Voltch: Difference between revisions

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Line 70: Line 70:
|-
|-
| '''cg'''
| '''cg'''
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}} || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables  
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}} || {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
Line 90: Line 90:
<!--| '''gj'''
<!--| '''gj'''
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}} || {{IPA|/c/}} ||
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}} || {{IPA|/c/}} ||
|-->
|-
| '''gh'''
| '''gh'''
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} || {{IPA|/x/}} ||  
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} || {{IPA|/x/}} ||  
Line 130: Line 130:
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/p/}} ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/p/}} ||
|-
|-
<!--
| '''q'''
| '''q'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}} || In loanwords
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}} || In loanwords
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| '''qu'''
| '''qu'''
| {{IPA|/kv/}} || &mdash; || In loanwords
| {{IPA|/kv/}} || &mdash; || In loanwords
|-
|-->
| '''r'''
| '''r'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/r/}} ||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/r/}} ||
Line 143: Line 144:
|-
|-
| '''sc'''
| '''sc'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ||  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
|-
|-
<!--| '''sch'''
<!--| '''sch'''
Line 163: Line 164:
| {{IPA|/v/}} || {{IPA|/f/}} ||
| {{IPA|/v/}} || {{IPA|/f/}} ||
|-
|-
<!--
| '''wh'''
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/f/}} ||
|-
<!--
| '''x'''
| '''x'''
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/ks/}} || In loanwords
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/ks/}} || In loanwords
|-
|-->
| '''z'''
| '''z'''
| {{IPA|/z/}} || &mdash; ||
| {{IPA|/z/}} || &mdash; ||
|-
|-
| '''zj'''
| '''zc'''
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}} || &mdash; || In loanwords
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}} || &mdash; || Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
|-
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 205: Line 212:
|-
|-
| '''e'''
| '''e'''
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed"/> || {{IPA|/e(ː)/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed">{{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|i}}, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced {{IPA|/ə/}}.</ref>
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed"/> || {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed">{{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|i}}, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced {{IPA|/ə/}}.</ref>
|-
|-
| '''ea'''
| '''ea'''
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| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/iː/}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/iː/}}
|-
|-
<!--
| '''eu'''
| '''eu'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/øː/}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/yː/}}
|-
|-->
| '''i, y'''
| '''i, y'''
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed"/> || —
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}<ref name="unstressed"/> || —
|-
|-
| '''ie'''
| '''ie'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/iə̯/}}
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/iə̯, i̯ɪ/}}
|-
|-
| '''ij'''
| '''ij'''
Line 273: Line 281:
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} || {{IPA|/uː/}}
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} || {{IPA|/uː/}}
|-
|-
| '''uo'''
| '''ue'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/uə̯/}}
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/uə̯, u̯ʊ/}}
|-
|-
| '''ui'''
| '''ui'''
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| '''ü'''
| '''ü'''
| {{IPA|/ʏ/}} || {{IPA|/yː/}}
| {{IPA|/ʏ/}} || {{IPA|/yː/}}
|-
| '''üe'''
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/yə̯, y̆ʏ/}}
|-
|-
| '''üü'''
| '''üü'''
Line 447: Line 458:
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
|-
| '''A a''' || a || [aː]
| '''A a''' || a || [ʔaː]
|-
|-
| '''B b''' || be || [beː]
| '''B b''' || be || [beː]
|-
|-
| '''C c''' || ce || [tʃeː]
| '''C c''' || ce || [tʃʰeː]
|-
|-
| '''D d''' || de || [deː]
| '''D d''' || de || [deː]
|-
|-
| '''E e''' || e || [eː]
| '''E e''' || e || [ʔeː]
|-
|-
| '''F f''' || ef || [ɛf]
| '''F f''' || ef || [ʔɛf]
|-
|-
| '''G g''' || ge || [ɡeː]
| '''G g''' || ge || [ɡeː]
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| '''H h''' || ha || [ɦaː]
| '''H h''' || ha || [ɦaː]
|-
|-
| '''I i''' || ij || [ɪi̯]
| '''I i''' || ij || [ʔɪi̯]
|}
|}
|
|
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! Letter !! Name !! IPA
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
|-
| '''J j''' || je || [jeː]
| '''J j''' || jot || [jɔtʰ]
|-
|-
| '''K k''' || ka || [kʰaː]
| '''K k''' || ka || [kʰaː]
|-
|-
| '''L l''' || el || [ɛɫ]
| '''L l''' || el || [ʔɛɫ]
|-
|-
| '''M m''' || em || [ɛm]
| '''M m''' || em || [ʔɛm]
|-
|-
| '''N n''' || en || [ɛn]
| '''N n''' || en || [ʔɛn]
|-
|-
| '''O o''' || o || [oː]
| '''O o''' || o || [ʔoː]
|-
|-
| '''P p''' || pe || [pʰeː]
| '''P p''' || pe || [pʰeː]
|-
|-
| '''Q q''' || ku || [kʰuː]
| '''Q q''' || kuu || [kʰʊu̯]
|-
|-
| '''R r''' || er || [ɛɾ]
| '''R r''' || er || [ʔɛɾ]
|-
|-
|}
|}
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! Letter !! Name !! IPA
! Letter !! Name !! IPA
|-
|-
| '''S s''' || es || [ɛs]
| '''S s''' || es || [ʔɛs]
|-
|-
| '''T t''' || te || [tʰeː]
| '''T t''' || te || [tʰeː]
|-
|-
| '''U u''' || u || [uː]
| '''U u''' || uu || [ʔʊu̯]
|-
|-
| '''V v''' || ve || [veː]
| '''V v''' || ve || [veː]
|-
|-
| '''W w''' || lonɡe we || [lɔŋə veː]
| '''W w''' || dobbel ve || [ˈdɔbəɫ veː]
|-
|-
| '''X x''' || iks || [ɪks]
| '''X x''' || iks || [ʔɪks]
|-
|-
| '''Y y''' || ɡreike ij || [ˈɡɾiːkə ɪi̯]
| '''Y y''' || ɡreike ij || [ˈɡɾiːkə ʔɪi̯]
|-
|-
| ('''IJ ij''') || longe ij || [ˈlɔŋə ɪi̯]
| ('''IJ ij''') || loange ij || [ˈlo̯aŋə ʔɪi̯]
|-
|-
| '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛtʰ]
| '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛtʰ]
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| otherwise || ä (short)
| otherwise || ä (short)
|-
|-
| ǣ, ēa || everywhere || ie
| ǣ || everywhere || ie
|-
|-
| rowspan="3"| e || lengthened || ea
| rowspan="3"| e || lengthened || ea
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| ēo || everywhere || öü
| ēo || everywhere || öü
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| i, ie || lengthened || e (long), ee
| ēa || everywhere || üe
|-
| rowspan="3"| i, ie || lengthened || e (long), ee
|-
| before h + consonant
| e (short)
|-
|-
| otherwise || i
| otherwise || i
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| rowspan="2"| f || unvoiced || f
| rowspan="2"| f || unvoiced || f
|-
|-
| voiced || v || voiced word-initially and between vowels
| voiced || v || voiced word-initially, between vowels, and after liquids before vowels.
|-
|-
| g || || g, ∅
| g || || g, ∅
Line 756: Line 772:


