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== | ==Bantu-esque romlang== | ||
====Numerals==== | ====Numerals==== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
|--> | |--> | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| | | ʊːnʊ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| | | toː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| | | ʈɛː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4 | ! 4 | ||
| | | kʷɑtːɔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 5 | ! 5 | ||
| | | kʷɪˑŋɡɛ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 6 | ! 6 | ||
| | | sɛː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| | | sɛtːɛ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 8 | ! 8 | ||
| | | ɔtːɔː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 9 | ! 9 | ||
| | | nɔwɛ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 10 | ! 10 | ||
| | | teɣe | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 11 | ! 11 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 20 | ! 20 | ||
| | | βiː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 30 | ! 30 | ||
Line 67: | Line 67: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 100 | ! 100 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 200 | ! 200 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1000 | ! 1000 | ||
Line 79: | Line 79: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Bantu-esque Indo-European lang== | |||
== | ====Numerals==== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ | |+ ???? numerals | ||
! !! | ! Symbol !! Cardinal number | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! | <!-- | ||
! 0 | |||
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr- | |||
|--> | |||
! 1 | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 2 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 3 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 4 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 5 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 6 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 11 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 20 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 30 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 40 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 50 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 60 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 70 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 80 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 90 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 100 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 200 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 1000 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! 2000 | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Somali-like relative of Zanahi== | |||
====Numerals==== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ ???? numerals | |||
! Symbol !! Cardinal number | |||
|- | |||
<!-- | |||
! 0 | |||
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr- | |||
|--> | |||
! 1 | |||
| ceyn | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| dhaba | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
| taray | |||
|- | |||
! 4 | |||
| shodor | |||
|- | |||
! 5 | |||
| fash | |||
|- | |||
! 6 | |||
| shag | |||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| hafad | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| casta | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| now | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| dhas | |||
|- | |||
! 11 | |||
| ceyn oo dhas | |||
|- | |||
! 20 | |||
| dhabaasan | |||
|- | |||
! 30 | |||
| tiriisan | |||
|- | |||
! 40 | |||
| shodoorsan | |||
|- | |||
! 50 | |||
| fashaasan | |||
|- | |||
! 60 | |||
| shagaasan | |||
|- | |||
! 70 | |||
| haftaasan | |||
|- | |||
! 80 | |||
| castaash | |||
an | |||
|- | |||
! 90 | |||
| nabaasan | |||
|- | |||
! 100 | |||
| sid | |||
|- | |||
! 200 | |||
| dhow sid | |||
|- | |||
! 1000 | |||
| dahal | |||
|- | |||
! 2000 | |||
| dhaba dahal | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Somali-like Romlang== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Verb conjugation of ''amaal'' "to love" - non-continuous tenses | |||
! !! colspan="3"| Present !! colspan="3"| Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative !! rowspan="2"| Jussive | |||
|- | |||
! !! Indicative !! Subordinate !! Adjectival !! Affirmative !! Negative !! Adjectival | |||
|- | |||
!1S | |||
| amaa || ame || rowspan="6"| amá || amay || rowspan="6"| amays || rowspan="6"| amaý || — || áme | |||
|- | |||
!2S | |||
| amaas || ames || amays || áma || ámes | |||
|- | |||
!3S | |||
| amaa || ame || amay || — || áme | |||
|- | |||
!1P | |||
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén | |||
|- | |||
!2P | |||
| amaad || amaad || amayd || amaád || ameéd | |||
|- | |||
!3P | |||
| amaan || amaan || amayn || — || ameén | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
<!-- | |||
==English-like relative of Twench== | |||
===Swadesh list=== | |||
'''Abbreviations:''' | |||
*irr. = irregular (conjugation cannot be predicted from principal parts) | |||
*pl. = plural | |||
*pol. = polite | |||
*arch. = archaic | |||
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<th>'''No.'''</th> | |||
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th> | |||
<th>Unnamed</th> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td>you</td></tr> | |||
