Nantai: Difference between revisions
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[ɲ] and [ŋ] are allophones of /n/, for before /e~i/ and before /k/ or /g/ respectively. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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| a || || | | a || || | ||
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====Dipthongs==== | |||
In Japanese, /ou/ monophthongises to form a long /oː/. This rule does not occur in Nantai, so おう(''ou'') is pronounced [oʊ̯], not /oː/. In the now extinct Eastern Tochigi dialect, /ou/ was pronounced [joː], trading dipthongisation for initial palatalisation. | |||
====Nasalisation==== | ====Nasalisation==== | ||
When an alveolar nasal consonant(/n/) is after a vowel, the vowel is nasalised and the consonant is no longer pronounced, e.g. /a/ + /n/ → /an/ → /ã/. | When an alveolar nasal consonant(/n/) is after a vowel, the vowel is nasalised and the consonant is no longer pronounced, e.g. /a/ + /n/ → /an/ → /ã/. | ||
Nasalised vowels are still considered vowels, so the VCV rule still applies, e.g. /ṼtṼ/ would still become /ṼdṼ/, with /Ṽ/ representing any nasalised vowel. | Nasalised vowels are still considered vowels, so the VCV rule still applies, e.g. /ṼtṼ/ would still become /ṼdṼ/, with /Ṽ/ representing any nasalised vowel. | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Pitch-accent==== | ====Pitch-accent==== | ||
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! Japanese particle !! Nantai equivalent !! Purpose of particle | ! Japanese particle !! Nantai equivalent !! Purpose of particle | ||
|- | |- | ||
| は<br>''wa'' || None - sometimes shown by elongation of final vowel, e.g.<br>彼らー('' | | は<br>''wa'' || None - sometimes shown by elongation of final vowel, e.g.<br>彼らー(''kárìra-'') || Indicates topic | ||
|- | |||
| を<br>''wo'' || を<br> written ''ǫ'', pronounced [o] or [oʊ̯]<ref name="shirane">Only in the Shirane dialect.</ref> || Indicates direct object of action | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | が<br>''ga'' || Indicates subject, occasionally object | | colspan=2 | が<br>''ga'' || Indicates subject, occasionally object | ||
|- | |- | ||
| の<br>''no'' || の ''nó'' - for most words<br>なん ''nán'' - for masculine personal pronouns(彼 & 彼ら)|| Indicates possession | | の<br>''no'' || の ''nó'' - for most words<br>なん ''nán'' - for masculine personal pronouns(彼 & 彼ら)|| Indicates possession | ||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 | に<br>''ni'' || In, at, on, during, etc. | |||
|- | |||
| へ<br>written ''he'', pronounced [ɛ]. ||ゐ<br>''į''<br>[i], [ehi~ehe]<ref name="shirane"></ref>|| To, towards, for | |||
|} | |} | ||
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! rowspan=2 | Third person | ! rowspan=2 | Third person | ||
! Masculine | ! Masculine | ||
| '' | | ''kárì*''<br>彼 || ''kárìra''<br>彼ら | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Feminine | ! Feminine | ||
| ''káno-sò*''<br>彼女 || ''káno-sò-táhi''<br>彼女達 | | ''káno-sò*''<br>彼女 || ''káno-sò-táhi''<br>彼女達 | ||
|} | |} | ||
<nowiki>*</nowiki> '' | <nowiki>*</nowiki> ''Kárì''(彼) and ''káno-sò''(彼女) are loanwords from Japanese. Historically, Classical Nantai had no gendered third person pronouns. | ||
====Demonstrative==== | ====Demonstrative==== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" |
Latest revision as of 12:49, 5 June 2024
This article is a construction site. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you. |
Nantai | |
---|---|
男体語 nàn-tái-gò | |
Pronunciation | [ˈnã̞.dáiˌgo̞] |
Created by | Jukethatbox |
Date | 2024 |
Setting | Alt-history Earth |
Native to | Tochigi Prefecture, Japan |
Native speakers | ~566 (2023) |
Japonic
| |
Early form | |
Standard form | Standard Nantai
|
Dialects |
|
Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | Japan |
Regulated by | Nantai Association |
Nantai(男体語; Nantai: [ˈnã̞.dáiˌgo̞]) is a Japonic language spoken natively in what is now the Tochigi Prefecture in Japan. It is a critically endangered language, with only 566 remaining native speakers.