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Strong noun declension
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| — || -en || -em || -es
|-
! SF
| -e || -e || -er || -er
|-
! SN
| — || — || -em || -es
|-
! P
| -e || -e || -em || -er
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Weak noun declension
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| -e || -en || -en || -en
|-
! SF
| -e || -en || -en || -en
|-
! SN
| -e || -e || -en || -en
|-
! P
| -en || -en || -em || -er
|-
|}-->
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
====Personal pronouns====
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
!rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Subject !! colspan="2"|Object !! colspan="2"|Possessive
|+ Personal pronouns
|-
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Possessive !! Reflexive
! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf !! Egelstaiv !! Tjenstæf
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| meizh || méc || mei || mé || mien || mín
| ic || mec || mei || mijn || meizealf
|-
|-
! 2S
! 2SI
| due || dú || dei || dé || dien || dín
| duu || dec || dei || dijn || deizealf
|-
|-
! 3SM
! 3SM
| sei || sé || soan || swon || saiz || sæs
| hei || heen || him || his || himzealf
|-
|-
! 3SF
! 3SF
| soi || sœ || soa || swo || sear || sjer
| höü || höü || heer || heer || heerzealf
|-
|-
! 3SN
! 3SN
| daidh || dæþ || daidh || dæþ || daiz || dæs
| hit || hit || him || his || himzealf
|-
! 1D
| wit || oonk || oonk || oonker || oonkzealf
|-
! 2D
| jit || jeenk || jeenk || jeenker || jeenkzealf
|-
! 3D
| bein || bein || biem || bier || biemzealf
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| bei || bé || buez || bús || buer || búr
| wei || uus || uus || uur || uuszealf
|-
|-
! 2P
! 2P/F
| jei || djé || jeu || djöu || jeur || djöur
| jei || jöü || jöü || jöür || jöüzealf
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| goi || gœ || gein || gén || geor || gjör
| hij || hij || höm || höar || hömzealf
|-
|-
|}
|}
-->
 
===Demonstratives and Articles===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Indefinite article
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| aan || anen || anem || anes
|-
! SF
| ane || ane || aner || aner
|-
! SN
| aan || aan || anem || anes
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Negative article
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| naan || nanen || nanem || nanes
|-
! SF
| nane || nane || naner || naner
|-
! SN
| naan || naan || nanem || nanes
|-
! P
| nane || nane || nanem || naner
|}
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Definite article
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| de || dän || dem || däs
|-
! SF
| dö || dö || der || der
|-
! SN
| dät || dät || dem || däs
|-
! P
| do || do || dom || dor
|-
|}-->
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Definitie article and neutral demonstrative
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| dei || dään || diem || däs
|-
! SF
| döü || döü || dier || dier
|-
! SN
| dät || dät || diem || däs
|-
! P
| due || due || duem || duer
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Near demonstrative
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| dis || dissen || dissem || disses
|-
! SF
| disse || disse || disser || disser
|-
! SN
| dis || dis || dissem || disses
|-
! P
| disse || disse || dissem || disser
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Far demonstrative
! colspan=5 | Strong declension
|-
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| joan || joanen || joanem || joanes
|-
! SF
| joane || joane || joaner || joaner
|-
! SN
| joan || joan || joanem || joanes
|-
! P
| joane || joane || joanem || joaner
|-
! colspan="5"| Weak declension
|-
! SM
| joane || joanen || joanen || joanen
|-
! SF
| joane || joanen || joanen || joanen
|-
! SN
| joane || joane || joanen || joanen
|-
! P
| joanen || joanen || joanem || joanen
|-
|}
 
===Adjectives===
(Note: -e- in endings is dropped after vowels)
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Strong adjective declension
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| — || -en || -em || -es
|-
! SF
| -e || -e || -er || -er
|-
! SN
| — || — || -em || -es
|-
! P
| -e || -e || -em || -er
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Weak adjective declension
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| -e || -en || -en || -en
|-
! SF
| -e || -en || -en || -en
|-
! SN
| -e || -e || -en || -en
|-
! P
| -en || -en || -em || -en
|-
|}
 
