Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean: Difference between revisions

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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
=== External classification ===


{{clade
{{clade
   |label1=Proto-Sapiens (?)
   |label1=''Homo sapiens'' (?)
   |1={{Clade
   |1={{Clade
       |1=Paleoafrican
       |1=Paleoafrican
Line 67: Line 69:
         }}
         }}
       }}
       }}
=== Internal classification ===
{{clade
  |label1='''Atlanto-Mediterranean'''
  |1={{Clade
      |label1=''Homo neanderthalensis'' (?)|state1=dashed
      |1={{clade
        |label1=Eastern European (?)|state1=dashed
            |1={{clade
              |1=xǂəʙ|state1=dashed
              }}
        |label2=Western European (?)|state2=dashed
            |2={{clade
              |1=bǁēɳ|state1=dashed
              |2=ɬándɮa|state2=dashed
              }}
            }}
      |label2=
      |2={{Clade
        |1=Anatolian 
        |label2=
        |2={{Clade
            |1=Pontic
            |label2=European
            |2={{Clade
              |label1=Eastern
              |1={{clade
                  |1=Nordic
                  |2=Alpine|state2=dashed
                  |3=Dinaric
                  }}
              |label2=Western
              |2={{clade
                  |1=Atlantic
                  |2=British|state2=dashed
                  |3=Mediterranean
                  }}
              }}
            }}
        }}
      }}
  }}


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
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|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="3" |Click
! colspan="3" |Click
|*(ʘ)
|(*ʘ > *pǀ)
|*ǀ
|*ǀ
|*ǃ
|*ǃ
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| colspan="2" |*ǂ
| colspan="2" |*ǂ
|
|
|*(qǂ)
|(*ʞ > *qǂ)
|
|
|
|
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=== Auxiliar stem: *(C)=VC[V] ===
=== Auxiliar stem: *(C)=VC[V] ===


*=əʔ- : to be (auxiliar verb [indefinite])
*=əʔ- : to be (auxiliar verb)
*=ɐʔ- : to be (auxiliar verb [imperfective])
 
*=ɨʔ- : to be (auxiliar verb [perfective])
{| class="wikitable"
|+Verbal and auxiliar ablaut patterns
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Realis
! rowspan="2" |Irrealis
|-
!Imperfective
!Perfective
|-
! rowspan="2" |Finitive
!Positive
|*-a-
|*-i-
|*-e-
|-
!Negative
|*-ɑ-
|*-u-
|*-o-
|-
! colspan="2" |Infinitive
|*-ɐ-
|*-ɨ-
|*-ə-
|}


=== Pronominal stem: *C[V]-(CV) ===
=== Pronominal stem: *C[V]-(CV) ===
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|*nə-dɮə > *ɳə
|*nə-dɮə > *ɳə
|*nə-dʑə > *ɲə
|*nə-dʑə > *ɲə
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Morphosyntactic alignment
!
!Impersonal
!Intransitive
!Transitive
!Ditransitive
|-
!Subject
| -
|Nominative-Absolutive
|Accusative-Ergative
|Accusative-Ergative
|-
!Direct object
| -
| -
|Accusative-Absolutive
|Accusative-Absolutive
|-
!Indirect object
| -
| -
| -
|Dative
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Nominal and pronominal ablaut patterns
!
!Indefinite
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative-Absolutive
|*-e-
|*-a-
|*-i-
|-
!Accusative-Ergative
|*-ə-
|*-ɐ-
|*-ɨ-
|-
!Accusative-Absolutive
|*-o-
|*-ɑ-
|*-u-
|-
!Dative
|*-e- / *-o-
|*-a- / *-ɑ-
|*-i- / *-u-
|-
!Genitive-Oblique
|*-e(ː)- / *-o(ː)-
|*-a(ː)- / *-ɑ(ː)-
|*-i(ː)- / *-u(ː)-
|-
!Vocative
|*-e(ː)- / *-ə(ː)-
|*-a(ː)- / *-ɐ(ː)-
|*-i(ː)- / *-ɨ(ː)-
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Numerals
|+Numerals
! colspan="2" |Numbers
!Cardinal
!Ordinal
|-
! rowspan="5" |First set
!1
|
|
|-
!2
|
|
|-
!3
|
|
|-
!4
|
|
|-
!5
|
|
|-
! rowspan="5" |Second set
!6
|
|
|-
!7
|
|
|-
|-
! Number !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
!8
|
|
|-
|-
| 1 || Example || Example
!9
|
|
|-
|-
| 2 || Example || Example
!10
|
|
|-
|-
| 3 || Example || Example
! rowspan="5" |Third set
!11
|
|
|-
|-
| 4 || Example || Example
!12
|
|
|-
|-
| 5 || Example || Example
!13
|
|
|-
|-
| 6 || Example || Example
!14
|
|
|-
|-
| 7 || Example || Example
!15
|
|
|-
|-
| 8 || Example || Example
! rowspan="5" |Fourth set
!16
|
|
|-
|-
| 9 || Example || Example
!17
|
|
|-
|-
| 10 || Example || Example
!18
|
|
|-
|-
| 11 || Example || Example
!19
|
|
|-
|-
| 12 || Example || Example
!20
|
|
|}
 
