Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean/Lexicon: Difference between revisions
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== Etymologies possibly linked to Nostratic == | == Etymologies possibly linked to Nostratic == | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean | |||
!Meaning | |||
!Notes | |||
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|*ŋV 1st p. pron. | |||
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|*mV 1st person pronoun | |||
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|*ŋV 1st person pronoun (exclusive?) | |||
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|*χwV 2nd person pronoun | |||
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|*nV 2nd person pronoun, thou | |||
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|*si 2nd person pronoun, thou | |||
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|*ṭ[u] 2nd person pronoun, thou | |||
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|*sV 3rd person pronoun | |||
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|*KVrdV a bird of prey | |||
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|*CVnCV a biting insect | |||
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|*nV a deictic element | |||
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|*nV a demonstrative element | |||
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|*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV) a horned animal | |||
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|*mVrV a k. of berry | |||
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|*[č`w]VHḳV a k. of bird | |||
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|*CVmV a k. of bird | |||
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|*CVmV a k. of bird | |||
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|*HalVḳV a k. of bird | |||
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|*HalVḳV a k. of bird | |||
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|*kaNV a k. of bird | |||
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|*kaNV a k. of bird | |||
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|*ḳUĺV a k. of bird | |||
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|*ḳUĺV a k. of bird | |||
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|*kVṗV a k. of bird | |||
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|*kVṗV a k. of bird | |||
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|*kwVtV a k. of bird | |||
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|*kwVtV a k. of bird | |||
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|*ĺVkĺVkV ? a k. of bird | |||
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|*sVgV (?) a k. of bird | |||
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|*SVlwV a k. of bird | |||
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|*SVlwV a k. of bird | |||
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|*ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV a k. of bird | |||
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|*k[i̯a]ma 'a k. of aquatic bird' a k. of bird | |||
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|*KVwrV a k. of bird (gallinacean) | |||
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|*c`iŋu a k. of bone | |||
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|*lVnṭV a k. of cereal | |||
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|*lVnṭV a k. of cereal | |||
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|*ṭVḳV a k. of duck | |||
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|*ṭVḳV a k. of duck or hen | |||
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|*č`VHmV a k. of fish | |||
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|*kVrV a k. of fish | |||
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|*kVrV a k. of fish | |||
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|*kećä 'k. of fish' a k. of fish | |||