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Number !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
! Number !! Cardinal !! Ordinal (all wk.)
|-
|-
!0
!0
| nocht || nochtede
| nuecht (str. noun n. sg.) || nuechtede
|-
|-
!1
!1
| uon || ierste
| uen (str. adj. sg.) || ierste
|-
|-
!2
!2
| twuo || twuode
| twue (str. adj. pl.) || twuede
|-
|-
!3
!3
| dröü || dridde
| dröü (str. adj. pl.) || dridde
|-
|-
!4
!4
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|-
|-
!7
!7
| zöaven || zöavede
| zöaven || zöavde
|-
|-
!8
!8
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|-
|-
!11
!11
| ellöaven || ellöavede
| ellöaven || ellöavde
|-
|-
!12
!12
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|-
|-
! 100
! 100
| hundred ||  
| hundred (str. noun n.) || hundredde
|-
|-
! 1000
! 1000
| duuzend ||  
| duuzend (str. noun n.) || duuzende
|-
|-
|}
|}
===Nouns===
<!--
Nouns are pluralized with the ending ''-as''. The singular is usually used if the context makes it clear that the word is plural (such as after numerals, plural determiners, etc.).-->
===Adjectives===


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
<!--
<!--
The citation form of verbs is generally ''infinitive, present, past''.
The citation form of verbs is generally ''infinitive, present, past''.
Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number.
Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number.
Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices.
Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices.
Tenses are marked by the verb form:
Tenses are marked by the verb form:
*Present: Uses present form.
*Present: Uses present form.
Line 904: Line 1,116:
*Future: Uses future form.
*Future: Uses future form.
**This is formed by replacing the final ''-n'' of the infinitive with ''-d''.
**This is formed by replacing the final ''-n'' of the infinitive with ''-d''.
Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb:
Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb:
*Imperfective: No marker
*Imperfective: No marker
*Perfective: ''poi/pœ''
*Perfective: ''poi/pœ''
*Habitual: ''bed''
*Habitual: ''bed''
Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker:
Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker:
*Active: No marker
*Active: No marker
*Middle: ''toun/tón''
*Middle: ''toun/tón''
*Passive: ''maudh/máþ''
*Passive: ''maudh/máþ''
Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker.
Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker.
In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb''
In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb''
-->
-->
====Examples of strong verbs====
=====Class 1=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''bijten'' "to bite" (strong class 1)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| bijten
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| bijtend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ibeten
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| bijte || rowspan="3"| bijte || buet || rowspan="3"| bete ||
|-
! 2SI
| bijtst || buetst || bijt
|-
! 3S
| bijtet || buet ||
|-
! P
| bijtet || bijten || beten || beten || bijtet
|-
|}
=====Class 2=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''kröüpen'' "to crawl" (strong class 2)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| kröüpen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| kröüpend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ikroapen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| kröüpe || rowspan="3"| kröüpe || krüep || rowspan="3"| krope ||
|-
! 2SI
| krijpst || krüepst || kröüp
|-
! 3S
| krijpt || krüep ||
|-
! P
| kröüpt || kröüpen || kropen || kropen || kröüpt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''bruuken'' "to use" (strong class 2)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| bruuken
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| bruukend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ibroaken
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| bruuke || rowspan="3"| bruuke || brüek || rowspan="3"| broke ||
|-
! 2SI
| brüükst || brüekst || bruuk
|-
! 3S
| brüükt || brüek ||
|-
! P
| bruukt || bruuken || broken || broken || bruukt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''cöüzen'' "to choose" (strong class 2)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| cöüzen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| cöüzend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| icoaren
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| cöüze || rowspan="3"| cöüze || cües || rowspan="3"| coze ||
|-
! 2SI
| cijst || cüest || cöüs
|-
! 3S
| cijst || cües ||
|-
! P
| cöüst || cöüzen || coren || coren || cöüst
|-
|}
=====Class 3=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''healpen'' "to help" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| healpen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| healpend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ihoalpen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| healpe || rowspan="3"| healpe || häälp || rowspan="3"| hoolpe ||
|-
! 2SI
| hilpst || häälpst || healp
|-
! 3S
| hilpt || häälp ||
|-
! P
| healpt || healpen || hoolpen || hoolpen || healpt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''wöarpen'' "to throw" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| wöarpen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| wöarpend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iwoarpen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| wöarpe || rowspan="3"| wöarpe || wäärp || rowspan="3"| wrope ||
|-
! 2SI
| wirpst || wäärpst || wöarp
|-
! 3S
| wirpt || wäärp ||
|-
! P
| wöarpt || wöarpen || woorpen || woorpen || wöarpt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''föchten'' "to fight" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| föchten
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| föchtend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ifochten
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| föchte || rowspan="3"| föchte || fächt || rowspan="3"| fächte ||
|-
! 2SI
| fechtest || fächtest || föcht
|-
! 3S
| fechtet || fächt ||
|-
! P
| föchtet || föchten || fochten || fochten || föchtet
|-
|}
=====Class 4=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
=====Class 5=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
======Class 6=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
=====Class 7=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
=====Irregular=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''wezen'' "to be" (strong irregular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| wezen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| wezend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iböün
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| öm || rowspan="3"| böü || wäs || rowspan="3"| wiere ||
|-
! 2SI
| ärt || wäst || böü
|-
! 3S
| is || wäs ||
|-
! P
| zind || böün || wieren || wieren || böüt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''doun'' "to do, make; to cause to" (strong irregular with weak past)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| doun
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| dound
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| idoun
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| dou || rowspan="3"| dou || döde || rowspan="3"| döde ||
|-
! 2SI
| deist || dödest || dou
|-
! 3S
| deit || döde ||
|-
! P
| dout || doun || döden || döden || dout
