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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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→Numerals (dhujāvāmi)
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Some affixes may force the stem vowel to be in a certain ablaut grade, such as the ablative motion marker shown in the previous section, which forces a present stem to have a zero grade vowel regardless. | Some affixes may force the stem vowel to be in a certain ablaut grade, such as the ablative motion marker shown in the previous section, which forces a present stem to have a zero grade vowel regardless. | ||
As an example, the stems of ''ne-'' (II) "to say" are: present ''ne-'', past '' | As an example, the stems of ''ne-'' (II) "to say" are: present ''ne-'', past ''nī-'', perfect ''inī-'', frequentative ''enīsā-'', intensive ''aine-''. The non-ablauting root ''pūn-'' (to work) has present/past ''pūn-'', perfect ''upūn-'', frequentative ''upūṃsā-''; ''dīd-'' (0) "to act, react, do, behave" has present/past ''dīd-'', perfect ''idīd-'', frequentative ''idījā-''. | ||
There are also '''tense markers''' which are added to the above stems to form the base for other TAM: | There are also '''tense markers''' which are added to the above stems to form the base for other TAM: | ||
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Numbers (sg. ''dhujāvam'', pl. ''dhujāvāmi'') have six different forms: cardinal, ordinal, collective, distributive, adverbial/multiplicative, and fractionary. The numbers from 1 to 4 have separate adverbial multiplicative forms, while all other ones have an invariable form used both as adverbial and "adjectival" multiplicatives. Cardinals from 1 to Ɛ and their compounds decline for case (see below); collectives, multiplicatives, and fractionaries always decline, while ordinals are only declined if used as substantives, i.e. without an accompanying noun. Distributives do not decline. | Numbers (sg. ''dhujāvam'', pl. ''dhujāvāmi'') have six different forms: cardinal, ordinal, collective, distributive, adverbial/multiplicative, and fractionary. The numbers from 1 to 4 have separate adverbial multiplicative forms, while all other ones have an invariable form used both as adverbial and "adjectival" multiplicatives. Cardinals from 1 to Ɛ and their compounds decline for case (see below); collectives, multiplicatives, and fractionaries always decline, while ordinals are only declined if used as substantives, i.e. without an accompanying noun. Distributives do not decline. | ||
All numeral roots in general usage are native, with the exception of zero, which is a learned borrowing from | All numeral roots in general usage are native, with the exception of zero, which is a learned borrowing from Lannä ''b̃atha'' "nothing". | ||
{| class="redtable lightredbg" | {| class="redtable lightredbg" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 0 | ! 0 | ||
| 0 || ''' | | 0 || '''b̃atha''' || <small>''(b̃athesi)''</small> || rowspan=2 | — || <small>''(b̃athakoma)''</small> || <small>''(b̃āb̃atha)''</small> || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
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'''-anah''', with middle grade ablaut, denotes an act or process, or its tangible manifestation (see third example). | '''-anah''', with middle grade ablaut, denotes an act or process, or its tangible manifestation (see third example). | ||
* ''śoc-'' (to clean) → ''śocanah'' (cleaning, the act of cleaning) | * ''śoc-'' (to clean) → ''śocanah'' (cleaning, the act of cleaning) | ||
* '' | * ''gont-'' (to buy) → ''gontanah'' (shopping) | ||
* ''meś-on-'' (to see + causative marker) → ''meśonnah'' (exhibition) | * ''meś-on-'' (to see + causative marker) → ''meśonnah'' (exhibition) | ||
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* Long objects (much greater in one dimension than in the others), generally stiff; | * Long objects (much greater in one dimension than in the others), generally stiff; | ||
* Ropes or other long, non-stiff objects (e.g. palm leaves); | * Ropes or other long, non-stiff objects (e.g. palm leaves); | ||
* People, children, pets and farm animals; | * People, children, pets and farm animals; dolls and plush toys in the shape of humans or animals; | ||
* Masses or generic/uncategorized objects, as well as figurative meanings; | * Masses or generic/uncategorized objects, as well as figurative meanings; | ||
* Non-contained liquids; | * Non-contained liquids; | ||
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| (apṣma) || - || ''√pṣam-'' <small>(I)</small> || - || ''ta-√pṣam-'' <small>(I)</small> || rowspan=4 | - || - || - | | (apṣma) || - || ''√pṣam-'' <small>(I)</small> || - || ''ta-√pṣam-'' <small>(I)</small> || rowspan=4 | - || - || - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! People, children<br/>Pets and farm animals | ! People, children<br/>Pets and farm animals<br/>Dolls, plush toys | ||
| ''-√oṭ-'' <small>(III)</small><br/>(-uɂuṭa) || ''-√ko-'' <small>(III)</small><br>(-akava) || ''-√de-'' <small>(II)</small><br/>(-edaya) || ''-√oṭ-on-'' <small>(III)</small> || ''-√ko-on'' <small>(III)</small><br/>(-kavon-) || ''-√de-on-'' <small>(II)</small><br/>(-dayon-) || ''-√tol-'' <small>(III)</small> || ''√yaṅk-'' <small>(I)</small> || ''√eñj-'' <small>(II)</small> || rowspan=7 | - || | | ''-√oṭ-'' <small>(III)</small><br/>(-uɂuṭa) || ''-√ko-'' <small>(III)</small><br>(-akava) || ''-√de-'' <small>(II)</small><br/>(-edaya) || ''-√oṭ-on-'' <small>(III)</small> || ''-√ko-on'' <small>(III)</small><br/>(-kavon-) || ''-√de-on-'' <small>(II)</small><br/>(-dayon-) || ''-√tol-'' <small>(III)</small> || ''√yaṅk-'' <small>(I)</small> || ''√eñj-'' <small>(II)</small> || rowspan=7 | - || ''√yug-'' (0) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Masses, generic/uncategorized<br/>Contained, heterogeneous masses<br/>Figurative | ! Masses, generic/uncategorized<br/>Contained, heterogeneous masses<br/>Figurative | ||