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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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→Singularia and pluralia tantum
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#: ''vāb̃nīyai'' "elections", ''viṣlāviḫi'' "protest, riot", ''lipmūyai'' "traffic jam", ''kardātatalavibi'' "hide-and-seek" (sometimes also found as dual) | #: ''vāb̃nīyai'' "elections", ''viṣlāviḫi'' "protest, riot", ''lipmūyai'' "traffic jam", ''kardātatalavibi'' "hide-and-seek" (sometimes also found as dual) | ||
# nouns denoting certain time spans, festivals, or holidays: | # nouns denoting certain time spans, festivals, or holidays: | ||
#: ''saṃlallai'' "afternoon", '' | #: ''saṃlallai'' "afternoon", ''Bhartośāvi'' (the most important Yunyalīlti festivity); ''Kūlḫanari'' (a winter festival of Kenengyry origin) | ||
# a few illnesses and health conditions or disorders: | # a few illnesses and health conditions or disorders: | ||
#: ''norganai'' "urticaria", ''udhilelnai'' "autism", ''percibrāḍai'' "influenza" | #: ''norganai'' "urticaria", ''udhilelnai'' "autism", ''percibrāḍai'' "influenza" | ||
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#: ''khuṃɂanūkare'' "blue plague", ''khoppuḍu'' "cough" (cf. pluralizable ''khoptya'' "a single instance of coughing"), ''loviśñīya'' "runny nose" | #: ''khuṃɂanūkare'' "blue plague", ''khoppuḍu'' "cough" (cf. pluralizable ''khoptya'' "a single instance of coughing"), ''loviśñīya'' "runny nose" | ||
# proper nouns referring to certain concepts: | # proper nouns referring to certain concepts: | ||
#: ''yunya'', '' | #: ''yunya'', ''mīmamvīsidam'' "Dundulanyä-Skyrdagor 'Internet'"; | ||
#: individual sports, such as ''teyakaitsu'' or ''yalkatūfa'' | #: individual sports, such as ''teyakaitsu'' or ''yalkatūfa'' | ||
#: cardinal points (''anūṭa'' "north", ''prādauna'' "south", ''nilāḍa'' "east", ''śusopa'' "west"<ref>Note that the plural form ''Śusopai'', lit. "(the) Wests", exists as a lexicalized proper noun referring to the regions of the Dundulanyä part of the West Coast of Lusaṃrīte. There is no similar usage for the other words denoting cardinal points.</ref>, as well as intercardinal directions, half and quarter-winds), including relative ones such as e.g. ''prābuñjña'' "upstream", ''sambuñjña'' "downstream"; | #: cardinal points (''anūṭa'' "north", ''prādauna'' "south", ''nilāḍa'' "east", ''śusopa'' "west"<ref>Note that the plural form ''Śusopai'', lit. "(the) Wests", exists as a lexicalized proper noun referring to the regions of the Dundulanyä part of the West Coast of Lusaṃrīte. There is no similar usage for the other words denoting cardinal points.</ref>, as well as intercardinal directions, half and quarter-winds), including relative ones such as e.g. ''prābuñjña'' "upstream", ''sambuñjña'' "downstream"; | ||
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: '''ᘔ00''' <small>(1440<sub>10</sub>)</small> tāldatrāṣoḍa | : '''ᘔ00''' <small>(1440<sub>10</sub>)</small> tāldatrāṣoḍa | ||
: '''Ɛ00''' <small>(1584<sub>10</sub>)</small> ṣūḍantrāṣoḍa. | : '''Ɛ00''' <small>(1584<sub>10</sub>)</small> ṣūḍantrāṣoḍa. | ||
'''1.000''' <small>(1728<sub>10</sub>)</small> is ''śāyāja'' and numbers above are separate words, without saṃdhi, e.g. '''1.001''' ''śāyāja emibe'', '''6.2ᘔ9''' <small>(10785<sub>10</sub>)</small> '' | '''1.000''' <small>(1728<sub>10</sub>)</small> is ''śāyāja'' and numbers above are separate words, without saṃdhi, e.g. '''1.001''' ''śāyāja emibe'', '''6.2ᘔ9''' <small>(10785<sub>10</sub>)</small> ''tuɂla śāyāja rirätrāṣoḍatāldamūmaiḍor̃a''.<br/> | ||
Note that 2.000<sub>12</sub> may be either one of ''śāyājeve'', ''rirä śāyāja'' - the most common one -, or (only emphatically) ''rirä śāyājeve''. | Note that 2.000<sub>12</sub> may be either one of ''śāyājeve'', ''rirä śāyāja'' - the most common one -, or (only emphatically) ''rirä śāyājeve''. | ||
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'''-īrä''' is a fossilized suffix used to form temporal units. | '''-īrä''' is a fossilized suffix used to form temporal units. | ||
* '' | * ''sve-dar-'' (to complete) → ''svedrīrä'' (deadline) | ||