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''guen'' "to go" (strong irregular with weak past)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| guen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| guend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iguen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| gue || rowspan="3"| gue || öüde || rowspan="3"| öüde ||
|-
! 2SI
| giest || öüdest || gue
|-
! 3S
| giet || öüde ||
|-
! P
| guet || guen || öüden || öüden || guet
|-
|}
====Examples of weak verbs====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''loven'' "to love" (weak regular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| loven
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| lovend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iloovd
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| love || rowspan="3"| love || loovde || rowspan="3"| loovde ||
|-
! 2SI
| loofst || loovdest || loof
|-
! 3S
| looft || loovde ||
|-
! P
| looft || loven || loovden || loovden || looft
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''häbben'' "to have" (weak irregular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| häbben
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| häbbend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ihäd
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| häbbe || rowspan="3"| häbbe || hädde || rowspan="3"| hädde ||
|-
! 2SI
| häst || häddest || hääf
|-
! 3S
| hät || hädde ||
|-
! P
| häbt || häbben || hädden || hädden || häbt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zecgen'' "to say" (weak irregular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zecgen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zecgend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izaaid
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zecge || rowspan="3"| zecge || zaaide || rowspan="3"| zaaide ||
|-
! 2SI
| zaaist || zaaidest || zaai
|-
! 3S
| zaait || zaaide ||
|-
! P
| zecget || zecgen || zaaiden || zaaiden || zecget
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''libben'' "to live" (weak irregular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| libben
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| libbend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ilivd
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| libbe || rowspan="3"| libbe || livde || rowspan="3"| livde ||
|-
! 2SI
| lööfst || livdest || lööf
|-
! 3S
| lööft || livde ||
|-
! P
| libt || libben || livden || livden || libt
|-
|}
====Examples of preterite-present verbs====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''kunnen'' "to be familiar with; to be able to (do)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| kunnen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| kunnend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ikuud
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| kan || rowspan="3"| kunne || kuude || rowspan="3"| kuude ||
|-
! 2SI
| kanst || kuudest || kun
|-
! 3S
| kan || kuude ||
|-
! P
| kunnen || kunnen || kuuden || kuuden || kunt
|-
|}
Conjugated like ''kunnen'' is ''junnen'' "to grant, gift".
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''willen'' "to want; to be going to"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| willen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| willend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iwoald
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| wil || rowspan="3"| wille || woalde || rowspan="3"| woalde ||
|-
! 2SI
| wilst || woaldest || wil
|-
! 3S
| wil || woalde ||
|-
! P
| willen || willen || woalden || woalden || wilt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''scolen'' "to must"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| scolen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| scolend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iscoald
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| scäl || rowspan="3"| scöle || scoalde || rowspan="3"| scoalde ||
|-
! 2SI
| scälst || scoaldest || scool
|-
! 3S
| scäl || scoalde ||
|-
! P
| scolen || scölen || scoalden || scoalden || scoolt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''uegen'' "to be allowed (to)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| uegen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| uegend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| juecht
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| ueg || rowspan="3"| uege || uechte || rowspan="3"| uechte ||
|-
! 2SI
| uegst || uechtest || ueg
|-
! 3S
| ueg || uechte ||
|-
! P
| uegen || uegen || uechten || uechten || uegt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''weten'' "to know, to be aware (of)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| weten
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| wetend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iwist
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| wuet || rowspan="3"| wete || wiste || rowspan="3"| wiste ||
|-
! 2SI
| wuetst || wetest || weet
|-
! 3S
| wuet || wiste ||
|-
! P
| weten || weten || wisten || wisten || wet
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''inogen'' "to be content, to have enough; to enjoy"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| inogen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| inogend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| inocht
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| inäg || rowspan="3"| inöge || inochte || rowspan="3"| inochte ||
|-
! 2SI
| inägst || inochtest || inoog
|-
! 3S
| inäg || inochte ||
|-
! P
| inogen || inögen || inochten || inochten || inoogt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''maain'' "to succeed (in)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| maain
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| maaind
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| imecht
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| maai || rowspan="3"| maai || mechte || rowspan="3"| mechte ||
|-
! 2SI
| maaist || mechtest || maai
|-
! 3S
| maai || mechte ||
|-
! P
| maain || maain || mechten || mechten || maait
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''dogen'' "to be suitable (for), to be able (to)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| dogen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| dogend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| idocht
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| düeg || rowspan="3"| döge || dochte || rowspan="3"| dochte ||
|-
! 2SI
| düegst || dochtest || doog
|-
! 3S
| düeg || dochte ||
|-
! P
| dogen || dögen || dochten || dochten || doogt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''mouten'' "to possibly (do), to might"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| mouten
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| moutend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| imoust
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| mout || rowspan="3"| moute || mouste || rowspan="3"| mouste ||
|-
! 2SI
| moutst || moustest || mout
|-
! 3S
| mout || mouste ||
|-
! P
| mouten || mouten || mousten || mousten || moutet
|-
|}
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''tijd''===
===Time - ''Tijd''===
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Sealas/Sjelas''
|+ Seasons - ''Due jüertijde''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Voltch
|-
|-
| spring || lengthen/lengþen
| spring || lengten
|-
|-
| summer || soumer/sómer
| summer || zomer
|-
|-
| fall || gärst
| fall || häärvest
|-
|-
| winter || bender
| winter || weenter
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 995: Line 2,020:
| December || Earjoul/Jerdjól
| December || Earjoul/Jerdjól
|-
|-
|}
|}-->


