Voltch: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
Line 51: Line 51:


===Orthography===
===Orthography===
{|
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonants
! rowspan="2" | spelling ||colspan="2"| [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] || rowspan="2"| Remarks
|-
! normally || final
|-
| '''b'''
| {{IPA|/b/}} || {{IPA|/p/}} ||
|-
| '''ch'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/x/}} ||
|-
|-
| '''c'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/tʃ/}} ||
|-
| ''cg''
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}} || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables
<!--
| '''chj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ç/}} ||
|-->
| '''d'''
| {{IPA|/d/}} || {{IPA|/t/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''dj'''
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}} || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} ||
|-->
| '''f'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}} ||
|-
| '''g'''
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || {{IPA|/k/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''gj'''
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}} || {{IPA|/c/}} ||
|-->
| '''gh'''
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} || {{IPA|/x/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''ghj'''
| {{IPA|/ʝ/}} || {{IPA|/ç/}} ||
|-->
| '''h'''
| {{IPA|/ɦ/}} || &mdash; ||
|-
| '''j'''
| {{IPA|/j/}} || &mdash; ||
|-
| '''k'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''kj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/c/}} ||
|-->
| '''l'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/l/}} || Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants.
|-
| '''lj'''
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
|-
| '''m'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/m/}} ||
|-
| '''n'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/n/}} || Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
|-
| '''nj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɲ/}} ||
|-
| '''ng'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ||
|-
| '''p'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/p/}} ||
|-
| '''q'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}} || In loanwords
|-
| '''qu'''
| {{IPA|/kv/}} || &mdash; || In loanwords
|-
| '''r'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/r/}} ||
|-
| '''s'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/s/}} ||
|-
| '''sc'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''sch'''
| {{IPA|/sx/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}<ref name="sch"/> || {{IPA|/s/}}<ref name="sch">Used only in the suffix ''-isch'' {{IPA|/is/}} and its form ''-ische'' {{IPA|/isə/}}.</ref>
|-->
| '''t'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/t/}} ||
|-
<!--| '''tj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/tʃ/}} ||
|-
| '''th'''
| {{IPA|/t/}}|| &mdash; || Mostly in loanwords, or dialectal for /θ/.
|-->
| '''v'''
| {{IPA|/v/}} || &mdash; ||
|-
| '''w'''
| {{IPA|/v/}} || {{IPA|/f/}} ||
|-
| '''x'''
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/ks/}} || In loanwords
|-
| '''z'''
| {{IPA|/z/}} || &mdash; ||
|-
| '''zj'''
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}} || &mdash; || In loanwords
|-
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowels&nbsp;and&nbsp;diphthongs
! rowspan="2" | spelling || colspan="2" | [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
! checked || free
|-
| '''a'''
| {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || {{IPA|/aː/}}
|-
| '''aa'''
| {{IPA|/aː/}} || &mdash;
|-
| '''ä'''
| {{IPA|/æ/}} || {{IPA|/ɛː/}}
|-
| '''ää'''
| {{IPA|/ɛː/}} || &mdash;
|-


