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Proto-Yeldhic: Difference between revisions
→Long vowels
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| familycolor = Indo-European | | familycolor = Indo-European | ||
| target = [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] | | target = [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] | ||
| region = "Bauba", | | region = "Bauba",<ref>Hypothetical land before Radael.</ref> Quartenary Radael | ||
| era = {{formatnum:10000}} UH-{{formatnum:3000}} UH | | era = {{formatnum:10000}} UH-{{formatnum:3000}} UH | ||
| child1 = Proto-Gadaïc | | child1 = Proto-Gadaïc | ||
| child2 = Proto-Ilda-Maranösic | | child2 = Proto-Ilda-Maranösic | ||
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! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! rowspan=2 | Labial !! rowspan=2 | Dental !! colspan=2 | Coronal !! colspan=3 | Dorsal !! rowspan=2 | Glottal !! rowspan=2 | Pharyngeal | ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | !! rowspan=2 | Labial !! rowspan=2 | Dental !! colspan=2 | Coronal !! colspan=3 | Dorsal !! rowspan=2 | Glottal !! rowspan=2 | Pharyngeal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! | ! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Velar !! Palatal !! Uvular | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Plosive | ! rowspan=2 | Plosive | ||
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Like in Proto-Indo-European, most Yeldhists believe that there were some sounds in Proto-Yeldhic that can not be directly attested from traditional comparative reconstruction. Currently, the only two sounds Yeldhists believe fall into this category are *ʕ, a voiced pharyngeal fricative, and *ʕʷ, its labialised counterpart. Some PY words use *ʕʷ, such as ''*ʕʷel'', probably meaning "good" or "kind". The evidence for the theory is as follows: | Like in Proto-Indo-European, most Yeldhists believe that there were some sounds in Proto-Yeldhic that can not be directly attested from traditional comparative reconstruction. Currently, the only two sounds Yeldhists believe fall into this category are *ʕ, a voiced pharyngeal fricative, and *ʕʷ, its labialised counterpart. Some PY words use *ʕʷ, such as ''*ʕʷel'', probably meaning "good" or "kind". The evidence for the theory is as follows: | ||
* In [[Etzeá]], the closest documented living relative to PY, the sounds /h/ and /w/ seem to be substitutes for sounds that originate in PY, which Yeldhists mostly believe probably corresponded to *ʕ and *ʕʷ. | * In [[Etzeá]], the closest documented living relative to PY, the sounds /h/ and /w/ seem to be substitutes for sounds that originate in PY, which Yeldhists mostly believe probably corresponded to *ʕ and *ʕʷ. | ||
* In the Ilda-Maranösic languages([[Ilda]] and [[Maranz]]), PY words with *ʕ and *ʕʷ seem to have palatalised to form *j and *jw, such as in Proto-Ilda-Maranösic ''*jwel''(modern descendants are Ilda ''yuelas'' and Maranz ''jūell''), from PY ''*ʕʷel''. | * In the Ilda-Maranösic languages([[Ilda]] and [[Maranz]]), PY words with *ʕ and *ʕʷ seem to have palatalised to form *j and *jw, such as in Proto-Ilda-Maranösic(PIM) ''*jwel''(modern descendants are Ilda ''yuelas'' and Maranz ''jūell''), from PY ''*ʕʷel'', or PIM ''*jwéitu''(modern descendants Ilda ''etos'' and Maranz ''wejot''), from PY ''*ʕʷejtu''. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Long vowels==== | ====Long vowels==== | ||
Long vowels in PY are not very common among most branches of the Yeldhic language family, with the exception of the Gadaïc branch, which preserved long vowels in certain languages, like [[Psér] | Long vowels in PY are not very common among most branches of the Yeldhic language family, with the exception of the Gadaïc branch, which preserved long vowels in certain languages, like [[Psér]]. | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
! !! Front !! Central !! Back | ! !! Front !! Central !! Back | ||
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| || *ā || | | || *ā || | ||
|} | |} | ||
In other Yeldhic branches, long vowels were either shortened(as in the Paleoyeldhic languages), dipthonged(as in [[Etzeá]]) or omitted entirely(as in the Ulmic languages, in particular [[Ormå]]). Some examples are: | |||
* PY ''*mēce'' "watershed" | |||
** Paleoyeldhic ''*meksi'' | |||
*** Moshurian [[Contionary:mesk|''mesk'']] | |||
** Etzeá ''mei'e'' | |||
** Proto-Ulmic ''*mce(n)'' | |||
*** Ormå ''nncẽ'' | |||
* PY ''*ɣōsan'' | |||
** Paleoyeldhic ''*hosan'' | |||
*** Moshurian ''[[Contionary:oźan|oźan]]'' | |||
** Etzeá ''xoisen'' | |||
** Proto-Ulmic ''*fsan'' | |||
*** Ormå ''fsän'' | |||
===Deconsonantification=== | |||
In many PY-derivative languages, many palatalised consonants, like *ś and *ź, were "deconsonantified", leaving only a voiced palatal approximant, *j. Thus, where there were (probably) palatalised consonants in PY, they were lost in descendant languages. | |||
However, there is still some evidence for the existence of the palatalised consonants. For example: | |||
* The palatalised consonants were preserved in Etzeá, though *ź split into two consonants: ''zz'' [zʲ] and ''zv'' [ʒ]. | |||
* In [[Maranz]], the consonant ''gh'' [j̥] seem to have been derived from Proto-Yeldhic *ś. This can be especially seen in the word for "four", ''i'''gh'''in'', which is derived from PY ''*wi'''ś'''en''. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
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===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
====Number==== | |||
Various theories have been proposed on how grammatical number worked in Proto-Yeldhic. The most referred to is the Fulugisáá theory, which states that grammatical number was deduced by the suffix ''-i''. The theory is named after Fulugisáá Tsó-tso, though many attribute the original theory to Zeror, who stated in 260 BH in his ''Republic''([[Ilda]]: ''Kopirrās'') that,<blockquote>"[I] have found a pattern among the many tongues of the ''Plikis''<ref>An ancient term for the peoples in the Paleoyeldhic strip.</ref>, in which they seem to append fully tongued upper open vowels<ref>Zeror's term for an unrounded close front vowel, or [i] in IPA</ref> to nouns to indicate many items of the noun[...]</blockquote> | |||
===Numerals=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan=2 | Proto-Yeldhic !! rowspan=2 | Moshurian !! rowspan=2 | English | |||
|- | |||
! Original Téfir !! Modern | |||
|- | |||
| ''*ik'' || ''*ik'' || ''ik'' || one | |||
|- | |||
| ''*ir'' || ''*bʰījan'' || ''oyamö'' || two | |||
|- | |||
| ''*ti'' || ''*tʰid-ði'' || ''tikré'' || three | |||
|- | |||
| ''*hihonâ''<ref>In the original ''Tezyém Yéleduhir'', ⟨â⟩ represented a front open vowel, [a]. Most Yeldhists today dispute the existence of the front open vowel in PY, instead arguing for the existence of a more centralised realisation, [ä] in IPA.</ref> || ''*wiśen'' || ''igoyà'' || four | |||
|- | |||
| ''*tikumam'' || ''*igʰoīm'' || ''tikoyam'' || five | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||