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Tais auv beizh/Tæs áf béc''
|+ Days of the week - ''Due daais of döü weken''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Voltch
|-
|-
| Sunday || Sondai/Sondæ
| Sunday || ierstendaai
|-
|-
| Monday || Moundai/Mondæ
| Monday || twuedendaai
|-
|-
| Tuesday || Thüestai/Þýstæ
| Tuesday || driddendaai
|-
|-
| Wednesday || Wonstai/Wonstæ
| Wednesday || vöürdendaai
|-
|-
| Thursday || Dorstai/Dorstæ
| Thursday || vijftendaai
|-
|-
| Friday || Vriedhai/Vríðæ
| Friday || zechstendaai
|-
|-
| Saturday || Saidherstai/Sæðerstæ
| Saturday || zöavedendaai
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Tealas auv tai/Tjelas áf tæ''
|+ Parts of the day - ''Due duele of duem daaie''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Voltch
|-  
|-  
| day || tai/tæ
| day || daai
|-
|-
| dawn || taihoum/tæhóm
| dawn || daging
|-
|-
| morning || morn
| morning || moargen
|-
|-
| noon || mittai/mittæ
| noon || middaai
|-
|-
| afternoon || äftermittai/äftermittæ
| afternoon || äftermiddaai
|-
|-
| evening || eaven/jeven
| evening || ieven
|-
|-
| dusk || nichthoum/nihthóm
| dusk || nechting
|-
|-
| night || nicht/niht
| night || necht
|-
|-
| midnight || mitnicht/mitniht
| midnight || midnecht
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Tealas auv thiet/Tjelas áf þít''
|+ Units of time - ''Uenhuedes of tijde''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Voltch
|-  
|-  
| second || bengwiel/bengwíl
| second || zekoond
|-
|-
| minute || thiemshen/þímcen
| minute || minuute
|-
|-
| hour || thiem/þím
| hour || tijm
|-
|-
| day || tai/tæ
| day || daai
|-
|-
| week || beizh/béc
| week || weke
|-
|-
| month || moundh/mónþ
| month || mound
|-
|-
| season || seal/sjel
| season || jüertijd
|-
|-
| year || jear/djer
| year || jüer
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Thietleizh piebordhas/Þítléc píborðas''
|+ Time adverbs - ''Tijdes bijwoorde''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Voltch
|-
|-
| now || nue/nú
| now || nuu
|-
|-
| then || don
| then || don
|-
|-
| recently, a short time ago || earnue/jernú
| recently, a short time ago, just || zuenuu
|-
|-
| earlier || ear/jer
| earlier || räder
|-
|-
| soon, shortly || soun/són; äfternue/äfternú
| soon, shortly || zoun
|-
|-
| later || äfter
| later || zijd; läter
|-
|-
| always || sebel
| always || zemblen
|-
|-
| often || oft
| often || often
|-
|-
| sometimes || gwielom/gwílom
| sometimes || wijlen
|-
|-
| rarely || selten
| rarely || zealden
|-
|-
| never || noa/nwo; neaver/njever
| never || niever
|-
|-
| ever || oa/wo; eaver/jever
| ever || iever
|-
|-
| still, yet || jüedh/jýþ
| still, yet || jijt
|-
|-
| already || ju
| already || ier
|-
|-
| today || thoudhai/þóðæ
| today || toudaai
|-
|-
| tonight || thounicht/þóniht
| tonight || tounecht
|-
|-
| yesterday || jörstanai/djörstanæ
| yesterday || jirstendaai
|-
|-
| last night || jörstanicht/djörstaniht
| last night || jirstennecht
|-
|-
| tomorrow || thoumorn/þómorn
| tomorrow || toumoargen
|-
|-
| before yesterday || earjörstanai/jerdjörstanæ
| before yesterday || ierjirstendaai
|-
|-
| two nights ago || earjörstanicht/jerdjörstaniht
| two nights ago || ierjirstennecht
|-
|-
| after tomorrow || äfterthoumorn/äfterþómorn
| after tomorrow || oavermoargen
|-
|-
| this week || thoubeizh/þóbéc
| this week || disse weke
|-
|-
| last week || jörstabeizh/djörstabéc
| last week || lätste weke
|-
|-
| next week || neistbeizh/néstbéc
| next week || nichste weke
|-
|-
-->
|}
|}


===Colours - ''Teas/Tjes''===
===Colours - ''Düeges''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Teas/Tjes''
|+ Colours - ''Due düeges''
! English !! Gothedish
! English !! Voltch
|-
|-
| white || gweidh/gwéþ
| white || wijt
|-
|-
| grey || kreai/krjei
| grey || grij
|-
|-
| black || plaigh/plæh <!--swärth/swärþ--
| black || zwäärt
|-
|-
| red || reat/rjet
| red || rüed
|-
|-
| orange || reatjeol/rjetdjöl
| orange || orancge
|-
|-
| brown || pruen/prún
| brown || bruun
|-
|-
| yellow || jeol/djöl
| yellow || jöale
|-
|-
| green || krein/krén
| green || grein
|-
|-
| blue || ploi/plœ
| blue || blöü
|-
|-
| pink || rouzen/rózen
| pink || rueze
|-
|-
| purple || pauz/pás
| purple || poorper
|-
|-
| golden || költen
| golden || göölden
|-
|-
|}
|}
-->
 
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
 
Älle men wöardet vröü and ilijc on uere and rechtem iboaren. Glöüscip and touknounes zind him jifted<!-->Höm wöardet glöüscippes and touknounesse ijuud-->, and hij scolen...


