Voltch: Difference between revisions

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In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb''
In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb''
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====Examples of verbs====
<!--
====='''Class 1 regular - ''kantaar'' "to sing"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''kantaar'' "to sing"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| kantaar
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| kantaant
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| kantaat
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| kant || kante || kantaai || kantase ||
|-
! tu
| kants || kantes || kantaas || kantases || kant
|-
! el/elle/lou
| kantet || kantet || kantaat || kantaset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| kantens || kantens || kantaans || kantasens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| kantets || kantets || kantaats || kantasets || kantets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| kanten || kanten || kantaan || kantasen ||
|-
|}
====='''Class 2a regular - ''perijr'' "to perish"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''perijr'' "to perish"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| perijr
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| perissent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| perijt
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| peris || perisse || perij || perise ||
|-
! tu
| perisses || perisses || perijs || perises || peris
|-
! el/elle/lou
| perist || perisset || perijt || periset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| perissens || perissens || perijns || perisens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| perissets || perissets || perijts || perisets || perissets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| perissen || perissen || perijn || perisen ||
|-
|}
====='''Class 2b regular - ''doermijr'' "to sleep"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''doermijr'' "to sleep"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| doermijr
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| doerment
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| doermijt
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| doerm || doerme || doermij || doermise ||
|-
! tu
| doerms || doermes || doermijs || doermises || doerm
|-
! el/elle/lou
| doermt || doermet || doermijt || doermiset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| doermens || doermens || doermijns || doermisens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| doermets || doermets || doermijts || doermisets || doermets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| doermen || doermen || doermijn || doermisen ||
|-
|}
====='''Class 3 regular - ''weinder'' "to sell"'''=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''weinder'' "to sell"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| weinder
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| weindent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| weindet
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| weind || weinde || weindui || weinduse ||
|-
! tu
| weinds || weindes || weinduus || weinduses || weind
|-
! el/elle/lou
| weindt || weindet || weinduust || weinduset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| weindens || weindens || weinduuns || weindusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| weindets || weindets || weinduuts || weindusets || weindets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| weinden || weinden || weinduun || weindusen ||
|-
|}
====='''Irregular - ''dijr'' "to say"'''======
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''dijr'' "to say"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| dijr
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| disent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| dit
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| dijs || dise || disui || disuse ||
|-
! tu
| dises || dises || disuus || disuses || dij
|-
! el/elle/lou
| dijst || diset || disuust || disuset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| disens || disens || disuuns || disusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| disets || disets || disuuts || disusets || disets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| disen || disen || disuun || disusen ||
|-
|}
-->
====='''Irregular - ''wezen'' "to be"'''=====
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''ester'' "to be"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| ester
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| estent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| estet
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| zui || zeie || fui || fuse ||
|-
! tu
| es || zeies || fuus || fuses || zei
|-
! el/elle/lou
| est || zeiet || fuut || fuset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| zons || zeiens || fuuns || fusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| ests || zeiets || fuuts || fusets || zeits
|-
! els/elzeuts
| zon || zeien || fuun || fusen ||
|-
|}-->
'''Irregular: ''habben'' "to have"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''habben'' "to have"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| habben
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| habbend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| hädde
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| häbbe || häbbe || hädde || hädde ||
|-
! 2SI
| häst || häbbe || häddest || hädde || have
|-
! 3S
| hät || häbbe || hädde || hädde ||
|-
! P
| habbt || häbben || hädden || hädden || habbt
|-
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Revision as of 09:30, 18 June 2024

Voltch (native: voalc /vo̯altʃ/) is an Anglic language descended from Old English.

Voltch
voalc
Pronunciation[vo̯aɫtʃ]
Created byShariifka
Early forms

Introduction

Etymology

From Old English folcisċ "vernacular language".