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|*ńowŋa salmon a k. of fish | |||
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|*mVsV a k. of fruit | |||
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|*mVsV a k. of fruit | |||
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|*KVwrV a k. of gallinacean bird | |||
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|*wVĺV a k. of grass | |||
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|*wVĺV a k. of grass | |||
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|*cVmV a k. of grass | |||
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|*mula a k. of horned animal | |||
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|*mula a k. of horned animal | |||
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|*KUmV a k. of insect | |||
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|*KUmV a k. of insect | |||
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|*ḳUṭḳV a k. of insect | |||
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|*ḳUṭḳV a k. of insect | |||
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|*lVŋV a k. of insect | |||
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|*mVḳV a k. of insect | |||
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|*mVḳV a k. of insect | |||
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|*pUḳV a k. of insect | |||
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|*pVN(T)V ? a k. of insect | |||
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|*ṗVnǯV a k. of insect | |||
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|*či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u) a k. of insect | |||
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|*m[a]ŋi a k. of insect | |||
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|*ṗVnǯV a k. of insect, louse | |||
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|*c`UtV a k. of liquid | |||
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|*sUŋV a k. of onion | |||
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|*bVrV a k. of predator | |||
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|*KVrdV a k. of predator | |||
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|*[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́ a k. of rodent | |||
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|*lVmV a k. of sack | |||
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|*jVwV (*ʔVjwV) a k. of tree | |||
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|*jVwV (*ʔVjwV) a k. of tree | |||
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|*kojw[a] a k. of tree | |||
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|*NEḳrV a k. of tree | |||
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|*ʔilVmV a k. of tree | |||
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|*cVHnV ( ~ *c`-) a k. of ungulate | |||
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|*CVxnV a k. of ungulate | |||
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|*mVnV a k. of ungulate | |||
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|*ḳVwKV a k. of vessel | |||
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|*pVNV a k. of vessel | |||
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|*sVgV (?) a k. of water bird (gull) | |||
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|*lVlV a part of leg, foot | |||
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|*cwVkV ( ~ čw-) a small animal | |||
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|*mVwć`wV a stinging insect | |||
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|*pUḳV a stinging insect | |||
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|*eli all | |||
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|*kalV ? all, join | |||
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|*mVwcwV an insect | |||
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|*čă k𝑎̆𝑘i 'a k. of insect' an insect | |||