<tr><th>2</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (singular) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || sis | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || quien | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || que | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || quan | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || welho | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || elo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || negos | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alho | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || ono | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || duo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || tris | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || quiodres | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || quinque | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || maro | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || siro | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || tievo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || beco | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || berro | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || ango | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || biena | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || vero | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || duenho | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || maco | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || madre | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || adre | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || milo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || esco | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || con | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || preme | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || prieno | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || silo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || rosco | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || guelta | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || chigo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || cruevo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] || vuelto | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] || queño | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || closta | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || dante | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || tanguad | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] || | ||
| | |} | ||
| | |||
==Descendent of Old Latin== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! '''No.''' !! [[wikipedia:English language|English]] !! | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 1 || [[wiktionary:I|I]] || mu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2 || [[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]] || tu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 3 || [[wiktionary:he|he]] || gio | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 4 || [[wiktionary:we|we]] || nox | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 5 || [[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]] || gox | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 6 || [[wiktionary:they|they]] || giox (''m.''); giax (''f.'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 7 || [[wiktionary:this|this]] || xicce | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || isto | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || xic | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || eve | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || quex | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || que | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || cove | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 14 || [[wiktionary:when|when]] || quando | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 15 || [[wiktionary:how|how]] || quan | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 16 || [[wiktionary:not|not]] || ne | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 17 || [[wiktionary:all|all]] || guabrix | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 18 || [[wiktionary:many|many]] || moltox (''m.''); moltax (''f.'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 19 || [[wiktionary:some|some]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 20 || [[wiktionary:few|few]] || pocox; pokax | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 21 || [[wiktionary:other|other]] || alio | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 22 || [[wiktionary:one|one]] || gueno (''m.''); guena (''f.'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 23 || [[wiktionary:two|two]] || dúox (''m.''); dúax (''f.'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 24 || [[wiktionary:three|three]] || trix | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 25 || [[wiktionary:four|four]] || quattor | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 26 || [[wiktionary:five|five]] || chinque | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 27 || [[wiktionary:big|big]] || mangro | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 28 || [[wiktionary:long|long]] || luango | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 29 || [[wiktionary:wide|wide]] || lato | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 30 || [[wiktionary:thick|thick]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 31 || [[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 32 || [[wiktionary:small|small]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 33 || [[wiktionary:short|short]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 34 || [[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 35 || [[wiktionary:thin|thin]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 36 || [[wiktionary:woman|woman]] || femna | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 37 || [[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]] || guero | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 38 || [[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]] || huamne | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 39 || [[wiktionary:child|child]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 40 || [[wiktionary:wife|wife]] || femna | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 41 || [[wiktionary:husband|husband]] || guero | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 42 || [[wiktionary:mother|mother]] || matre | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 43 || [[wiktionary:father|father]] || patre | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 44 || [[wiktionary:animal|animal]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 45 || [[wiktionary:fish|fish]] || pesci | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 46 || [[wiktionary:bird|bird]] || agui | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 47 || [[wiktionary:dog|dog]] || cane | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 48 || [[wiktionary:louse|louse]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 49 || [[wiktionary:snake|snake]] || serpiante | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 50 || [[wiktionary:worm|worm]] || ghiarmi | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 51 || [[wiktionary:tree|tree]] || arbre | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 52 || [[wiktionary:forest|forest]] || selgua | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 53 || [[wiktionary:stick|stick]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 54 || [[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]] || pomo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 55 || [[wiktionary:seed|seed]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 56 || [[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]] || folio | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 57 || [[wiktionary:root|root]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 58 || [[wiktionary:bark|bark]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 59 || [[wiktionary:flower|flower]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 60 || [[wiktionary:grass|grass]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 61 || [[wiktionary:rope|rope]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 62 || [[wiktionary:skin|skin]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 63 || [[wiktionary:meat|meat]] || carne | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 64 || [[wiktionary:blood|blood]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 65 || [[wiktionary:bone|bone]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 66 || [[wiktionary:fat#Noun|fat (noun)]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 67 || [[wiktionary:egg|egg]] || ogo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 68 || [[wiktionary:horn|horn]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 69 || [[wiktionary:tail|tail]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 70 || [[wiktionary:feather|feather]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 71 || [[wiktionary:hair|hair]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 72 || [[wiktionary:head|head]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 73 || [[wiktionary:ear|ear]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 74 || [[wiktionary:eye|eye]] || guaclo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 75 || [[wiktionary:nose|nose]] || naso | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 76 || [[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 77 || [[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]] || diante | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 78 || [[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]] || dengua | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 79 || [[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 80 || [[wiktionary:foot|foot]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 81 || [[wiktionary:leg|leg]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 82 || [[wiktionary:knee|knee]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 83 || [[wiktionary:hand|hand]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 84 || [[wiktionary:wing|wing]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 85 || [[wiktionary:belly|belly]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 86 || [[wiktionary:guts|guts]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 87 || [[wiktionary:neck|neck]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 88 || [[wiktionary:back|back]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 89 || [[wiktionary:breast|breast]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 90 || [[wiktionary:heart|heart]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 91 || [[wiktionary:liver|liver]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 92 || [[wiktionary:drink|to drink]] || bivre, bivo, beve | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 93 || [[wiktionary:eat|to eat]] || giadre, giado, gede | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 94 || [[wiktionary:bite|to bite]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 95 || [[wiktionary:suck|to suck]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 96 || [[wiktionary:spit|to spit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 97 || [[wiktionary:vomit|to vomit]] || guamre, guamo, gome | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 98 || [[wiktionary:blow|to blow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 99 || [[wiktionary:breathe|to breathe]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 100 || [[wiktionary:laugh|to laugh]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 101 || [[wiktionary:see|to see]] || guedere, guedio, guise | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 102 || [[wiktionary:hear|to hear]] || odire, odio, odigue | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 103 || [[wiktionary:know|to know]] || groscre, grosco, grogue | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 104 || [[wiktionary:think|to think]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 105 || [[wiktionary:smell|to smell]] || sentire, sianto, sentigue | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 106 || [[wiktionary:fear|to fear]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 107 || [[wiktionary:sleep|to sleep]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 108 || [[wiktionary:live|to live]] || guigre, guigo, guige | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 109 || [[wiktionary:die|to die]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 110 || [[wiktionary:kill|to kill]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 111 || [[wiktionary:fight|to fight]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 112 || [[wiktionary:hunt|to hunt]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 113 || [[wiktionary:hit|to hit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 114 || [[wiktionary:cut|to cut]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 115 || [[wiktionary:split|to split]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 116 || [[wiktionary:stab|to