'''-ida''', with higher grade ablaut, is an older diminutive suffix, often now lexicalized and rarely used productively. | '''-ida''', with higher grade ablaut, is an older diminutive suffix, often now lexicalized and rarely used productively. | ||
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* ''Mūmäfumbe'' → ''mūmäfaumbulu'' | * ''Mūmäfumbe'' → ''mūmäfaumbulu'' | ||
* ''Lāltaṣveya'' → ''lāltaṣvājñulu'' (with regular saṃdhi from the underlying form *lāltaṣvaiyulu) | * ''Lāltaṣveya'' → ''lāltaṣvājñulu'' (with regular saṃdhi from the underlying form *lāltaṣvaiyulu) | ||
In older stages of the language, vṛddhi derivations were also formed with the suffix '''-a'''; this remains as a fossilized suffix in certain words, cf. given names in ''-faula'' from ''fulah'' "hearth". | In older stages of the language, vṛddhi derivations were also formed with the suffix '''-a'''; this remains as a fossilized suffix in certain words, cf. given names in ''-faula'' from ''fulah'' "hearth", or the majority of the names of the months of the Dundulanyä calendar, vṛddhi derivations from constellation names (e.g. ''gurūṣikhe'' → ''gurūṣaikha''; ''m̃ālasiṣama'' → ''m̃ālasaiṣama''). | ||
'''-(y)ek-e''', fronting velars to palatals if possible, (or '''-ik-e''' after palatals themselves), '''-īcen-e''', also palatalizing velars, and '''-iccha''' are productive diminutive suffixes. Of the three, ''-īcen-e'' often implies endearment, coziness, especially when contrasted to the other two or explicitely used after the same noun modified with one of the other two suffixes. | '''-(y)ek-e''', fronting velars to palatals if possible, (or '''-ik-e''' after palatals themselves), '''-īcen-e''', also palatalizing velars, and '''-iccha''' are productive diminutive suffixes. Of the three, ''-īcen-e'' often implies endearment, coziness, especially when contrasted to the other two or explicitely used after the same noun modified with one of the other two suffixes. | ||
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===Time=== | ===Time=== | ||
'''TBA:''' native terms for most such subdivisions. | |||
The Dundulanyä calendar counts the 418-day Eventoan solar year (''naṃśāla''), divided into 14 months (''asānai'', sg. ''asāna'') of varying length (30 days on average), as well as a concurrent (not numbered) shorter cycle, called ''juñśätanä'' (from Lannä ''zunosä tanäy'' "count of days") of 216 days, which forms the basis of the "week" system, dividing that number of days into 18 "weeks" of 12 days each. | |||
The solar year is not exactly 418 days long (the exact amount being roughly 418.1668 days), so that each sixth calendar year is a 419-day long leap year, adding one day at the end of the last month. The 418- or 419-day year and 216-day ''juñśätanä'' are grouped together into 78-year cycles (151 ''juñśätanä''), where the 78th year is a leap year (the thirteenth in such a cycle) and the 151st ''juñśätanä'' also adds a single day (hence having a length of 217 days), so that both counts end on the same day (the 32,617th of the cycle) at the end of the 78th solar year / 151st ''juñśätanä''. | |||
The start of the calendar year is on the Southern hemisphere fall equinox, while days start at dawn. Months are grouped according to astronomical seasons of the Southern hemisphere, but it is the same nevertheless in the few areas of the Dundulanyä world north of the Equator; these are not immediately related to climatical seasons, as the Dundulanyä heartlands of Mandabuda have a monsonic climate with two distinct seasons and most of the Dundulanyä live in areas with tropical or equatorial climates. | |||
Eleven out of the fourteen month names are related to constellations transited through during that month; two of them (the eighth and eleventh months) are related to religion and one (the last month of the year) is related to climatical conditions of Mandabuda. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Months of the Dundulanyä calendar | |||
|- | |||
! No. !! Month !! Days !! Name meaning | |||
|- | |||
! 1 | |||