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|*CV(n)CV ? an internal organ | |||
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|*morV an ungulate | |||
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|*jVrV angry | |||
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|*mVńCV animal hair | |||
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|*mVńcV ( ~ -c`-) animal hair | |||
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|*gujrV antelope | |||
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|*gujrV antelope | |||
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|*gara arm | |||
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|*küjnV arm | |||
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|*lVlV arm | |||
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|*ćVḳV arm, leg | |||
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|*ḳVwVŋV armpit | |||
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|*čVbV army, people | |||
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|*ṗVdwV; cf. also "Alt. "*pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 'light' ashes, burn | |||
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|*ṗVlV ashes, dirt | |||
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|*dVgV back | |||
*gedV back | |||
*gedV back | |||
*sVrV back | |||
*tVbV back | |||
*tVbV back | |||
*ʔarV back | |||
*ʔarV back | |||
*kuNṭV back, rear | |||
*ṗVŋV back, side | |||
*bVHCV bad | |||
*ʔVkV bad | |||
*ʔVkV bad | |||
*darV bad, dirty | |||
*darV bad, dirty | |||
*bVHCV bad, evil | |||
*sogwV ( ~ š-) bad, harm | |||
*ḳerV bark | |||
*ḳerV bark | |||
*ḲopV bark | |||
*ḲopV bark | |||
*ḳuLV bark | |||
*ḳVrṗV bark | |||
*ṭUgV ( ~ -H-) bark, cover | |||
*ḳuLV bark, peel | |||
*ḳVrṗV bark, skin | |||
*ḳocV basket | |||
*ḳoćV basket | |||
*kwVrV (~ gw) be angry | |||
*kwVrV (~ gw) be angry | |||
*HVŕV be destroyed, fall apart | |||
*ḳOṗV be full | |||
*ḳOṗV be full, complete | |||
*lVχV be ill | |||
*lVχV be ill | |||
*HVwV be satiated (?) | |||
*gVlV be smooth | |||
*nVkV be visible, see | |||
*biχV beat | |||
*biχV beat | |||
*ṭoḳV beat | |||
*ṭoḳV beat | |||
*buṭV beat, break | |||
*SUTV (?) beat, hit | |||
*SUTV (?) beat, hit | |||
*ṭapħa beat, hit | |||
*ṭapħa beat, hit | |||
*ṗVrV bee | |||
*ṗVrV bee, insect | |||
*[šw]VtV behind, buttock | |||
*SVtV behind, buttock | |||
*wa[n]čV belly | |||
*wa[n]ʒ́wV belly | |||
*gwVlV belly, entrails | |||
*kuŋV belly, heart | |||
*kuŋV belly, heart | |||
*gUtV / *kUtV belly, intestines | |||
*gUtV / *kUtV belly, intestines | |||
*gwVlV belly, liver | |||
*Ḳarbi belly, stomach | |||
*Ḳarbi belly, stomach | |||
*HalV below | |||
*HalV below | |||
*ḳVlV ? bend | |||
*ḳVŋV bend | |||
*ṭoŋV bend | |||
*mVrV berry | |||
*mVkV big | |||
*t`VwjV ? big | |||
*wol[a] big | |||
*wol[a] big | |||
*ḳUlV big fish | |||
*ḳUlV big fish | |||
*dVnwV big tree | |||
*dVnwV big tree | |||
*tVdV big, full | |||
*pVKV big, heavy | |||
*mVkV big, large | |||
*č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-) big, thick | |||
*č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-) big, thick | |||
*tVdV big, thick | |||
*ʔVnV big, very | |||
*ʔVnV big, very | |||
*bišV ( ~ -č`-) bile | |||
*KuTV bind | |||
*KVrV bind | |||
*kojw[a] birch | |||
*[č`w]VHḳV bird | |||
*HVwjV bird | |||
*HVwjV bird | |||
*ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-) bird's tail | |||
*käjwV (?-b-) bite, chew ? | |||
*ḳVCV bite, tear | |||
*CVnCV biting insect | |||
*gVcwV(~-čw- ) bitter | |||
*sVbV bitter | |||
*bišV ( ~ -č`-) bitter, gall ? | |||
*gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- ) bitter, sour | |||
*ḳarV black | |||
*ḳarV black | |||
*ʔVbV ? black | |||
*ʔVbV ? black | |||
*ḳUmV black, dark | |||
*ḳUmV black, dark | |||
*mVCHV black, dark | |||
Drav. *nal- 'black' black, dark | |||
*sVrV black, night | |||
*ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV black-cock | |||
*ʔVlV blade, awl | |||
*ʔVlV blade, whetstone | |||
*HVlVḳV blister, abscess | |||