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Latest revision as of 10:43, 29 June 2024

Voltch (native: voalc /vo̯altʃ/) is an Anglic language descended from Old English.

Voltch
voalc
Pronunciation[vo̯aɫtʃ]
Created byShariifka
Early forms

Introduction

Etymology

From Old English folcisċ "vernacular language".

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants
spelling IPA Remarks
normally final
b /b/ /p/
ch /x/
c /tʃ/
cg /dʒ/ /tʃ/ Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
d /d/ /t/
f /f/
g /ɡ/ /k/
h /ɦ/ —
j /j/ —
k /k/
l /l/ Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants.
lj /ʎ/
m /m/
n /n/ Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
nj /ɲ/
ng /ŋ/
p /p/
r /r/
s /s/
sc /ʃ/ Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
t /t/
v /v/ —
w /v/ /f/
z /z/ —
zc /ʒ/ — Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
Vowels and diphthongs
spelling IPA
checked free
a /ɑ/ /aː/
aa /aː/ —
ä /æ/ /ɛː/
ää /ɛː/ —
aai /aːi̯/
aau /aːu̯/
ai /ɑi̯/
au /ɑu̯/
e /ɛ/, /ə/[1] /eː/, /ə/[1]
ea /e̯a/
ee /eː/
eei /eːi̯/
eeu /eːu̯/
ei /iː/
i, y /ɪ/, /ə/[1] —
ie /iə̯, i̯ɪ/
ij /ɪi̯~ei̯/
iu /ɪʊ̯/
o /ɔ/ /oː/
oa /o̯a/
oi /ɔi̯/
oo /oː/ —
ooi /oːi̯/
oou /oːu̯/
ou /uː/
ö /œ/ /øː/
öa /ø̯a/
öö /øː/
öü /yː/
u /ʊ/ /uː/
ue /uə̯, u̯ʊ/
ui /ʊɪ̯/
uu /ʊu̯~ou̯/
ü /ʏ/ /yː/
üe /yə̯, y̆ʏ/
üü /ʏy̆~øy̆/
Alphabet
Letter Name IPA
A a a [ʔaː]
B b be [beː]
C c ce [tʃʰeː]
D d de [deː]
E e e [ʔeː]
F f ef [ʔɛf]
G g ge [ɡeː]
H h ha [ɦaː]
I i ij [ʔɪi̯]
Letter Name IPA
J j jot [jɔtʰ]
K k ka [kʰaː]
L l el [ʔɛɫ]
M m em [ʔɛm]
N n en [ʔɛn]
O o o [ʔoː]
P p pe [pʰeː]
Q q kuu [kʰʊu̯]
R r er [ʔɛɾ]
Letter Name IPA
S s es [ʔɛs]
T t te [tʰeː]
U u uu [ʔʊu̯]
V v ve [veː]
W w dobbel ve [ˈdɔbəɫ veː]
X x iks [ʔɪks]
Y y ɡreike ij [ˈɡɾiːkə ʔɪi̯]
(IJ ij) loange ij [ˈlo̯aŋə ʔɪi̯]
Z z zet [zɛtʰ]

Consonants

Vowels

Historical phonology

Old English Environment Voltch Remarks
Vowels
a lengthened a (long), aa
unstressed e (schwa)
otherwise a (short)
ā everywhere uo
æ, ea lengthened ä (long), ää
otherwise ä (short)
ǣ everywhere ie
e lengthened ea
unstressed e (schwa)
otherwise e (short)
ē everywhere ei
eo lengthened öa
otherwise ö
ēo everywhere öü
ēa everywhere üe
i, ie lengthened e (long), ee
before h + consonant e (short)
otherwise i
ī, īe everywhere ij
o lengthened oa
unstressed e (schwa)
otherwise o (short)
ō everywhere ou
u lengthened o (long), oo
otherwise u
ū everywhere uu
y lengthened ö (long), öö
otherwise ü
ȳ everywhere üü
Consonants
b b
c k
ċ c
d d
f unvoiced f
voiced v voiced word-initially, between vowels, and after liquids before vowels.
g g, ∅
ġ j
h h, ch
l l
m m
n n
p p
r r
s s, z
t t
w w, ∅

Morphology

Nouns

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns
Nominative Accusative Dative Possessive Reflexive
1S ic mec mei mijn meizealf
2SI duu dec dei dijn deizealf
3SM hei heen him his himzealf
3SF höü höü heer heer heerzealf
3SN hit hit him his himzealf
1D wit oonk oonk oonker oonkzealf
2D jit jeenk jeenk jeenker jeenkzealf
3D bein bein biem bier biemzealf
1P wei uus uus uur uuszealf
2P/F jei jöü jöü jöür jöüzealf
3P hij hij höm höar hömzealf

Demonstratives and Articles

Indefinite article
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
SM aan anen anem anes
SF ane ane aner aner
SN aan aan anem anes
Negative article
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
SM naan nanen nanem nanes
SF nane nane naner naner
SN naan naan nanem nanes
P nane nane nanem naner
Definitie article and neutral demonstrative
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
SM dei dään diem däs
SF döü döü dier dier
SN dät dät diem däs
P due due duem duer
Near demonstrative
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
SM dis dissen dissem disses
SF disse disse disser disser
SN dis dis dissem disses
P disse disse dissem disser
Far demonstrative
Strong declension
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
SM joan joanen joanem joanes
SF joane joane joaner joaner
SN joan joan joanem joanes
P joane joane joanem joaner
Weak declension
SM joane joanen joanen joanen
SF joane joanen joanen joanen
SN joane joane joanen joanen
P joanen joanen joanem joanen