stab]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 117 || [[wiktionary:scratch|to scratch]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 118 || [[wiktionary:dig|to dig]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 119 || [[wiktionary:swim|to swim]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 120 || [[wiktionary:fly|to fly]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 121 || [[wiktionary:walk|to walk]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 122 || [[wiktionary:come|to come]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 123 || [[wiktionary:lie|to lie]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 124 || [[wiktionary:sit|to sit]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 125 || [[wiktionary:stand|to stand]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 126 || [[wiktionary:turn|to turn]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 127 || [[wiktionary:fall|to fall]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 128 || [[wiktionary:give|to give]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 129 || [[wiktionary:hold|to hold]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 130 || [[wiktionary:squeeze|to squeeze]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 131 || [[wiktionary:rub|to rub]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 132 || [[wiktionary:wash|to wash]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 133 || [[wiktionary:wipe|to wipe]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 134 || [[wiktionary:pull|to pull]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 135 || [[wiktionary:push|to push]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 136 || [[wiktionary:throw|to throw]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 137 || [[wiktionary:tie|to tie]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 138 || [[wiktionary:sew|to sew]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 139 || [[wiktionary:count|to count]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 140 || [[wiktionary:say|to say]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 141 || [[wiktionary:sing|to sing]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 142 || [[wiktionary:play|to play]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 143 || [[wiktionary:float|to float]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 144 || [[wiktionary:flow|to flow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 145 || [[wiktionary:freeze|to freeze]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 146 || [[wiktionary:swell|to swell]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 147 || [[wiktionary:sun|sun]] || sol | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 148 || [[wiktionary:moon|moon]] || lona | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 149 || [[wiktionary:star|star]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 150 || [[wiktionary:water|water]] || aqua | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 151 || [[wiktionary:rain|rain]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 152 || [[wiktionary:river|river]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 153 || [[wiktionary:lake|lake]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 154 || [[wiktionary:sea|sea]] || mare | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 155 || [[wiktionary:salt|salt]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 156 || [[wiktionary:stone|stone]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 157 || [[wiktionary:sand|sand]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 158 || [[wiktionary:dust|dust]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 159 || [[wiktionary:earth|earth]] || tiarra | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 160 || [[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 161 || [[wiktionary:fog|fog]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 162 || [[wiktionary:sky|sky]] || celo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 163 || [[wiktionary:wind|wind]] || ghianto | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 164 || [[wiktionary:snow|snow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 165 || [[wiktionary:ice|ice]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 166 || [[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 167 || [[wiktionary:fire|fire]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 168 || [[wiktionary:ash|ash]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 169 || [[wiktionary:burn|burn]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 170 || [[wiktionary:road|road]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 171 || [[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]] || muante | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 172 || [[wiktionary:red|red]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 173 || [[wiktionary:green|green]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 174 || [[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 175 || [[wiktionary:white|white]] || albo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 176 || [[wiktionary:black|black]] || negro | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 177 || [[wiktionary:night|night]] || noapte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 178 || [[wiktionary:day|day]] || día | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 179 || [[wiktionary:year|year]] || anno | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 180 || [[wiktionary:warm|warm]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 181 || [[wiktionary:cold|cold]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 182 || [[wiktionary:full|full]] || pleno | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 183 || [[wiktionary:new|new]] || nogo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 184 || [[wiktionary:old|old]] || seno | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 185 || [[wiktionary:good|good]] || dueno | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 186 || [[wiktionary:bad|bad]] || malo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 187 || [[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 188 || [[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 189 || [[wiktionary:straight|straight]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 190 || [[wiktionary:round|round]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 191 || [[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 192 || [[wiktionary:dull|dull]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 193 || [[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 194 || [[wiktionary:wet|wet]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 195 || [[wiktionary:dry|dry]] || secco | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 196 || [[wiktionary:correct|correct]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 197 || [[wiktionary:near|near]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 198 || [[wiktionary:far|far]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 199 || [[wiktionary:right|right]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 200 || [[wiktionary:left|left]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 201 || [[wiktionary:at|at]] || a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 202 || [[wiktionary:in|in]] || en | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 203 || [[wiktionary:with|with]] || con | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 204 || [[wiktionary:and|and]] || e | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 205 || [[wiktionary:if|if]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 206 || [[wiktionary:because|because]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 207 || [[wiktionary:name|name]] || nome | |||
|} | |||
==Blank Swadesh list== | |||
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> | |||
<tr> | |||
<th>'''No.'''</th> | |||
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th> | |||
<th> </th> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td> </td></tr> | |||
<tr><th>2</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]]</th><td> </td></tr> | |||
<tr><th>3</th><th>[[wiktionary:he|he]]</th><td> </td></tr> | |||
<tr><th>4</th><th>[[wiktionary:we|we]]</th><td> </td></tr> | |||
<tr><th>5</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]]</th><td> </td></tr> | |||
<tr><th>6</th><th>[[wiktionary:they|they]]</th><td> </td></tr> | |||
<tr><th>7</th><th>[[wiktionary:this|this]]</th><td> </td></tr> | |||
<tr><th>8</th><th>[[wiktionary:that|that]]</th><td> </td></tr> | |||
<tr><th>9</th><th>[[wiktionary:here|here]]</th><td> </td> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 8 || [[wiktionary:that|that]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 9 || [[wiktionary:here|here]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 10 || [[wiktionary:there|there]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 11 || [[wiktionary:who|who]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || | |||
| 12 || [[wiktionary:what|what]] || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || | | 13 || [[wiktionary:where|where]] || | ||
Line 3,436: | Line 3,598: | ||
|/ŋ/ | |/ŋ/ | ||
|ng | |ng | ||
| Used in Af Maay. Equivalent to final or pre-consonantal ''-n'' in Af | | Used in Af Maay. Equivalent to final or pre-consonantal ''-n'' in Af Maxaa. Can instead be written with ''nuun''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|nuun<br>نون | |nuun<br>نون | ||
Line 3,527: | Line 3,689: | ||
| كسرة<br>kasrah | | كسرة<br>kasrah | ||
| هوسڟبن<br>hoosdhaban | | هوسڟبن<br>hoosdhaban | ||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span> | | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ِ</span> | ||
| /i/ | | /i/ | ||
| i | | i | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٗ</span> | |||
| /o/ | |||
| o | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ضمة<br>ḍammah | |||
| ڭدن<br>godan | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ُ</span> | |||
| /u/ | |||
| u | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
| <br> | |||
| <br> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌٘</span> | |||
| /ə(ʰ)/ | |||
| y (Af Maay) | |||
| Used in Af Maay. | |||
|- | |||
| مدة<br>maddah | |||
| مدن<br>madan | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٓ</span> | |||
| (aː) | |||
| (aa) | |||
| Only used on ''alif'' to represent the long vowel [aː]. | |||
|- | |||
| سكون<br>sukuun | |||
| ريبن<br>reebban | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ْ</span> | |||
| colspan="2"| (absence of vowel) | |||
| Used to show that a consonant is not followed by a vowel. It is also used on the second element of diphthongs, and optionally on the long vowel letter of long vowels. | |||
|- | |||
| شدة<br>shaddah | |||
| شدن<br>shadan | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ّ</span> | |||
| colspan="2"| (geminated consonant) | |||
| Used to show that a consonant is geminated. | |||
|- | |||
| <!--الف خنجرية<br>‘alif khanjariyyah--> | |||
| <br> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٰ</span> | |||
| /aː/ | |||
| aa | |||
| Used for /aː/ in a few words as an alternative to ـَا. | |||
|- | |||
| فتحتين\فتحة تنوين<br>fatxatayn/fatxah tanwiin | |||
| لب كرڟبن<br>laba kordhaban | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ً</span> | |||
| /an/ | |||
| an | |||
| rowspan="3"| In Arabic phrases only. | |||
|- | |||
| كسرتين\كسرة تنوين<br>kasratayn/kasrah tanwiin | |||
| لب هوسڟبن<br>laba hoosdhaban | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٍ</span> | |||
| /in/ | |||
| in | |||
|- | |||
| ضمتين\ضمة تنوين<br>ḍammatayn/ḍammah tanwiin | |||
| لب ڭدن<br>laba godan | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">◌ٌ</span> | |||
| /un/ | |||
| un | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Long vowels are written as the short vowel followed by the corresponding long vowel letter. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Long vowels in the Somali Arabic Alphabet | |||
|- | |||
! aa || ee || ii || oo || uu | |||
|-dir="rtl" | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span> | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Diphthongs in the Somali Arabic Alphabet | |||
|- | |||
! aw || ay || ey || ow || oy || aaw || aay || eey || oow || ooy | |||