*HVlVḳV blister, wound | |||
*bUjlV ? blood | |||
*bUjlV blood? blood | |||
*ḳVnV blood blood | |||
*wirV blood | |||
*ʔVsxV blood | |||
*ḳVnV blood, blood vessel | |||
*HwinV blood, breath | |||
*ʔVsxV blood, breath | |||
*ḳurV blood, red | |||
*ḳurV blood, red blood, red | |||
*cwVnV spirit; blood blood, spirit | |||
*mVLV blood; marrow | |||
*wirV blood; red | |||
*swVNV blue | |||
*swVNV blue | |||
*ṭVlV board, stick | |||
*bVdV body | |||
*bVdV body, belly | |||
*borV, *buŕa boil | |||
*borV, *buŕa boil | |||
*ḳVju boil, burn | |||
*girV bone | |||
*girV bone | |||
*HV(w)[č`]V bone | |||
*HV(w)čV bone | |||
*ḳač`V bone | |||
*ḳaCV bone | |||
*ʒ́VmV ? (cf. also *c`iŋu) bone | |||
*ṗVjNV bone, tooth | |||
*ṗVjNV bone, tooth | |||
*ʔVṗV bosom | |||
*ʔVṗV bosom | |||
? FU *luwV (*luɣV) 'horse' bovine ? | |||
*büḲa bow | |||
*ṭoŋV bow, arc | |||
*tajV bow, lean | |||
*mVŋV brain | |||
*mVŋV brain | |||
*wVṭV(mV) brain, head | |||
*wVṭV(mV) brain, marrow; head | |||
*rVṭV branch | |||
*rVṭV branch, rod | |||
*HelV branch, stick | |||
*šVṭV ? branch, twig, rod | |||
*cVṗV break, chop | |||
*buṭV break, split | |||
*[c]V(n)ʒwV breast | |||
*ḳerdV breast | |||
*ṗome breast | |||
*ʔudV breast, belly | |||
*mälgi breast, udder | |||
*mälgi breast, udder | |||
*sVwHV breath, smell | |||
*bVrḳV bright | |||
*ʔVǯV bright | |||
*ʔVǯV bright | |||
*boŕa brown | |||
*boŕa brown | |||
*KVŋV brown, dark | |||
*KVŋV ? brown, yellow | |||
*ŋalmV bug, flea | |||
*dwVmV build, house | |||
"Alt. "*mūga 'bonfire' burn | |||
*ṗaĺV burn | |||
*ṗaĺV burn | |||
*ṗVrV burn | |||
*wVrV burn | |||
*wVrV burn | |||
*buKV burn, bake | |||
Alt. *t`èmo ( ~ t-) burn, kindle burn, boil | |||
*qoṭi burn, fire | |||
*qoṭi burn, fire | |||
*t`ülV burn, fire | |||
*gUrV burn, hot coals | |||
*gUrV burn, hot coals | |||
*buKV burn, roast | |||
*ḳVńV burn, roast, dry | |||
*Cajŋa ? burn, shine | |||
*ʒajŋa ? burn, shine | |||
*paḳV burst | |||
*ṗVrṗVlV butterfly | |||
*ṗVrṗVlV butterfly | |||
*ṗVrV buy, sell | |||
*ṗVrV ( ~ p-) calf | |||
*ṗVrV ( ~ p-) calf, bull | |||
*morV cattle; horse | |||
*ḳVjwV cave, hole | |||
*ḳVjwV cave, hole | |||
*ṗVlV cheek ? | |||
*bUrV chest, belly | |||
*bUrV chest, belly | |||
*mVḳV child | |||
*berV child, to bear | |||
*berV child, to bear | |||
*kenV chin | |||
*kenV (cf. also *kVngV) chin | |||
Alt. *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-) 'cheek bone' chin, beard | |||
*kVṗV chin, jaw | |||
*cVṗV chop | |||
*ḳUṭV (cf. also *ḳVtV) chopped piece, to cut | |||
*ʔarV clan member | |||
*pVnV clay, mud | |||
*pVnV clay, mud | |||
*ḳa(j)dV clothing | |||
*bVl(w)V cloud | |||
*bVl(w)V cloud | |||
*CuxLV coals, burn | |||
*CuxLV coals, soot, burn | |||
*[z]VrV cold | |||
*KurV cold | |||
*KurV cold | |||
*SVŋV cold | |||
*ʒ́VrV cold | |||
*SVŋV cold, frost | |||
*Horä come, go; rise | |||
*pVnč`wV (?) coniferous tree | |||
*pVnč`wV (?) coniferous tree, resin | |||
*ḳVnVṭV corner, enclosure ? | |||
*ḳVnVṭV corner, wall | |||
*dwVrV court, enclosure | |||
*ṭUgV ( ~ -H-) cover | |||
*ḳaṗV cover, close | |||
*ḳaṗV cover, close | |||
*kar-/*ker- crane | |||
*kar-/*ker- crane | |||
*c`VrV crust | |||
*ḳUrV curved, bent | |||
*čVḳV ( ~ *č`-) cut | |||
*ḳUṭV cut | |||
*ḳVc`V cut | |||
*kVlV ? cut | |||
*CarV cut, sharp | |||
*HamV dark | |||
*rVmV dark | |||
*rVmV dark | |||
*sVmV dark | |||
*ṭVmV dark | |||
*ṭVmV dark | |||
*muṭV dark dark, black | |||
*mVCHV dark, black | |||
*sVmV dark dark, black | |||
*muṭV dark, cloudy | |||
*kVcwV ( ~ -čw-) darkness, night | |||
*gojńV dawn | |||
*gojńV dawn, light | |||
*lVwŋV dawn, light | |||
*lVwŋV dawn, noon | |||
*dʷVjɣV day, shine | |||
*dʷVjɣV day, shine | |||
*ŋera day, sun, light | |||
*ŋVwV decease | |||
*mVnV deer | |||
*ʔelV deer | |||
*ʔelV deer | |||
*ʔoru deer, antilope | |||
*pOgV deer, he-goat | |||
*mV demonstr. pronoun | |||
*mV demonstr. pronoun | |||
*ṭV demonstr. pronoun | |||
*ṭV demonstr. pronoun | |||
*ḳV demonstrative pronoun | |||
*sV demonstrative pronoun | |||
*rVCV dew, liquid | |||