 
== Reconstructed lexicon ==
 
Some possible etymological relationships with other reconstructed language families can be seen in the notes. The captions are as follows: [EA] Eurasiatic, [AA] Afroasiatic, [DC] Sinocaucasian, [AD] Austric and [MK] Macro-Khoisan
 
=== Kinship ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Notes
|-
|-
| 13 || Example || Example
|*x1
|mother
|xx
|-
|-
| 14 || Example || Example
|*x2
|father
|xx
|-
|-
| 15 || Example || Example
|*x3
|sister
|xx
|-
|-
| 16 || Example || Example
|*x4
|brother
|xx
|}
 
=== Water ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Notes
|-
|-
| 17 || Example || Example
|*x1
|water
|xx
|-
|-
| 18 || Example || Example
|*qwanə *χwanə
|river
|[AA] *qʷ/ḫʷan-
|-
|-
| 19 || Example || Example
|*x3
|lake
|xx
|-
|-
| 20 || Example || Example
|*x4
|xxx
|xx
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 03:47, 10 July 2024

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
Proto-Paleoeuropean, Proto-Indo-Atlantic, Proto-Indo-Boreo-Atlantic
(Controversial)
Created byCaesar05
Date2023
SettingPossibly Near East or Europe
EthnicityEarly Eurasian Hunter-Gatherers
EraUpper Paleolithic
Early forms
Dialect
  • Disputed (?)
Aurignacian culture map-en.svg
Map of the Aurignacian culture distribution

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean is a hypothetical reconstructed language thought to be the ancestor of the Atlanto-Mediterranean proposed linguistic macrofamily. This large group includes several language families and isolated languages spoken primarily in Europe. Its origin is controversial and would be linked to the Ahmarian culture of the Middle East or the Aurignacian culture of Europe, both associated with the settlement of Europe by Homo sapiens during the Paleolithic. However, due to the extreme remoteness of this ancient language, its precise reconstruction faces enormous challenges. In the absence of direct evidence, one can only rely on speculation and the limited long range comparative historical evidence available.

Introduction

External classification

Homo sapiens (?)

Paleoafrican




Khoisan




Pygmean



African

Niger-Congo



Nilo-Saharan



Eurasian
Austran

Indo-Austro-Pacific



Atlanto-Mediterranean



Borean


Afroasiatic



Nostrato-Amerindian





Dené-Caucasian



Austric










Internal classification

Atlanto-Mediterranean
Homo neanderthalensis (?)
Eastern European (?)

xǂəʙ



Western European (?)