Due to its phonetic similarity to Japanese, the language was officially considered a dialect of Japanese and was suppressed as "improper speech" until 1988, though linguists had been considering Nantai a separate language from as early as 1901 due to a lack of mutual intelligibility with Japanese.
Nantai has also influenced the Tochigi dialect of Japanese, mainly through the lack of distinction between /i/ and /e/ sounds, which is the defining feature of Tochigi-ben, as well as the voicing of consonants between two vowels.
Comparison with Tochigi-ben
Nantai has heavily influenced the defining features of the Tochigi dialect of Japanese, alternatively called Tochigi-ben. Some features of Tochigi-ben borrowed from Nantai include:
- Lack of distinction between [e] and [i]
- Voicing of consonants between two vowels
- Lack of contracted syllables such as [gʲɯ]
- Lack of morphological polite register.
Phonology
Orthography
Nantai uses the three writing systems of Japanese: Kanji, Katakana and Hiragana. All three scripts have the same purpose as in Japanese, with Hiragana for grammar, Kanji for vocabulary and Katakana for foreign loanwords.
Romanisation
Main article: Ōsugi-Min system.
Nantai has a very different romanisation system than Hepburn, the romanisation system used in Japanese. The main romanisation system used in Nantai is called the Ōsugi-Min system, and looks much more like Hanyu Pinyin than Hepburn, mainly because diacritics are used to show high and low tones.
Consonants
Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Alveolo- palatal |
Velar | Palatal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | |||
Fricative | f | s z | ɕ ʑ | h | |||
Affricate | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | (ŋ) | (ɲ) | |||
Approximant | w | ||||||
Lateral | l |
[ɲ] and [ŋ] are allophones of /n/, for before /e~i/ and before /k/ or /g/ respectively.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close/close-mid | i~e | ɯ | |
Close-mid/Open-mid | o~ɔ | ||
Open | a |
Dipthongs
In Japanese, /ou/ monophthongises to form a long /oː/. This rule does not occur in Nantai, so おう(ou) is pronounced [oʊ̯], not /oː/. In the now extinct Eastern Tochigi dialect, /ou/ was pronounced [joː], trading dipthongisation for initial palatalisation.
Nasalisation
When an alveolar nasal consonant(/n/) is after a vowel, the vowel is nasalised and the consonant is no longer pronounced, e.g. /a/ + /n/ → /an/ → /ã/.
Nasalised vowels are still considered vowels, so the VCV rule still applies, e.g. /ṼtṼ/ would still become /ṼdṼ/, with /Ṽ/ representing any nasalised vowel.
Prosody
Pitch-accent
Nantai uses a similar pitch-accent system as Japanese.
Phonotactics
Nantai has a similar phonotactic system as Japanese, which mostly fits the (C)V(V) pattern.
Morphophonology
Morphology
Particles
Like in Japanese, Nantai uses particles to distinguish topic and comment.
Japanese particle | Nantai equivalent | Purpose of particle |
---|---|---|
は wa |
None - sometimes shown by elongation of final vowel, e.g. 彼らー(kárìra-) |
Indicates topic |
を wo |
を written ǫ, pronounced [o] or [oʊ̯][1] |
Indicates direct object of action |
が ga |
Indicates subject, occasionally object | |
の no |
の nó - for most words なん nán - for masculine personal pronouns(彼 & 彼ら) |
Indicates possession |
に ni |
In, at, on, during, etc. | |
へ written he, pronounced [ɛ]. |
ゐ į [i], [ehi~ehe][1] |
To, towards, for |
Pronouns
Personal
Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
First person | hà 私 |
hà-táhi 私達 | |
Second person | náta なた |
náta-táhi なた達 | |
Third person | Masculine | kárì* 彼 |
kárìra 彼ら |
Feminine | káno-sò* 彼女 |
káno-sò-táhi 彼女達 |
* Kárì(彼) and káno-sò(彼女) are loanwords from Japanese. Historically, Classical Nantai had no gendered third person pronouns.
Demonstrative
Near | Far | Further | |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | kó こ |
ká か |
aká あか[2] |
Plural | kásu かす |
akásu あかす |