*muṭV die, finish | |||
*HwelV die, starve | |||
PIE *nek'- die; kill | |||
*ḳVṗV dig, hack | |||
*gwVCV direction, road | |||
*gwVCV direction, road, pass | |||
*böḳa dirt | |||
*c`VrV dirt | |||
*c`VrV dirt | |||
*kodV dirt | |||
*kodV ? dirt | |||
*lVḳwV dirt | |||
*magV dirt, earth ? | |||
*[ʒ]VḳV dirt, faeces | |||
*SVḳV dirt, faeces | |||
*KUCV ? dog | |||
*ḳVpV ? dog | |||
*ḳVpV ? dog | |||
*ŋindV dog | |||
*ŋindV dog | |||
*ŋVḳV dog | |||
*bVrV dog, wolf | |||
*KUCV [?] dog, wolf | |||
*ŋVḳV dog, wolf | |||
*CVm(ŋ)V dream | |||
*jVgU drink | |||
*CUtV drink, liquid | |||
*ʔEmV drink, swallow | |||
*HVṗV drink, water | |||
*gwVlV dry | |||
*ḳVjwV(rV) dry | |||
*ḳVjwV(rV) dry | |||
*kVkV dry | |||
*kVk𝑉𝑘V dry | |||
*KVmV dry | |||
*ḳVs(w)V dry | |||
*sušV dry | |||
*śušV dry dry | |||
*gwVlV (cf. also */ḳ/alV) dry, burn | |||
*ḳorV dung, mud | |||
*bur(H)V dust | |||
*bur(H)V dust | |||
*ṭVṭV dust, ashes | |||
*ṭVṭV dust, ashes, smoke | |||
*böḳa dust, dirt | |||
*gülV dwelling | |||
*gülV dwelling | |||
*KVrWV ear | |||
*KVrWV ear | |||
*ʔVCV early | |||
*ʔVrV early | |||
*ʔVrV early | |||
*ʔVcwV early, dawn | |||
*DVG- earth | |||
*DVG- earth | |||
*magV earth | |||
*ṭVŕV earth, dust | |||
*ṭVŕV earth, dust | |||
*UNV eat | |||
Drav. tin- 'eat' eat | |||
*UNV eat, drink | |||
*cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-) top, summit edge | |||
*Hońća edge | |||
*HońcV edge | |||
*mVcV ( ~ -c`-) edge | |||
*ṗerV edge | |||
*PVlV edge | |||
*PVlV (but cf. also *ṗVlV) edge | |||
*mVcV ( ~ -c`-) edge, side | |||
*ṗerV edge, side | |||
*ṭUĺV egg | |||
*ṭUĺV egg | |||
*c`VjḳV elbow, forearm | |||
*küjnV elbow, knee | |||
*ʔaḳV elder brother or sister | |||
*eńV elder brother/sister | |||
*ʔVṭV (cf. also *tajV) elder male relative, father | |||
*ʔaḳV elder relative | |||
*ʔVṭV elder relative | |||
*ʔilVmV elm | |||
*gErV enclosure | |||
*gVrdV enclosure | |||
*gVrdV enclosure | |||
*wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-) enclosure | |||
*dwVrV enclosure, yard | |||
*gErV enclosure, yard | |||
*[s]UwV end; mouth | |||
*ḳarV enemy | |||
*ḳarV enemy | |||
*SVKV evening | |||
*sVrV evening | |||
*ʒwVṗV evening | |||
*ʒwVṗV evening, sleep | |||
*sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-) extinguish extinguish | |||
*HuḲa eye, see | |||
*HuḲa eye, see | |||
*HwVlV eye, see | |||
*SVmrV eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head | |||
*mVŋV face | |||
*kVṗV face, chin | |||
*pVNV face, forehead | |||
*mVĺV face, head | |||
*mVṭV face, head | |||
*pVNV ? face, head | |||
*mVŋV face, nose, mouth | |||
*mVṭV face, skin on head | |||
*ḳVtV fall | |||
*HewV fall, descend | |||
*HewV(jV) fall, descend, disappear | |||
*ḳUlV far; next | |||
*PV[s]V fart | |||
*PVSV fart | |||
*gwVjV fat | |||
*gwVjV fat | |||
*sebV ( ~ ś-, š-) fat, intestines | |||
*aṗV father | |||
*aṗV father | |||
*ṗVĺV feather | |||
*ṗVĺV feather, tail | |||
*nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-) female | |||
*ṗenV female | |||
*mVṭV female genitalia | |||
*mVṭV female genitalia | |||
*kälU female in-law | |||
*kälU female in-law | |||
*eńV female relative | |||
*mVjNV female relative | |||
*mVjNV female relative | |||
*natV female relative | |||
*natV female relative | |||
*wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-) fence, enclosure | |||
*HwelV fight, kill | |||
*pVrV finger | |||
*č`wVṗV finger, claw | |||
*č`wVṗV finger, claw | |||
*pVrV finger, fingernail | |||
*ḳVrV finger, toe | |||
*CVCxV fire | |||
*dʷVɣV fire | |||
*dʷVɣV fire | |||
*ṗVxwV fire | |||
*ṗVxwV fire | |||
*zVcwxV fire | |||
*HenkV fire, burn | |||
*HenkV fire, burn | |||
*nVjV fire, burn | |||
*ŋera fire, burn | |||
*ṗVrV fire, burn | |||
*ʔumV ? fire, burn | |||
*ʔumV ? fire, burn | |||
*cVḳV ( ~ *č-) fire, to strike fire | |||
*lVmV fire, warmth | |||
*č`VHmV fish | |||
*dVgV fish | |||
*dVgV fish | |||
*mVǯHV fist | |||
*ṗVnḳV fist, handle | |||
*kompV fist, wrist | |||
*mVǯHV fist; ? squeeze with a fist, crumple | |||
*lVṗV flat | |||