Adjectives

(Note: -e- in endings is dropped after vowels)

Strong adjective declension
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
SM — -en -em -es
SF -e -e -er -er
SN — — -em -es
P -e -e -em -er
Weak adjective declension
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive
SM -e -en -en -en
SF -e -en -en -en
SN -e -e -en -en
P -en -en -em -en

Numerals

Number Cardinal Ordinal (all wk.)
0 nuecht (str. noun n. sg.) nuechtede
1 uen (str. adj. sg.) ierste
2 twue (str. adj. pl.) twuede
3 dröü (str. adj. pl.) dridde
4 vöür vöürde
5 vijf vijfte
6 zechs zechste
7 zöaven zöavde
8 ächt ächtede
9 nijn nijde
10 tein töüde
11 ellöaven ellöavde
12 twealf twealfte
13 dröütein dröütöüde
14 vöürtein vöürtöüde
15 vijftein vijftöüde
16 zechstein zechstöüde
17 zöaventein zöaventöüde
18 ächtein ächtöüde
19 nijntein nijntöüde
20 tweintij tweintijde
30 drijtij drijtijde
40 vöürtij vöürtijde
50 vijftij vijftijde
60 zechstij zechstijde
70 zöaventij zöaventijde
80 ächtij ächtijde
90 nijntij nijntijde
100 hundred (str. noun n.) hundredde
1000 duuzend (str. noun n.) duuzende

Verbs

Examples of strong verbs

Class 1
Conjugation of bijten "to bite" (strong class 1)
Infinitive bijten
Present participle bijtend
Past participle ibeten
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S bijte bijte buet bete
2SI bijtst buetst bijt
3S bijtet buet
P bijtet bijten beten beten bijtet
Class 2
Conjugation of kröüpen "to crawl" (strong class 2)
Infinitive kröüpen
Present participle kröüpend
Past participle ikroapen
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S kröüpe kröüpe krüep krope
2SI krijpst krüepst kröüp
3S krijpt krüep
P kröüpt kröüpen kropen kropen kröüpt
Conjugation of bruuken "to use" (strong class 2)
Infinitive bruuken
Present participle bruukend
Past participle ibroaken
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S bruuke bruuke brüek broke
2SI brüükst brüekst bruuk
3S brüükt brüek
P bruukt bruuken broken broken bruukt
Conjugation of cöüzen "to choose" (strong class 2)
Infinitive cöüzen
Present participle cöüzend
Past participle icoaren
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S cöüze cöüze cües coze
2SI cijst cüest cöüs
3S cijst cües
P cöüst cöüzen coren coren cöüst
Class 3
Conjugation of zeengen "to sing" (strong class 3)
Infinitive zeengen
Present participle zeengend
Past participle izoongen
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S zeenge zeenge zaang zoonge
2SI zeengst zaangst zeeng
3S zeengt zaang
P zeengt zeengen zoongen zoongen zeengt
Conjugation of healpen "to help" (strong class 3)
Infinitive healpen
Present participle healpend
Past participle ihoalpen
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S healpe healpe häälp hoolpe
2SI hilpst häälpst healp
3S hilpt häälp
P healpt healpen hoolpen hoolpen healpt
Conjugation of wöarpen "to throw" (strong class 3)
Infinitive wöarpen
Present participle wöarpend
Past participle iwoarpen
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S wöarpe wöarpe wäärp wrope
2SI wirpst wäärpst wöarp
3S wirpt wäärp
P wöarpt wöarpen woorpen woorpen wöarpt
Conjugation of föchten "to fight" (strong class 3)
Infinitive föchten
Present participle föchtend
Past participle ifochten
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S föchte föchte fächt fächte
2SI fechtest fächtest föcht
3S fechtet fächt
P föchtet föchten fochten fochten föchtet
Class 4
Conjugation of zeengen "to sing" (strong class 3)
Infinitive zeengen
Present participle zeengend
Past participle izoongen
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S zeenge zeenge zaang zoonge
2SI zeengst zaangst zeeng
3S zeengt zaang
P zeengt zeengen zoongen zoongen zeengt
Class 5
Conjugation of zeengen "to sing" (strong class 3)
Infinitive zeengen
Present participle zeengend
Past participle izoongen
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S zeenge zeenge zaang zoonge
2SI zeengst zaangst zeeng
3S zeengt zaang
P zeengt zeengen zoongen zoongen zeengt
=Class 6
Conjugation of zeengen "to sing" (strong class 3)
Infinitive zeengen
Present participle zeengend
Past participle izoongen
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S zeenge zeenge zaang zoonge
2SI zeengst zaangst zeeng
3S zeengt zaang
P zeengt zeengen zoongen zoongen zeengt
Class 7
Conjugation of zeengen "to sing" (strong class 3)
Infinitive zeengen
Present participle zeengend
Past participle izoongen
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S zeenge zeenge zaang zoonge
2SI zeengst zaangst zeeng
3S zeengt zaang
P zeengt zeengen zoongen zoongen zeengt
Irregular
Conjugation of wezen "to be" (strong irregular)
Infinitive wezen
Present participle wezend
Past participle iböün
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S öm böü wäs wiere
2SI ärt wäst böü
3S is wäs
P zind böün wieren wieren böüt
Conjugation of doun "to do, make; to cause to" (strong irregular with weak past)
Infinitive doun
Present participle dound
Past participle idoun
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S dou dou döde döde
2SI deist dödest dou
3S deit döde
P dout doun döden döden dout
Conjugation of guen "to go" (strong irregular with weak past)
Infinitive guen
Present participle guend
Past participle iguen
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S gue gue öüde öüde
2SI giest öüdest gue
3S giet öüde
P guet guen öüden öüden guet

