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Carrick is written in the Latin alphabet: | Carrick is written in the Latin alphabet: | ||
:: ''a æ b d | :: ''a á æ ǽ b d e é f g h i í j k l m n o ó œ œ́ p r s t u ú v y ý'' | ||
===Vowels=== | |||
There are 8 pure vowels and 7 diphthongs, each of which has long and short variants. | |||
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;" | |||
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;" | |||
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front''' | |||
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close''' | |||
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"> | |||
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"| | |||
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i(ː)</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;">ʉ(ː)</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u(ː)</div> | |||
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">e(ː)</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">ɵ(ː)</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">o(ː)</div> | |||
<!-- MID VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ(ː)</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɔ(ː)</div> | |||
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<!-- OPEN VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1.5em; top: 86%; background: white;">ä(ː)</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div> | |||
|} | |||
</div></div> | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-close''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2;" | Pure Vowels | |||
|- | |||
! width="100px;" | Short !! width="100px;" | Long | |||
|- | |||
| '''a''' /ä/ || '''á''' /äː/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''æ''' /ɛ/ || '''ǽ''' /ɛː/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''e''' /e/ || '''é''' /eː/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''i''' /i// || '''í''' /iː/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''o''' /o/ || '''ó''' /oː/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''œ''' /ɵ/ || '''œ́''' /ɵː/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''ǫ''' /ɔ/ || '''ǫ́''' /ɔː/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''u''' /u/ || '''ú''' /uː/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''y''' /y/ || '''ý''' /yː/ | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2;" | Dipthongs | |||
|- | |||
| '''ai''' /æi/ || '''ái''' /æiː/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''au''' /au/ || '''áu''' /auː/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''ei''' /əi/ || '''éi''' /əiː/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''eu''' /əu/ || '''éu''' /əuː/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''ey''' /əy/ || '''éy''' /əyː/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''ou''' /ɔu/ || '''óu''' /ɔuː/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''oy''' /ɔy/ || '''óy''' /ɔyː/ | |||
|} | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Inherited Consonant Inventory of Common Brittonic | |||
|- | |||
! width="100px;| !! colspan="2;" | Bilabial || colspan="2;"| Dental/</br>Alveolar !! colspan="2;" | Palatal || colspan="2;"| Velar || colspan="2;"| Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! Plosive | |||
| width="50px;" | '''p''' /p/ || width="50px;" | '''b''' /b/ ||width="50px;" | '''t''' /t/ || width="50px;" |'''d''' /d/ ||width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | '''k''' /k/ ||width="50px;" | '''g''' /g/ || width="50px;" | || width="50px;" | | |||
|- | |||
! Fricative | |||
| '''f''' /ɸ/ || '''f''' (/β/) || '''th''' /θ/ <br> '''s''' /s/ || '''th''' (/ð/) <br> '''s''' (/z/) || || || '''h''' /x/ || '''h''' (/ɣ/ || || | |||
|- | |||
! Nasal | |||
| || '''m''' /m/ || || '''n''' /n/ || | || || || '''ng''' /(ŋ)/ || || | |||
|- | |||
! Approximant | |||
| || '''v''' /w/ || || '''l''' /l/ || || '''j''' /j/ || || || || | |||
|- | |||
! Trill | |||
| || || || '''r''' /r/ || || || || || || | |||
|} | |||
Notes | |||
* Fricatives ''f'', ''th'' and ''s'' are voiceless word-finally and initially, but voiced medially. | |||
* ''h'' has a number of allophonic variants. Word-finally it is /x/. Medially, between vowels it is usually /ɣ/, but before ''j, i'' it is /j/ and between ''u, ú'' or any diphthong ending in ''u'' and a back vowel, it is silent. | |||
===Mutations=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ Mutations | |+ Mutations | ||
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| ''vo'' || ''jo'' || - | | ''vo'' || ''jo'' || - | ||
|} | |} | ||
When ''a, á'' or ''au, áu'' are affected by both i-mutation and u-mutation simultaneously, the result is ''œ, œ́'' and ''oy, óy'' respectively. | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Generally speaking, polysyllabic forms follow the same paradigms but do not undergo i- or u-mutation unless there is a following vowel (e.g. '' | Generally speaking, polysyllabic forms follow the same paradigms but do not undergo i- or u-mutation unless there is a following vowel (e.g. ''árat'' "silver" (a, n.), g.sg. ''árat'' but n.pl. ''áreti''). Polysyllabic forms are also liable to lose the final vowel of the stem when endings are added when the syllable is short and this may obstruct mutations from occurring (e.g. ''dafath'' (a, m.), g.sg. ''dafath'' but n.pl. ''dafthi''). | ||
The vocalic stem classes include stems with either ''j'' or ''v'' in the stem (e.g. ''dan'' 'man', d.sg. ''dænju''; ''mor'' 'ant', d.sg. ''morvi''): | The vocalic stem classes include stems with either ''j'' or ''v'' in the stem (e.g. ''dan'' 'man', d.sg. ''dænju''; ''mor'' 'ant', d.sg. ''morvi''): | ||
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===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Personal==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! width="40px;" rowspan="2;" | !! colspan="2;" | Singular !! colspan="2;" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! width="50px;" | 1st !! width="50px;" | 2nd !! width="50px;" | 1st !! width="50px;" | 2nd | |||
|- | |||
! Nom. | |||
| ''mei'' || ''tey'' || rowspan="2;" | ''snei'' || rowspan="2;" |''sey'' | |||
|- | |||
! Acc. | |||
| ''mi'' || ''ti'' | |||
|- | |||
! Gen. | |||
| ''ma'' || ''tou'' || ''ar'' || ''sjor'' | |||
|- | |||
! Dat. | |||
| ''mei'' || ''tei'' || ''sney'' || ''seu'' | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||
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