*lVṗV flat | |||
*ṭaPV flat | |||
*ṭaPV flat | |||
*ṗVlHV flat, level | |||
*ṗVlHV flat, level | |||
*ṭalV flat, plain | |||
*pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV) flea | |||
*pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV) flea | |||
*SVĺV flesh, fat flesh, blood | |||
*c`ebV flesh, fat | |||
*swVĺV flesh, fat | |||
*ńVjrV flow | |||
*ńVjrV flow | |||
*bVlV flow, gush | |||
*bVlV flow, gush | |||
*ṗarV fly | |||
*ṗarV fly | |||
*ṗVlV fly, flea | |||
*ṗVlV fly, midge | |||
*musV fog | |||
*HVlV food | |||
*HVlV food, eat | |||
*tVlV foolish, deceive | |||
*bVl(m)V foot, knee | |||
*ṗVHdV foot, sole | |||
*ḳVrV foot, toe | |||
*ni̯VnV forest, wilderness | |||
*NVlV four | |||
*[čw]VlɣV fox | |||
*[čw]VlɣV fox, weasel | |||
*lVmV fragile | |||
*sVŋV fringe, thread | |||
*śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-) fringe, thread | |||
*gwVrV frog | |||
*gwVrV frog | |||
*HalV front | |||
*HanṭV front | |||
*HanṭV front | |||
*ʔedV front, breast front | |||
*mVńV front, breast | |||
*mVńV front, breast | |||
*ʔedV front, breast | |||
*newRV front, nose | |||
*HalV front, outside | |||
*pič`V frost, cold | |||
*čVgV frozen snow | |||
*čVgV frozen snow | |||
*bVrq̇wV fruit | |||
*bVrq̇wV fruit | |||
*HVp`V ? full | |||
*HVPVTV full | |||
*malV full | |||
*ṭVngV full | |||
*ṭVngV full | |||
*tVrV full | |||
*wV(n)CV full, all | |||
*wV(n)CV full, all | |||
*ṭVmV full, fill | |||
*HarV furrow | |||
*HarV furrow, hoe | |||
*ṗVrV buy, assemble gather, assemble | |||
*ḳUṭV genitalia | |||
*ḳUṭV genitalia | |||
*malV get in pairs, pair > two | |||
*ga get, obtain | |||
*ajṭV ~ *amṭV? gift, allotment | |||
*ajṭV ~ *amṭV? gift, allotment | |||
*ćwVHV give | |||
*gi[ɫ]ħu glittering | |||
*gi[ɫ]ħu glittering | |||
*[c]VbV glue | |||
*ćabV glue, join | |||
*HVŕV go astray, fall apart | |||
*HVjV go, come | |||
*HVjV go, follow | |||
*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV) goat | |||
*ʔoru goat, deer | |||
*pOgV goat, ram, deer | |||
*mVlV good | |||
*näḳi good | |||
*näḳi good (of soul) | |||
*bVtV ? good, big | |||
*dUgV good, fit | |||
*wVlV good, new | |||
*ʔVjV good, proper | |||
*ʔVjsV good, take care ? | |||
*ĺVkĺVkV goose | |||
*SVrV grain | |||
*SVrV grain | |||
*kamV grasp | |||
*kamV grasp | |||
*HamV grasp, seize, press | |||
*kuCu grass | |||
*ćVmV grass, reed | |||
*c`UlV grass, twigs | |||
*kuč`u grass, vegetables | |||
*c'VjrV grey | |||
*c'VjrV grey | |||
*ṗoŋV gum, resin, mud | |||
*ńVjlV part of face, gums gums | |||
*oŕV guts, inside | |||
*ṭanV hack | |||
*cVḳV hair | |||
*k`VSV hair | |||
*ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV] hair | |||
*ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV] hair | |||
*nVwrV hair | |||
*nVwrV hair | |||
*ŋVjV hair | |||
*p`un(́)V hair | |||
*p`un(́)V hair | |||
*pUdV hair | |||
*sVHrV hair | |||
*sVHrV hair | |||
*ṭVrV hair | |||
*ṭVrV hair | |||
*k`VSV hair ? | |||
*Ḳila hair, beard | |||
*burV hair, eyebrow | |||
*pUdV (? *HapUdV) hair, feather | |||
*burV hair, hair of head | |||
*q̇irV hair, head | |||
*ŋVjV hair, rope | |||
*Ḳila hair, stalk | |||
*sVPV hair, tail | |||
*palV half, part | |||
*mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?) hand | |||
*mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?) hand | |||
*kompV hand(ful) | |||
*bVgu hand, arm | |||
*udV hand, arm | |||
*ŋVlV ? hand, bone | |||
*ŋVlV ? hand, elbow | |||
*ṗVnḳV hand, fist | |||
*udV hand, limb | |||
*ḳVmV ? hard | |||
*ḳVmV ? hard, bone | |||
*pVKV hard, firm | |||
*sogwV ( ~ š-) harm, deceive | |||
*c`VrV harsh, ragged | |||
*q̇irV head | |||
*ḳapV head, back of head | |||
*sVmV hear | |||
*SVmV hear | |||
*ḳiwlV hear, ear | |||
NY *me- 'hear; ear' hear, ear | |||
*sVʎV(mV) heart | |||
*śVʎV(mV) heart | |||
*ḳerdV heart, breast | |||
*[H]indV heat | |||
*mVnḳV heavy, labour | |||
*cVčV herd | |||
*berg[i] high | |||
*berg[i] high | |||
*TVGV high | |||
*tujpV hill | |||
*bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-) hill, rock | |||