| '''aai'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aːi̯/}}
|-
| '''ai'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɑi̯/}}
|-
| '''au'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɔu̯/}}
|-
| '''e'''
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed"/> || {{IPA|/e(ː)/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed">{{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|i}}, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced {{IPA|/ə/}}.</ref>
|-
| '''ee'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/eː/}}
|-
| '''eei'''
|
|-
| '''eeu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/eːu̯/}}
|-
| '''ei'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/iː/}}
|-
| '''eu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/øː/}}
|-
| '''i, y'''
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed"/> || —
|-
| '''ie'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/iə̯/}}
|-
| '''ij'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ei̯~ɪi̯/}}
|-
| '''iu'''
|
|-
| '''o'''
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || {{IPA|/oː/}}
|-
| '''oi'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɔi̯/}}
|-
| '''oo'''
| {{IPA|/o(ː)/}} || &mdash;
|-
| '''ooi'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/oːi̯/}}
|-
| '''oou'''
|
|-
| '''ou'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/u(ː)/}}
|-
| '''ö'''
|
|-
| '''öö'''
|
|-
| '''öü'''
|
|-
| '''u'''
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} || {{IPA|/uː/}}
|-
| '''uo'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/uə̯/}}
|-
| '''ui'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʊɪ̯/}}
|-
| '''uu'''
| {{IPA|/y(ː)/}}  || &mdash;
|-
| '''ü'''
|-
| '''üü'''
|-
|}
|}
<!--
The following additional letters and pronunciations appear in non-native vocabulary or words using older, obsolete spellings (often conserved in proper names):
{|
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Consonant]]s
! rowspan="2" | spelling ||colspan="2"| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
! normally || final
|-
| '''c'''
| {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}} <ref name="c">{{angbr|c}} before {{angbr|e}}, {{angbr|i}}, {{angbr|y}}, is pronounced {{IPA|/s/}} (or {{IPA|/tʃ/}} in some loanwords from Italian) and {{IPA|/k/}} otherwise.</ref> || {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
| '''ç'''
| {{IPA|/s/}}<ref>The [[cedilla]] is used to indicate pronunciation as {{IPA|/s/}} when {{angbr|c}} is followed by {{angbr|a}}, {{angbr|o}} or {{angbr|u}}.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''ck'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
| '''ch'''
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} <ref name="ch">{{angbr|ch}} is pronounced {{IPA|/k/}} in Italian loanwords, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}} in loanwords from other sources.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''g'''
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}}<ref name="g"/> || {{IPA|/k/}}<ref name="g">{{angbr|g}} may be pronounced {{IPA|/ʒ/}} or {{IPA|/dʒ/}} before {{angbr|e}} {{angbr|i}} or {{angbr|y}} in words of Romance or English origin.</ref>
|-
| '''gh'''
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}, {{IPA|/x/}} || {{IPA|/x/}}
|-
| '''gch'''
| {{IPA|/x/}} || &mdash;
|-
| '''(i)ll'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/j/}}<ref>{{angbr|(i)ll}} is found in words from French or occasionally Spanish.</ref>
|-
| '''j'''
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/x/}} <ref name="j"/> || {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/x/}} <ref name="j">{{angbr|j}} is pronounced {{IPA|/x/}} in Spanish loanwords, as a postalveolar in loanwords from other sources.</ref>
|-
| '''ñ'''
| {{IPA|/nj/}}<ref>The letter {{angbr|ñ}} occurs only in a few Spanish loanwords.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''ph'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}}<ref name="ph">Used only in some proper names like ''[[Zutphen]]''. Words of Greek origin are written with {{angbr|f}} but formerly with {{angbr|ph}}.</ref>
|-
| '''q'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}}<ref name="q">In the rare cases when {{angbr|q}} is ''not'' followed by {{angbr|u}}, it is pronounced {{IPA|/k/}}. In those cases, {{angbr|q}} is most likely a result of [[transliteration]] from languages such as [[Arabic language|Arabic]].</ref>
|-
| '''qu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/kʋ/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}<ref name="qu">{{angbr|qu}} is normally pronounced {{IPA|/kʋ/}} but as {{IPA|/k/}} before {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}} in loanwords from French or Spanish.</ref>
|-
| '''s'''
|  {{IPA|/z/}}<ref name="s">{{angbr|s}} may be pronounced {{IPA|/z/}} before a vowel in words of foreign origin.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''sch'''
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}<ref name="sch2"/> || {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}<ref name="sch2">{{IPA|/ʃ/}} is used mostly in words of German origin. It is also {{IPA|/s/}} finally in older Dutch spellings, which are now spelled with just {{angbr|s}}</ref>
|-
| '''sh'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|-
| '''sj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}}<ref name="(t)sj">{{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/tʃ/}} occur as independent phonemes only in words of foreign origin. The sounds are approximated using the "native" spellings {{angbr|sj}} and {{angbr|tsj}} respectively.</ref>
|-
| '''sz'''