| '''pārthuka''' || 30 || of the chameleon (''pṛthuka'') | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| '''uṣraumaṇa''' || 29 || of the ''uṣrūmaṇa'' (a small tree-dwelling bear) | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
| '''gurūṣaikha''' || 30 || of the ''gurūṣikhe'' (a spirit related to millet sowing in Dundulanyä mythology and folklore) | |||
|- | |||
! 4 | |||
| '''saiśva''' || 29 || of the antelope (''siśu'') | |||
|- | |||
! 5 | |||
| '''nēlila''' || 31 || of the albatros (''nälila'') | |||
|- | |||
! 6 | |||
| '''kaulika''' || 30 || of the Lusaṃrītene red monkey (''kulika'') | |||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| '''laum̃am̃a''' || 30 || of the ''lūm̃am̃a'' (a quail-like bird) | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| '''sisauklaulya''' || 30 || sacred month, "month of the sacred blooming" | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| '''gaulkaɂa''' || 30 || of the coral (''gulkah'') | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| '''m̃ālasaiṣama''' || 29 || of the ''m̃ālasiṣama'' (a type of snake) | |||
|- | |||
! 11 | |||
| '''bhṛtaupala''' || 30 || of the oboes<ref>Named after the ''Bhartośāvi'', lit. “night(s) of oboes”, the most important religious festival of the Yunyalīlta.</ref> | |||
|- | |||
! 12 | |||
| '''maimaṇa''' || 29 || of the eel (''mīmaṇa'') | |||
|- | |||
! 13 | |||
| '''nāraima''' || 31 || of the jaguar (''nārema'') | |||
|- | |||
! 14 | |||
| '''camibhāca''' || 30/31 || great green | |||
|} | |||
The Eventoan day is about 34.8 Earth hours long, and there is no uniform standard to divide it among the various parts of the planet. The Dundulanyä divide the day into 48 (40<sub>12</sub>) subdivisions called ''garaṇai'' (singular ''garaṇa''), each one about 43.5 Earth minutes long. The day is, for timekeeping and time expressions, divided into eight periods, called TBD, of six ''garaṇai'' each. | The Eventoan day is about 34.8 Earth hours long, and there is no uniform standard to divide it among the various parts of the planet. The Dundulanyä divide the day into 48 (40<sub>12</sub>) subdivisions called ''garaṇai'' (singular ''garaṇa''), each one about 43.5 Earth minutes long. The day is, for timekeeping and time expressions, divided into eight periods, called TBD, of six ''garaṇai'' each. | ||
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==="Thinking" in Dundulanyä=== | ==="Thinking" in Dundulanyä=== | ||
The English verb "to think" may be translated in different ways in Dundulanyä. Its meaning "to think" in the sense of imagining or communicating in one's own mind is translated by the root ''√nely-'': | The English verb "to think" may be translated in different ways in Dundulanyä. Its meaning "to think" in the sense of imagining or communicating in one's own mind is translated by the root ''√nely-'': | ||
: '' | : ''kata tho nelyah''. — I'm thinking about you. | ||
: ''nelyāpah jallah''. — I think, therefore I am. | : ''nelyāpah jallah''. — I think, therefore I am. | ||
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''√sām-'' is used also to state one's opinion about a situation (still requiring ''tati'') as well as in the construction ''(2SG) inyo'', better translated as "if I were you" (needs a subjunctive verb): | ''√sām-'' is used also to state one's opinion about a situation (still requiring ''tati'') as well as in the construction ''(2SG) inyo'', better translated as "if I were you" (needs a subjunctive verb): | ||
: ''taśive umūm tati sāmūh''. — I think it's a good idea. | : ''taśive umūm tati sāmūh''. — I think it's a good idea. | ||
: ''viṣam guntai | : ''viṣam guntai kata inyo sāmūh''. — if I were you, I'd buy the other one. (note imperfective subjunctive) | ||
: ''viṣam uguntai | : ''viṣam uguntai kata inyo sāmūh''. — if I were you, I'd have bought the other one. (perfective subjunctive here) | ||
''√nely-'', on the other hand, is used in the past to state something that was thought to be one way but turned out not to be. Also, it is used for future forecasts: | ''√nely-'', on the other hand, is used in the past to state something that was thought to be one way but turned out not to be. Also, it is used for future forecasts: | ||