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants
spelling IPA Remarks
normally final
b /b/ /p/
ch /x/
c /tʃ/
cg /dʒ/ /tʃ/ Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
d /d/ /t/
f /f/
g /ɡ/ /k/
h /ɦ/ —
j /j/ —
k /k/
l /l/ Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants.
lj /ʎ/
m /m/
n /n/ Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
nj /ɲ/
ng /ŋ/
p /p/
r /r/
s /s/
sc /ʃ/ Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
t /t/
v /v/ —
w /v/ /f/
z /z/ —
zc /ʒ/ — Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
Vowels and diphthongs
spelling IPA
checked free
a /ɑ/ /aː/
aa /aː/ —
ä /æ/ /ɛː/
ää /ɛː/ —
aai /aːi̯/
aau /aːu̯/
ai /ɑi̯/
au /ɑu̯/
e /ɛ/, /ə/[1] /eː/, /ə/[1]
ea /e̯a/
ee /eː/
eei /eːi̯/
eeu /eːu̯/
ei /iː/
i, y /ɪ/, /ə/[1] —
ie /iə̯/
ij /ɪi̯~ei̯/
iu /ɪʊ̯/
o /ɔ/ /oː/
oa /o̯a/
oi /ɔi̯/
oo /oː/ —
ooi /oːi̯/
oou /oːu̯/
ou /uː/
ö /œ/ /øː/
öa /ø̯a/
öö /øː/
öü /yː/
u /ʊ/ /uː/
ue /uə̯/
ui /ʊɪ̯/
uu /ʊu̯~ou̯/
ü /ʏ/ /yː/
üe /yə̯/
üü /ʏy̆~øy̆/
Alphabet
Letter Name IPA
A a a [ʔaː]
B b be [beː]
C c ce [tʃʰeː]
D d de [deː]
E e e [ʔeː]
F f ef [ʔɛf]
G g ge [ɡeː]
H h ha [ɦaː]
I i ij [ʔɪi̯]
Letter Name IPA
J j jot [jɔtʰ]
K k ka [kʰaː]
L l el [ʔɛɫ]
M m em [ʔɛm]
N n en [ʔɛn]
O o o [ʔoː]
P p pe [pʰeː]
Q q kuu [kʰʊu̯]
R r er [ʔɛɾ]
Letter Name IPA
S s es [ʔɛs]
T t te [tʰeː]
U u uu [ʔʊu̯]
V v ve [veː]
W w dobbel ve [ˈdɔbəɫ veː]
X x iks [ʔɪks]
Y y ɡreike ij [ˈɡɾiːkə ʔɪi̯]
(IJ ij) longe ij [ˈlɔŋə ʔɪi̯]
Z z zet [zɛtʰ]

Consonants

Vowels

Historical phonology

Old English Environment Voltch Remarks
Vowels
a lengthened a (long), aa
unstressed e (schwa)
otherwise a (short)
ā everywhere uo
æ, ea lengthened ä (long), ää
otherwise ä (short)
ǣ everywhere ie
e lengthened ea
unstressed e (schwa)
otherwise e (short)
ē everywhere ei
eo lengthened öa
otherwise ö
ēo everywhere öü
ēa everywhere üe
i, ie lengthened e (long), ee
before h + consonant e (short)
otherwise i
ī, īe everywhere ij
o lengthened oa
unstressed e (schwa)
otherwise o (short)
ō everywhere ou
u lengthened o (long), oo
otherwise u
ū everywhere uu
y lengthened ö (long), öö
otherwise ü
ȳ everywhere üü
Consonants
b b
c k
ċ c
d d
f unvoiced f
voiced v voiced word-initially, between vowels, and after liquids before vowels.
g g, ∅
ġ j
h h, ch
l l
m m
n n
p p
r r
s s, z
t t
w w, ∅

Morphology

Nouns

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns
Nominative Accusative Dative Possessive
1S ic mec mei mijn
2SI duu dec dei dijn
3SM hei heen him his
3SF höü höü heer heer
3SN hit hit him his
1D wit oonk oonk oonker
2D jit jeenk jeenk jeenker
1P wei uus uus uur
2P/F jei jöü jöü jöür
3P hij hij höm höar