| — || {{IPA|/s/}}<ref name="sz">Used in some proper names such as ''[[Lambert Jacobsz|Jacobsz]]'', as a contraction of ''-s zoon'' (...'s son).</ref>
|-
| '''ti(e)'''
| {{IPA|/(t)si/}}<ref name="ti">{{angbr|ti}} followed by a vowel is pronounced {{IPA|/(t)si/}} in loanwords of Latin origin.</ref> || &mdash;
|-
| '''th'''
| {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}<ref name="th"/> || {{IPA|/t/}}<ref name="th">{{angbr|th}} is {{IPA|/t/}} in words of Greek origin. In English loanwords, it is most often approximated with {{IPA|/t/}} or {{IPA|/d/}} according to the English pronunciation, or speakers may attempt to pronounce dental fricatives, as in English.</ref>
|-
| '''tsj'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/tʃ/}}<ref name="(t)sj"/>
|-
| '''x'''
| {{IPA|/ks/}}, {{IPA|/ɡz/}}<ref name="x">{{angbr|x}} is sometimes pronounced {{IPA|/ɡz/}} between vowels, usually in southern dialects.</ref> || {{IPA|/ks/}}
|-
| '''y'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/j/}}
|-
| '''z'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ts/}}, {{IPA|/dz/}}<ref>{{angbr|z}} is {{IPA|/ts/}} in words of German or Italian origin. In Italian words, it may also be {{IPA|/dz/}} between vowels.</ref>
|-
|}
| style="vertical-align: top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Vowel]]s&nbsp;and&nbsp;[[diphthong]]s
! rowspan="2" | spelling || colspan="2" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-
! checked || free
|-
| '''aaij''', '''aay''', '''aij''', '''ay'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aːi̯/}}<ref name="ij-y">In diphthongs, {{angbr|ij}} and {{angbr|y}} are obsolete spellings for {{angbr|i}}. They are found mostly in names.</ref>
|-
| '''ae'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/eː/}}<ref name="ae">{{angbr|ae}} is an obsolete spelling for {{angbr|aa}}. In Latin words, it is treated identical to {{angbr|ee}}.</ref>
|-
| '''aei''', '''aeij''', '''aey'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/aːi̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/><ref name="ae"/>
|-
| '''ai'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɛː/}}
|-
| '''au(x)''', '''eau(x)'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/oː/}}<ref name="au">In words of French origin.</ref>
|-
| '''è''', '''ê'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/ɛː/}}
|-
| '''é'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/ei̯/}}
|-
| '''eij''', '''ey'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɛi̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/>
|-
| '''eu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/œː/}}, {{IPA|/œy̯/}}<ref name="eu"> {{angbr|eu}} is pronounced as {{IPA|/œy̯/}} by some speakers in words of Greek origin.</ref>
|-
| '''o''', '''ô'''
| {{IPA|/ɔː/}} || &mdash;
|-
| '''oeij''', '''oey'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ui̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/>
|-
| '''oi'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʋɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ʋaː/}}, {{IPA|/oː/}}<ref name="oi">{{angbr|oi}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ʋɑ/}} or {{IPA|/ʋaː/}} in French loanwords. In archaic Dutch spellings, mostly proper nouns, it may also be {{IPA|/oː/}} (for example, [[Oisterwijk]] or [[Helvoirt]]).</ref>
|-
| '''oo'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/u(ː)/}}<ref>{{angbr|oo}} is generally {{IPA|/u(ː)/}} in English loanwords.</ref>
|-
| '''ooij''', '''ooy''', '''oij''', '''oy'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/oːi̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/>
|-
| '''ou'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/u(ː)/}}<ref>{{angbr|ou}} is generally {{IPA|/u(ː)/}} in loanwords from French or Greek.</ref>
|-
| '''u'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/u(ː)/}}
|-
| '''ui'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʋi(ː)/}}, {{IPA|/uː/}}<ref>{{angbr|ui}} is pronounced {{IPA|/ʋi(ː)/}} in loanwords from French. In English loanwords, such as ''cruise'', it is {{IPA|/uː/}}.</ref>
|-
| '''uij''', '''uy'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/œy̯/}}<ref name="ij-y"/>
|-
| '''y'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ɛi̯/}}<ref name="y">{{angbr|y}} is usually pronounced as {{angbr|i}} or {{angbr|ie}}. It is also an obsolete spelling variant of {{angbr|ij}}.</ref>
|}
|}
-->
=====Alphabet=====
{|style="text-align:center"
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''A a''' || a || [aː]
|-
| '''B b''' || be || [beː]
|-
| '''C c''' || ce || [seː]
|-
| '''D d''' || de || [deː]
|-
| '''E e''' || e || [eː]
|-
| '''F f''' || ef || [ɛf]
|-
| '''G g''' || ge || [ɡeː]
|-
| '''H h''' || ha || [ɦaː]
|-
| '''I i''' || i || [iː]
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''J j''' || je || [jeː]
|-
| '''K k''' || ka || [kʰaː]
|-
| '''L l''' || el || [ɛɫ]
|-
| '''M m''' || em || [ɛm]
|-
| '''N n''' || en || [ɛn]
|-
| '''O o''' || o || [oː]
|-
| '''P p''' || pe || [pʰeː]
|-
| '''Q q''' || ku || [kʰyː]
|-
| '''R r''' || er || [ɛɾ]
|-
|}
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
| '''S s''' || es || [ɛs]
|-
| '''T t''' || te || [tʰeː]
|-
| '''U u''' || u || [yː]
|-
| '''V v''' || ve || [feː]
|-
| '''W w''' || we || [veː]
|-
| '''X x''' || iks || [ɪks]
|-
| '''Y y''' || Griekeise i || [gɾiːˈkʰɛɪsə iː]
|-
| ('''IJ ij''') || longe i || [ˈlɔŋə iː]
|-
| '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛtʰ]
|}
|}
====Consonants====
====Consonants====
<!--
<!--
Line 193: Line 640:
² After /w/.
² After /w/.
-->
-->
===Historical phonology===
===Historical phonology===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