Examples of weak verbs

Conjugation of loven "to love" (weak regular)
Infinitive loven
Present participle lovend
Past participle iloovd
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S love love loovde loovde
2SI loofst loovdest loof
3S looft loovde
P looft loven loovden loovden looft
Conjugation of häbben "to have" (weak irregular)
Infinitive häbben
Present participle häbbend
Past participle ihäd
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S häbbe häbbe hädde hädde
2SI häst häddest hääf
3S hät hädde
P häbt häbben hädden hädden häbt
Conjugation of zecgen "to say" (weak irregular)
Infinitive zecgen
Present participle zecgend
Past participle izaaid
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S zecge zecge zaaide zaaide
2SI zaaist zaaidest zaai
3S zaait zaaide
P zecget zecgen zaaiden zaaiden zecget
Conjugation of libben "to live" (weak irregular)
Infinitive libben
Present participle libbend
Past participle ilivd
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S libbe libbe livde livde
2SI lööfst livdest lööf
3S lööft livde
P libt libben livden livden libt

Examples of preterite-present verbs

Conjugation of kunnen "to be familiar with; to be able to (do)"
Infinitive kunnen
Present participle kunnend
Past participle ikuud
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S kan kunne kuude kuude
2SI kanst kuudest kun
3S kan kuude
P kunnen kunnen kuuden kuuden kunt

Conjugated like kunnen is junnen "to grant, gift".

Conjugation of willen "to want; to be going to"
Infinitive willen
Present participle willend
Past participle iwoald
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S wil wille woalde woalde
2SI wilst woaldest wil
3S wil woalde
P willen willen woalden woalden wilt
Conjugation of scolen "to must"
Infinitive scolen
Present participle scolend
Past participle iscoald
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S scäl scöle scoalde scoalde
2SI scälst scoaldest scool
3S scäl scoalde
P scolen scölen scoalden scoalden scoolt
Conjugation of uegen "to be allowed (to)"
Infinitive uegen
Present participle uegend
Past participle juecht
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S ueg uege uechte uechte
2SI uegst uechtest ueg
3S ueg uechte
P uegen uegen uechten uechten uegt
Conjugation of weten "to know, to be aware (of)"
Infinitive weten
Present participle wetend
Past participle iwist
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S wuet wete wiste wiste
2SI wuetst wetest weet
3S wuet wiste
P weten weten wisten wisten wet
Conjugation of inogen "to be content, to have enough; to enjoy"
Infinitive inogen
Present participle inogend
Past participle inocht
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S inäg inöge inochte inochte
2SI inägst inochtest inoog
3S inäg inochte
P inogen inögen inochten inochten inoogt
Conjugation of maain "to succeed (in)"
Infinitive maain
Present participle maaind
Past participle imecht
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S maai maai mechte mechte
2SI maaist mechtest maai
3S maai mechte
P maain maain mechten mechten maait
Conjugation of dogen "to be suitable (for), to be able (to)"
Infinitive dogen
Present participle dogend
Past participle idocht
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S düeg döge dochte dochte
2SI düegst dochtest doog
3S düeg dochte
P dogen dögen dochten dochten doogt
Conjugation of mouten "to possibly (do), to might"
Infinitive mouten
Present participle moutend
Past participle imoust
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
1S mout moute mouste mouste
2SI moutst moustest mout
3S mout mouste
P mouten mouten mousten mousten moutet

Syntax

Vocabulary

Time - Tijd

Seasons - Due jüertijde
English Voltch
spring lengten
summer zomer
fall häärvest
winter weenter
Days of the week - Due daais of döü weken
English Voltch
Sunday ierstendaai
Monday twuedendaai
Tuesday driddendaai
Wednesday vöürdendaai
Thursday vijftendaai
Friday zechstendaai
Saturday zöavedendaai
Parts of the day - Due duele of duem daaie
English Voltch
day daai
dawn daging
morning moargen
noon middaai
afternoon äftermiddaai
evening ieven
dusk nechting
night necht
midnight midnecht
Units of time - Uenhuedes of tijde
English Voltch
second zekoond
minute minuute
hour tijm
day daai
week weke
month mound
season jüertijd
year jüer
-->
Time adverbs - Tijdes bijwoorde
English Voltch
now nuu
then don
recently, a short time ago, just zuenuu
earlier räder
soon, shortly zoun
later zijd; läter
always zemblen
often often
sometimes wijlen
rarely zealden
never niever
ever iever
still, yet jijt
already ier
today toudaai
tonight tounecht
yesterday jirstendaai
last night jirstennecht
tomorrow toumoargen
before yesterday ierjirstendaai
two nights ago ierjirstennecht
after tomorrow oavermoargen
this week disse weke
last week lätste weke
next week nichste weke

Colours - Düeges

Colours - Due düeges
English Voltch
white wijt
grey grij
black zwäärt
red rüed
orange orancge
brown bruun
yellow jöale
green grein
blue blöü
pink rueze
purple poorper
golden göölden

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Älle men wöardet vröü and ilijc on uere and rechtem iboaren. Glöüscip and touknounes zind him jifted, and hij scolen...


  1. ^ a b c ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced /ə/.
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