Demonstratives and Articles

Indefinite article
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
SM aan anen anem anes
SF ane ane aner aner
SN aan aan anem anes
Negative article
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
SM naan nanen nanem nanes
SF nane nane naner naner
SN naan naan nanem nanes
P nane nane nanem naner
Definite article and neutral demonstrative
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
SM dei dään diem däs
SF döü döü dier dier
SN dät dät diem däs
P due due duem duer
Near demonstrative
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
SM dis dissen dissem disses
SF disse disse disser disser
SN dis dis dissem disses
P disse disse dissem disser
Far demonstrative
Strong declension
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
SM joan joanen joanem joanes
SF joane joane joaner joaner
SN joan joan joanem joanes
P joane joane joanem joaner
Weak declension
SM joane joanen joanen joanen
SF joane joanen joanen joanen
SN joane joane joanen joanen
P joanen joanen joanem joanen

Adjectives

Strong adjective declension
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
SM — -en -em -es
SF -e -e -er -er
SN — — -em -es
P -e -e -em -er
Weak adjective declension
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
SM -e -en -en -en
SF -e -en -en -en
SN -e -e -en -en
P -en -en -em -en

Numerals

Number Cardinal Ordinal
0 nuecht nuechtede
1 uen ierste
2 twue twuede
3 dröü dridde
4 vöür vöürde
5 vijf vijfte
6 zechs zechste
7 zöaven zöavede
8 ächt ächtede
9 nijn nijde
10 tein töüde
11 ellöaven ellöavede
12 twealf twealfte
13 dröütein dröütöüde
14 vöürtein vöürtöüde
15 vijftein vijftöüde
16 zechstein zechstöüde
17 zöaventein zöaventöüde
18 ächtein ächtöüde
19 nijntein nijntöüde
20 tweintij tweintijste
30 drijtij drijtijste
40 vöürtij vöürtijste
50 vijftij vijftijste
60 zechstij zechstijste
70 zöaventij zöaventijste
80 ächtij ächtijste
90 nijntij nijntijste
100 hundred hundredste
1000 duuzend duuzendste

Verbs

Examples of verbs

Irregular - wezen "to be"

Irregular: habben "to have"

Conjugation of habben "to have"
Infinitive habben
Present participle habbend
Past participle hädde
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S häbbe häbbe hädde hädde
2SI häst häbbe häddest hädde have
3S hät häbbe hädde hädde
P habbt häbben hädden hädden habbt

Syntax

Vocabulary

Time - Tijd

Seasons - Due jüertijde
English Voltch
spring lenkten
summer zomer
fall häärvest
winter weenter
Days of the week - Due daais of döü weken
English Voltch
Sunday ierstendaai
Monday twuedendaai
Tuesday driddendaai
Wednesday vöürdendaai
Thursday vijftendaai
Friday zechstendaai
Saturday zöavedendaai
Parts of the day - Due duele of duem daaie
English Voltch
day daai
dawn dageng
morning moargen
noon middaai
afternoon äftermiddaai
evening ieven
dusk nechteng
night necht
midnight midnecht
Units of time - Uenhuedes of tijde
English Voltch
second zekoond
minute minuute
hour tijm
day daai
week weke
month mound
season jüertijd
year jüer
-->
Time adverbs - Tijdes bijwoorde
English Voltch
now nuu
then don
recently, a short time ago, just zuenuu
earlier räder
soon, shortly zoun
later zijd; läter
always zemblen
often often
sometimes wijlen
rarely zealden
never niever
ever iever
still, yet jijt
already ier
today toudaai
tonight tounecht
yesterday jeerstendaai
last night jeerstennecht
tomorrow toumoargen
before yesterday ierjeerstendaai
two nights ago ierjeerstennecht
after tomorrow oavermoargen
this week disse weke
last week lätste weke
next week nichste weke

Colours - Düeges

Colours - Due düeges
English Voltch
white wijt
grey grij
black zwäärt
red rüed
orange orancge
brown bruun
yellow jöale
green grein
blue blöü
pink rueze
purple poorper
golden göölden

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Älle men wöarden vröü and ilijc on uere and rechtem iboaren. Glöüscip and touknounes zind him jifted, and hij scolen...


  1. ^ a b c ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced /ə/.
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