Revision as of 12:41, 28 May 2024

Voltch (native: voalc /vo̯altʃ/) is an Anglic language descended from Old English.

Voltch
voalc
Pronunciation[vo̯altʃ]
Created byShariifka
Early forms

Introduction

Etymology

From Old English folcisċ "vernacular language".

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants
spelling IPA Remarks
normally final
b /b/ /p/
ch /x/
c /tʃ/
cg /dʒ/ /tʃ/ Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables d /d/ /t/
f /f/
g /ɡ/ /k/
gh /ɣ/ /x/
h /ɦ/ —
j /j/ —
k /k/
l /l/ Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants.
lj /ʎ/
m /m/
n /n/ Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
nj /ɲ/
ng /ŋ/
p /p/
q /k/ In loanwords
qu /kv/ — In loanwords
r /r/
s /s/
sc /ʃ/
t /t/
v /v/ —
w /v/ /f/
x /ks/ In loanwords
z /z/ —
zj /ʒ/ — In loanwords
Vowels and diphthongs
spelling IPA
checked free
a /ɑ/ /aː/
aa /aː/ —
ä /æ/ /ɛː/
ää /ɛː/ —
aai /aːi̯/
ai /ɑi̯/
au /ɔu̯/
e /ɛ/, /ə/[1] /e(ː)/, /ə/[1]
ee /eː/
eei
eeu /eːu̯/
ei /iː/
eu /øː/
i, y /ɪ/, /ə/[1] —
ie /iə̯/
ij /ei̯~ɪi̯/
iu
o /ɔ/ /oː/
oi /ɔi̯/
oo /o(ː)/ —
ooi /oːi̯/
oou
ou /u(ː)/
ö
öö
öü
u /ʊ/ /uː/
uo /uə̯/
ui /ʊɪ̯/
uu /y(ː)/ —
ü
üü
Alphabet
Letter Name IPA
A a a [aː]
B b be [beː]
C c ce [seː]
D d de [deː]
E e e [eː]
F f ef [ɛf]
G g ge [ɡeː]
H h ha [ɦaː]
I i i [iː]
Letter Name IPA
J j je [jeː]
K k ka [kʰaː]
L l el [ɛɫ]
M m em [ɛm]
N n en [ɛn]
O o o [oː]
P p pe [pʰeː]
Q q ku [kʰyː]
R r er [ɛɾ]
Letter Name IPA
S s es [ɛs]
T t te [tʰeː]
U u u [yː]
V v ve [feː]
W w we [veː]
X x iks [ɪks]
Y y Griekeise i [gɾiːˈkʰɛɪsə iː]
(IJ ij) longe i [ˈlɔŋə iː]
Z z zet [zɛtʰ]

Consonants

Vowels

Historical phonology

Old English Environment Voltch Remarks
Vowels
a lengthened a (long), aa
unstressed e (schwa)
otherwise a (short)
ā everywhere uo
æ, ea lengthened ä (long), ää
otherwise ä (short)
ǣ, ēa everywhere ie
e lengthened ea
unstressed e (schwa)
otherwise e (short)
ē everywhere ei
eo lengthened öa
otherwise ö
ēo everywhere öü
i, ie lengthened e (long), ee
otherwise i
ī, īe everywhere ij
o lengthened oa
unstressed e (schwa)
otherwise o (short)
ō everywhere ou
u lengthened o (long), oo
otherwise u
ū everywhere uu
y lengthened ö (long), öö
otherwise ü
ȳ everywhere üü
Consonants
b b
c k
ċ c
d d
f unvoiced f
voiced v voiced word-initially and between vowels
g g, ∅
ġ j
h h, ch
l l
m m
n n
p p
r r
s s, z
t t
w w, ∅

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Numerals

Number Cardinal Ordinal
0 nocht nochtede
1 uon ierste
2 twuo twuode
3 dröü dridde
4 vöür vöürde
5 vijf vijfte
6 zechs zechste
7 zöven zövede
8 ächt ächtede
9 nijn nijde
10 tein töüde
11 ellöven ellöfte
12 twelf twelfte
13 dröütein dröütöüde
14 vöürtein vöürtöüde
15 vijftein vijftöüde
16 zechstein zechstöüde
17 zöventein zöventöüde
18 ächtein ächtöüde
19 nijntein nijntöüde
20 tweintij tweintijde
30 drijtij drijtijde
40 vöürtij vöürtijde
50 vijftij vijftijde
60 zechstij zechstijde
70 zöventij zöventijde
80 ächtij ächtijde
90 nijntij nijntijde
100 hundred
1000 duuzend

Nouns

Adjectives

Verbs

Syntax

Vocabulary

Time - tijd

  1. ^ a b c ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced /ə/.
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Voltch&oldid=369497"