*tujpV hill, top | |||
*wVdV hit | |||
*wVdV hit | |||
*HangV (cf. also *wonkV) hole | |||
*k`VCV hole | |||
*ḳUrV hole | |||
*wonkV hole | |||
*ḳVwVŋV hole, cavity | |||
*gop`a hole, empty | |||
*gop`a hole, empty | |||
*k`VCV hole, mouth | |||
*p`u[ṭ]V hole, vulva | |||
*HVlwV hollow | |||
*HVlwV hollow, cavity | |||
*ḳäṗV hoof | |||
*ḳäṗV hoof | |||
*sUdV hoof | |||
*ṭUṗV hoof | |||
*ṭUṗV hoof hoof, finger(nail) | |||
*c`UdV hoof, hoof deformation | |||
*ḳirV horn | |||
*mVrgV horn | |||
*mVrgV horn; root | |||
*bVrV horned animal | |||
*bVrV horned animal | |||
*ṗäḳV hot, warm | |||
*pVrV house | |||
*ʔU[ṭ]V house | |||
*ḳojmV village, hut house, village | |||
*mVk`V humid, wet | |||
*ʔVkV (*ʔVgV) I, myself | |||
*ʔVkV (*ʔVgV) I, myself; we [1st p. pronoun] | |||
*mV I, we [1st p. pronoun] | |||
*jVkV ice, cold | |||
*jVkV ice, cold | |||
*m[ä]rV ill, die | |||
*m[ä]rV ill, die | |||
*tVkV insect, vermine | |||
*tVkV insect, vermine | |||
*ḳwVŋV insect, worm | |||
*lVŋV insect, worm | |||
*ʔudV inside, stomach | |||
*ŋiV interrog. or relat. pronoun | |||
*ŋiV interrog. or relative pronoun | |||
*ḳV interrogative pronoun | |||
*mV interrogative pronoun | |||
*[c']VlV intestine | |||
*ć'VlV intestine | |||
*ḳUʒwV intestine | |||
*ḳUʒ́wV intestines | |||
*ḳVmV stomach, intestines ? intestines | |||
*lVŋ(d)V intestines | |||
*oŕV intestines | |||
*ʔVŋV jaw, palate | |||
*ʔVŋV jaw, palate | |||
*bVgu joint, limb | |||
*bVjV joy | |||
*bVjV joy, desire | |||
*sVḳV ( ~ š-) juice, ferment | |||
*lVKV jump, run | |||
*lVŋ(d)V kidney, heart | |||
*KolV kill | |||
*ḳVwχV kill | |||
*bVl(m)V knee | |||
*sVnV knee, ankle | |||
*kUŋ[d]V knife, cut, break | |||
*ṭanV know | |||
*ṭanV (?*-ŋ-) know know, hear | |||
*nerV know, name | |||
*lVmbV large fish | |||
*zīwe(ŋkV) large predator | |||
*zīwe(ŋkV) large predator | |||
*sUrV large, heavy | |||
*sUrV large, heavy | |||
*gUlV laugh | |||
*gUlV laugh, merry | |||
*bolV leaf | |||
*bolV leaf | |||
*lVṗV leaf | |||
*ṗVlV leaf tree | |||
*ṗVlV leaf tree | |||
*lVṗV leaf, bark | |||
*HelV leaf, branch | |||
Alt. *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud' leaf, flower | |||
*HVrVlV (*HVlVrV) leaf; reed? | |||
*ɫaḳV leg | |||
*ɫaḳV leg | |||
*ḳVwlV leg, arm | |||
*ḳVwlV leg, limb | |||
*ṭalV level ground | |||
*laḳV lick | |||
*laḳV lick | |||
*lašV ? lick | |||
*lašV ? lick | |||
*talV lick, drink | |||
*ḳVwjV lie | |||
*Howri light, burn | |||
*Howri light, burn | |||
*SulV light, loose | |||
*HVlV light, shine | |||
*HVlV light, shine | |||
*jVḳV light, shine | |||
*jVḳV light, shine | |||
*mVlV light, shine | |||
*ṗVHdV limb | |||
*kanpV lip, soft excrescence | |||
*kanpV lip, soft excrescence | |||
*GurV liquid | |||
*GurV liquid | |||
*lVṭV liquid | |||
*lVṭV liquid | |||
*sVwV liquid | |||
*śVwV liquid | |||
*lVḳwV liquid, dirt | |||
*L[ä]jV liquid, flow | |||
Alt. *pi̯ā̀ki liver liver | |||
CK *ponta " liver | |||
*tVrV(ŋV) liver, belly | |||
*mVLV blood, marrow? liver, intestines | |||
*mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV) lizard, slug | |||
*mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV) lizard, worm | |||
*zVmV loins, groin | |||
*tel(ḥ)V long | |||
*tel(ḥ)V long | |||
*śVnV long bone | |||
*[s]VPV long hair, tail | |||
*ḳUlV long, far | |||
*HVgU long, high | |||
*wVŕV long, wide | |||
*wVŕV long, wide | |||
*SulV loose | |||
*lVCV loose(n) | |||
*pVN(T)V ? louse | |||
*ṭäjV louse | |||
*ṭäjV louse | |||
*ñejV louse, nit | |||
*ʔVjV love, good | |||
*mVnzV luminary | |||
*mVnʒ́V luminary | |||
*pVjLV lung, liver | |||
*pVjLV lung, spleen | |||
*gVntV male | |||
*gVntV male | |||
*mVḳV male, male child | |||
*ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-) man | |||
*mänV man | |||
*mänV man | |||
*m[o]nV many | |||
*m[o]nV many | |||
*ṗalV many | |||
*ṗV(H)- ? many | |||
*bVtV ? many, big | |||
*ṗalV many, full | |||
*[sw]VjmV marsh | |||
*[sw]VjmV marsh, uncultivated land | |||
*ḳ[u]nV marten | |||
*ḳ[u]nV marten | |||
*ńVḳV(rV) meat | |||
*sUḳV meat | |||