bǁēɳ



ɬándɮa






Anatolian




Pontic


European
Eastern

Nordic



Alpine



Dinaric



Western

Atlantic



British



Mediterranean








Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal
Laminal Apical Sublaminal
Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Postpalatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal *m *n *ɳ *ɲ *ŋ *ɴ
Plosive Voiceless Ejective *pʼ *tʼ *tsʼ *tɬʼ *tʃʼ *tɕʼ *kʼ *qʼ *ʡ *ʔ
Aspirated *pʰ *tʰ *tsʰ *tɬʰ *tʃʰ *tɕʰ *kʰ *qʰ
Voiced Plain *b *d *dz *dɮ *dʒ *dʑ *g *ɢ
Murmured *bʱ *dʱ *dzʱ *dɮʱ *dʒʱ *dʑʱ *gʱ *ɢʱ
Fricative Voiceless *f *θ *s *ɬ *ʃ *ɕ *x *χ *ħ *h
Voiced *v *ð *z *ɮ *ʒ *ʑ *ɣ *ʁ *ʕ *ɦ
Liquid Rhotic *ʙ *ɹ *ɻ *r *ʀ *ʢ
Lateral *l *ɭ *ʎ *ʟ
Click (*ʘ > *pǀ) *ǀ *ǃ *ǁ *ǂ (*ʞ > *qǂ)

Approximants

Labial Palatal Velar
Labial *ʋ *ɥ *w
Palatal *ɥ *j *ɧ
Velar *w *ɧ *ɰ

Vowels

Front Central Back
Short Long Short Long Short Long
High *i *iː *ɨ *ɨː *u *uː
Mid *e *eː *ə *əː *o *oː
Low *a *aː *ɐ *ɐː *ɑ *ɑː

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Auxiliar lexicon and morphology

Auxiliar stem: *(C)=VC[V]

  • =əʔ- : to be (auxiliar verb)
Verbal and auxiliar ablaut patterns
Realis Irrealis
Imperfective Perfective
Finitive Positive *-a- *-i- *-e-
Negative *-ɑ- *-u- *-o-
Infinitive *-ɐ- *-ɨ- *-ə-

Pronominal stem: *C[V]-(CV)

*ʔ- : pronoun [subject]
Person Indefinite Singular Plural
First *ʔə- > *ʔə *ʔə-bə > *pə *ʔə-gə > *kə
Second *ʔə-də > *tə *ʔə-ɢə > *qə *ʔə-dzə > *tsə
Third *ʔə-dʒə > *tʃə *ʔə-dɮə > *tɬə *ʔə-dʑə > *tɕə
*n- : pronoun [object]
Person Indefinite Singular Plural
First *nə- > *nə *nə-bə > *mə *nə-gə > *ŋə
Second *nə-də > *nə *nə-ɢə > *ɴə *nə-dzə > *nə
Third *nə-dʒə > *ɲə *nə-dɮə > *ɳə *nə-dʑə > *ɲə
Morphosyntactic alignment
Impersonal Intransitive Transitive Ditransitive
Subject - Nominative-Absolutive Accusative-Ergative Accusative-Ergative
Direct object - - Accusative-Absolutive Accusative-Absolutive
Indirect object - - - Dative
Nominal and pronominal ablaut patterns
Indefinite Singular Plural
Nominative-Absolutive *-e- *-a- *-i-
Accusative-Ergative *-ə- *-ɐ- *-ɨ-
Accusative-Absolutive *-o- *-ɑ- *-u-
Dative *-e- / *-o- *-a- / *-ɑ- *-i- / *-u-
Genitive-Oblique *-e(ː)- / *-o(ː)- *-a(ː)- / *-ɑ(ː)- *-i(ː)- / *-u(ː)-
Vocative *-e(ː)- / *-ə(ː)- *-a(ː)- / *-ɐ(ː)- *-i(ː)- / *-ɨ(ː)-

Auxiliar structures

Lexicon

Verbal stem: *(C)=VCVC[V]

Nominal stem: *CVC[V]-(CV)

Numerals
Numbers Cardinal Ordinal
First set 1
2
3
4
5
Second set 6
7
8
9
10
Third set 11
12
13
14
15
Fourth set 16
17
18
19
20


Reconstructed lexicon

Some possible etymological relationships with other reconstructed language families can be seen in the notes. The captions are as follows: [EA] Eurasiatic, [AA] Afroasiatic, [DC] Sinocaucasian, [AD] Austric and [MK] Macro-Khoisan

Kinship

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Notes
*x1 mother xx
*x2 father xx
*x3 sister xx
*x4 brother xx

Water

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Notes
*x1 water xx
*qwanə *χwanə river [AA] *qʷ/ḫʷan-
*x3 lake xx
*x4 xxx xx


Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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