|-dir="rtl" | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَوْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَيْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗيْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَاوْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَايْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖيّْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗوّْ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗويْ</span> | |||
<!-- | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـَا</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٖي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـِي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـٗو</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">ـُو</span> | |||
--> | |||
|} | |||
Vowels, when occurring at the beginning of words, are placed on top of ''alif'' (ا). This ''alif'' actually has a ''hamzah'' on it; however, this ''hamzah'' is often left unwritten. However, /(ʔ)aː/ is written with ''maddah'' on ''alif'' (آ). <!--Long vowels are written as they would be in the middle of the word, except that ''waaw'' (و), and <i>yaa'</i> (ي) would be preceded by ''alif'' instead of another consonant.The exception to this convention is long vowel [aa], where similar to Arabic, ''[[w:Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|alif maddah]]'' (آ) is used.--> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+Vowels at the beginning of words in the Somali Arabic Alphabet | |||
|- | |||
! colspan = "5" | Short vowels | |||
! colspan = "5" | Long vowels | |||
|- | |||
! a || e || i || o || u || aa || ee || ii || oo || uu | |||
|-dir="rtl" | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اَ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">آ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٖي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اِي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اٗو</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">اُو</span> | |||
|} | |||
<!-- | |||
Like in Arabic, ''sukūn'' (◌ْ) and ''shaddah'' (◌ّ) are used to indicate an unvowelled consonant and a geminate consonant respectively. They can also be used on the consonant letter of long vowels; however, they are more often dropped.--> | |||
===Adapted for other languages=== | |||
====Oromo==== | |||
Similar to Somali, but with the following changes: | |||
*ڀ for /pʼ/. | |||
*ڇ or ڃ for /tʃʼ/. | |||
*ط for /tʼ/ in native Oromo words. | |||
*ڠ for /ɡ/ instead of ڭ (though ڭ can alternatively be used). | |||
*ق for /kʼ/ in native Oromo words. | |||
*There is no ݦ. | |||
<!-- | |||
====Afar==== | |||
Similar to Somali. | |||
--> | |||
====Amharic and Tigrigna==== | |||
Similar to Oromo, with the following changes: | |||
*پ is exclusively used for /p/. | |||
** /β/ is represented identically to /v/: ڤ. | |||
*ژ for /ʒ/. | |||
*ڞ for /(t)sʼ/. | |||
*There is no ڟ. <!--Alternatively, it can be used for /tʃʼ/ instead of ڇ or ڃ.--> | |||
*څ for /xʼ/ (exclusive to Tigrigna). | |||
*Vowels: | |||
**/e/ and /o/ are written as Somali /eː/ and /oː/ respectively. | |||
**/ə/ is written as Somali /a/. | |||
**/a/ is written as Somali /aː/ (though it may be written as /a/ after guttural consonants). | |||
**/i/ and /u/ are written as Somali /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ respectively. They are most often written as the long variants except in Arabic loanwords. | |||
**/ɨ/ is written as Af Maay /ə/. | |||
**Labialized consonants are written either as a combination of consinant plus /w/, or with a ''ḍammah'' as follows (with /kʷ/ as an example): | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+Representation of labialized consonants | |||
|- | |||
! kʷə || kʷi || kʷa || kʷe || kʷ(ɨ) | |||
|-dir="rtl" | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كَُ</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُِي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كَُا</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُٖي</span> | |||
| <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.35;">كُ</span> | |||
|} | |||
====Additional letters for other languages spoken in Ethiopia==== | |||
When needed, the following additional letters are used: | |||
*ݝ for /ŋ/. | |||
*ڮ for /kʼ/ when distinguished from /q/. | |||
*Gurage palatalized velars:<!-- are represented with ۦ (small <i>yaa'</i>) under the letter.--> | |||
**ك࣮ for /kʲ/. | |||
**عٔ for /ɡʲ/. | |||
**ٯٔ for /kʲʼ/. | |||
**حٔ for /xʲ/. | |||
*Retroflex: | |||
**ٿ for /ʈʂ/. | |||
**ڟ for /ʈʂʼ/ (instead of /ɖ/). | |||
**ݜ for /ʂ/. | |||
**ڙ for /ʐ/. | |||
*Implosives: | |||
**ڀ for /ɓ/ (instead of /pʼ/). | |||
**ڎ for /ɗ/. | |||
==Deslavic== | |||
Basically, a Slavic language that lost all (or most) distinctive Slavic features. | |||
Note: It's not that these features did not develop, but rather they did develop and then were lost. | |||
====Phonology==== | |||
Palatalization: | |||
*Palatalized consonants are lost, either merging with their plain counterparts or become a different consonant altogether. | |||
*When a root would have alterations between palatalized and non-palatalized consonants, one of these variants is selected and extended to all forms. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"} | |||
|+ Fate of palatalized consonants | |||
|- | |||
! Proto-Slavic !! Unpalatalized !! Palatalized | |||
|- | |||
| m | |||
|- | |||
| p | |||
|- | |||
| b | |||
|- | |||
| v | |||
|- | |||
| n | |||
|- | |||
| t | |||
|- | |||
| d | |||
|- | |||
| c | |||
|- | |||
| dz | |||
|- | |||
| s | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | z | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | r | ||
|- | |- | ||
| l | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ň | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ť | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ď | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | č | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ždž | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | š | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ś | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ž | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ř | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ľ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| j | |||
|- | |- | ||
| k | |||
|- | |- | ||
| g | |||
|- | |- | ||
| x | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Endnotes== | ==Endnotes== |
edits