural). The usual affixes are:
*plural absolute: ''-r''
*singular construct: ''-(y)th''
*plural construct: ''-(y)ph''


e.g. ''cythr'' 'flower', ''cythryr'' 'flowers'; ''chyfhn'' 'woman', ''chyfhnyr'' 'women'.
/t d tʰ s z n/ are dental(ized).


The definite article is always ''i'', or ''in'' before a V.
===Vowels===
 
Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. ''eu'' /ɨ/ may be treated as a hard counterpart of ''i'' /i/: ''mi ni pi ti ki bi di gi fi vi'' are read as ''mji nji pji tji kji bji dji gji fji vji''. ''si zi li'' are an exception: they're pronounced [ɕi ʑi li].
===Verbs===
Tumaka verbs have two tenses (nonpast and past) and two aspects (imperfective and perfective). The imperfective-perfective distinction is characterized by the absolute-conjunct allomorphy inherited from [[Tigol]]: As in Slavic languages, the perfective form is often formed by adding a prefix, which causes the verb stem to take the conjunct form. Most Tumaka verbs thus have two principal parts: imperfective and perfective.
 
An example of the aspect allomorphy:
 
*'to tell': imperfective ''boŋi'', perfective ''smŋi''
*'to eat': imperfective ''dzecai'', perfective ''ŋcu''
 
Past tense: ''-n'' (can be syllabic)
 
*'to tell': imperfective ''boŋin'', perfective ''smŋin''
*'to eat': imperfective ''dzecain'', perfective ''ŋcun''
 
===Pronouns===
na, scid, fou, si, mech, tid, scid, thar
 
===Prepositions===
*dze = in, at
*eph = to, for


[[Category:Tricin]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''u''' /ü/
| '''eu''' [ɨ]
| '''o''' /o~u/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''ae, e''' /e̞/
| '''ö''' /ø~œ/
| '''eo''' [ə]
| '''eo''' /ʌ~ɔ/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /ɐ/
|
|}

Latest revision as of 04:31, 5 April 2024

Anglo-Swedo-Sino-Korean jokelang; include a xenic layer from a Pama-Nyungan-like language Dårle

Use "Fljeongmjeongths" somewhere

Flijeon River

Andaegol

Mjeolnir 'big hammer' -- hammer that periodically destroys the world (Sino-Korean myeol 'to wipe out') in Anbirese mythology?

Mjeolbon 'Melbourne'

brjedjeong

sjeong - sky, skjeong - to clean

Daerjeong-eup: town located where our timeline's Dwellingup is

Phonology

Consonants

  • k g ng /k g ŋ/
  • kj/tj gj/dj thj nj /tɕ d͡ʑ ɕ ɲ/
  • t d th n /t d θ n/
  • p b f v m /p b f v~w m/
  • s sj/stj/skj h /s ɧ h/
  • r l -d j /ɾ l ð j/

[w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants.

/t d tʰ s z n/ are dental(ized).

Vowels

Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. eu /ɨ/ may be treated as a hard counterpart of i /i/: mi ni pi ti ki bi di gi fi vi are read as mji nji pji tji kji bji dji gji fji vji. si zi li are an exception: they're pronounced [ɕi ʑi li].

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i /i/ u /ü/ eu [ɨ] o /o~u/
Mid ae, e /e̞/ ö /ø~œ/ eo [ə] eo /ʌ~ɔ/
Open a /ɐ/
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