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Proto-Yeldhic: Difference between revisions
→Consonants
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| familycolor = Indo-European | | familycolor = Indo-European | ||
| target = [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] | | target = [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] | ||
| region = "Bauba", | | region = "Bauba",<ref>Hypothetical land before Radael.</ref> Quartenary Radael | ||
| era = {{formatnum:10000}} UH-{{formatnum:3000}} UH | | era = {{formatnum:10000}} UH-{{formatnum:3000}} UH | ||
| child1 = Proto-Gadaïc | | child1 = Proto-Gadaïc | ||
| child2 = Proto-Ilda-Maranösic | | child2 = Proto-Ilda-Maranösic | ||
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! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! rowspan=2 | Labial !! rowspan=2 | Dental !! colspan=2 | Coronal !! colspan=3 | Dorsal !! rowspan=2 | Glottal !! rowspan=2 | Pharyngeal | ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! rowspan=2 | Labial !! rowspan=2 | Dental !! colspan=2 | Coronal !! colspan=3 | Dorsal !! rowspan=2 | Glottal !! rowspan=2 | Pharyngeal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! | ! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Velar !! Palatal !! Uvular | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Plosive | ! rowspan=2 | Plosive | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Long vowels==== | ====Long vowels==== | ||
Long vowels in PY are not very common among most branches of the Yeldhic language family, with the exception of the Gadaïc branch, which preserved long vowels in certain languages, like [[Psér] | Long vowels in PY are not very common among most branches of the Yeldhic language family, with the exception of the Gadaïc branch, which preserved long vowels in certain languages, like [[Psér]]. | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
! !! Front !! Central !! Back | ! !! Front !! Central !! Back | ||
| Line 97: | Line 96: | ||
| || *ā || | | || *ā || | ||
|} | |} | ||
In other Yeldhic branches, long vowels were either shortened(as in the Paleoyeldhic languages), dipthonged(as in [[Etzeá]]) or omitted entirely(as in the Ulmic languages, in particular [[Ormå]]). Some examples are: | |||
* PY ''*mēce'' "watershed" | |||
** Paleoyeldhic ''*meksi'' | |||
*** Moshurian [[Contionary:mesk|''mesk'']] | |||
** Etzeá ''mei'e'' | |||
** Proto-Ulmic ''*mVcne'' | |||
*** Ormå ''nncẽ'' | |||
* PY ''*ɣōsan'' | |||
** Paleoyeldhic ''*hosan'' | |||
*** Moshurian ''[[Contionary:oźan|oźan]]'' | |||
** Etzeá ''xoisen'' | |||
** Proto-Ulmic ''*fsan'' | |||
*** Ormå ''fsän'' | |||
===Deconsonantification=== | |||
In many PY-derivative languages, many palatalised consonants, like *ś and *ź, were "deconsonantified", leaving only a voiced palatal approximant, *j. Thus, where there were (probably) palatalised consonants in PY, they were lost in descendant languages. | |||
However, there is still some evidence for the existence of the palatalised consonants. For example: | |||
* The palatalised consonants were preserved in Etzeá, though *ź split into two consonants: ''zz'' [zʲ] and ''zv'' [ʒ]. | |||
* In [[Maranz]], the consonant ''gh'' [j̥] seem to have been derived from Proto-Yeldhic *ś. This can be especially seen in the word for "four", ''i'''gh'''in'', which is derived from PY ''*wi'''ś'''en''. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
There is no generally agreed upon stress pattern for Proto-Yeldhic, as stress patterns are so varied among PY descendants that scholars generally agree that a single pattern can not be accurately attested from such a wide data set. Téfir himself did not even bother mentioning stress in the ''Tezyém Yéleduhir'', though this may have been because his native language, [[Arnic]], has no concept of lexical stress. However, the ''Yéleduhir'' was written in Moshurian, a language with a strict paroxytonic stress pattern, rendering this theory amusing but unlikely. | |||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
====Number==== | |||
Various theories have been proposed on how grammatical number worked in Proto-Yeldhic. The most referred to is the Fulugisáá theory, which states that grammatical number was deduced by the suffix ''-i''. The theory is named after Fulugisáá Tsó-tso, though many attribute the original theory to Zeror, who stated in 260 BH in his ''Republic''([[Ilda]]: ''Kopirrās'') that,<blockquote>"[I] have found a pattern among the many tongues of the ''Plikis''<ref>An ancient term for the peoples in the Paleoyeldhic strip.</ref>, in which they seem to append fully tongued upper open vowels<ref>Zeror's term for an unrounded close front vowel, or [i] in IPA</ref> to nouns to indicate many items of the noun[...]</blockquote> | |||
===Numerals=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan=2 | Proto-Yeldhic !! rowspan=2 | Moshurian !! rowspan=2 | English | |||
|- | |||
! Original Téfir !! Modern | |||
|- | |||
| ''*ik'' || ''*ik'' || ''ik'' || one | |||
|- | |||
| ''*ir'' || ''*bʰīn'' || ''oyamö'' || two | |||
|- | |||
| ''*ti'' || ''*tʰid-ði'' || ''tikré'' || three | |||
|- | |||
| ''*hihonâ''<ref>In the original ''Tezyém Yéleduhir'', ⟨â⟩ represented a front open vowel, [a]. Most Yeldhists today dispute the existence of the front open vowel in PY, instead arguing for the existence of a more centralised realisation, [ä] in IPA.</ref> || ''*wiśen'' || ''igoyà'' || four | |||
|- | |||
| ''*tikumam'' || ''*igʰoīm'' || ''tikoyam'' || five | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||