*ʔomsV meat | |||
*ʔomśV meat | |||
*cVč𝑉čV meat, animal | |||
*sUḳV meat, deer | |||
*mVḳV meat, liver | |||
*mVḳV meat, liver | |||
*ńVḳV(rV) meat, roe, intestines | |||
*ʔarV member of the clan | |||
*mVtV moisture | |||
*mVtV moisture | |||
*ṭVlgV(nV) moon, heavenly body | |||
*ṭVlgV(nV) moon, luminary | |||
*ṗuKdV (?) morning | |||
*HamV morning / evening | |||
*SVKV morning ~ evening | |||
*ŋańV morning, clear sky | |||
*kuńV ? moth | |||
*ʔVjV ? mother | |||
*ʔVjV ? mother | |||
*ʔVmV mother | |||
*ʔVmV mother, woman | |||
*balV mountain | |||
*malV mountain | |||
*malV mountain | |||
*wVrV mountain | |||
*wVrV mountain | |||
*TVGV mountain, high | |||
*balV mountain, hill | |||
*gʷVrV mountain, hill | |||
*gʷVrV mountain, hill | |||
*ṗVrV mountain, top | |||
*ṗVrV mountain, top | |||
*cVḳV ( ~ *c`-) mouse | |||
*CVḳV (cf. also *cwVkV ( ~ čw-)) mouse, squirrel | |||
*gʷVĺV mouse, squirrel | |||
*[s]UwV mouth | |||
*HVwV mouth, hole | |||
*HVwV mouth, hole | |||
*č`VmV ? mouth; eat | |||
*ʔVpV mouth; speak | |||
*ʔVpV mouth; to speak | |||
*ḳorV mud, dung | |||
*ṗoŋV mud; gum, resin | |||
*HVwV multitude; be satiated | |||
*pUtV mushroom, fungus | |||
*pUtV mushroom, sponge | |||
*luku naked, take off clothes | |||
*ĺVm(ŋ)V name | |||
*ĺVm(ŋ)V name | |||
*ṗVtV name | |||
*ṗVtV name, call | |||
*šamV name, shape | |||
*[s]VKV nape, back | |||
*śVKV nape, back | |||
*dVgV nape; back | |||
*č`VnV narrow | |||
*ṭijV narrow | |||
*č`VnV narrow, thin | |||
*ʔVbV near | |||
*ḳVlV neck | |||
*kVŋkV neck, collar | |||
*HVŋV neck, throat | |||
*ḳVlV neck, throat | |||
*nVKV neck, vertebra | |||
*ʔVlV negative particle | |||
*ʔVlV negative particle | |||
*ʔe negative verb | |||
*žVjŋV new | |||
*CVrV new, fresh | |||
*žVjŋV new, good | |||
*CVrV new, young | |||
*wVlV new, young | |||
*HUdV night | |||
*kVcwV ( ~ -čw-) night | |||
*lVlV night | |||
*lVlV night | |||
? *ŋańV 'morning, clear sky' night, dawn | |||
*HUdV night, sleep | |||
*zVNV night, sleep | |||
*ʒ́iNV night, sleep | |||
*ʔamV night, sleep | |||
*ñejV nit | |||
*sajrV nit, louse | |||
*sajrV ( ~ *ś-) nit, louse | |||
*ḳVŋV nose | |||
*ḳVŋV nose | |||
*ne(H)wRV nose | |||
*ŋVkCV nose | |||
*wiKV (?*ujKV) nose | |||
*wiKV (?*ujKV) nose | |||
*CVxrV nose, nostril | |||
*cwVxrV nose, nostril | |||
*ʔVnV not | |||
*ʔVnV not, negative particle | |||
*ʔe not, negative verb | |||
*gVrVbV notch, sign | |||
*nVwV now; new | |||
*nVwV now; new | |||
*tVrV numerous, full | |||
(cf. PIE *ar- 'nut') nut, fruit | |||
*gwVrV old | |||
*gwVrV old | |||
*zVr(d)V old | |||
*ʔUdV one | |||
*ʔUdV one | |||
*ʔVrV one | |||
*ʔVrV one | |||
PIE *sem- one | |||
*dwV(j)ḳV one, finger | |||
*dwV(j)ḳV one, finger (?) | |||
*ʔo(ŋ)nV one, self | |||
*sUŋV onion, odorous grass | |||
*ṗan[c]V open | |||
*ʔVrHV open space | |||
*ʔVrHV open space | |||
*HangV open, hole | |||
*ʔaḳa open; hole | |||
*nerV order, custom | |||
*ni̯VnV original place | |||
*aĺV other side other | |||
*gUjV other | |||
*gwVjV other | |||
*mVnḳV pain, wound | |||
*gilV painful state, grief | |||
*gilV painful state, grief | |||
*gagtV pair, one of a pair | |||
*ŋVnV palate, tongue | |||
*ŋVnV palate, tongue | |||
Yuk. *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, Nivgh. *cälmǝ palm palm | |||
*ṗVlŋV palm (of hand) | |||
*ṗVlŋV palm of hand, handful | |||
*ńVjlV part of face | |||
*ŋVk[čw]V part of nose | |||
Alt. *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) (?) part of nose part of nose | |||
*čVKV part of shoulder | |||
*čVKV part of shoulder, joint | |||
*gEpSV paw, grasp | |||
*gEpčwV paw, hand | |||
*ɣoŋɣV peg, nail | |||
*ḳUjḳV peg, nail (cf. also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck') peg, nail | |||
*ḳUjḳV peg, root | |||
*bVĺV penis | |||
*bVĺV penis | |||
*ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-) penis | |||
*ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (cf. also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)) penis | |||
*čVbV people, army | |||
*baja place | |||
*baja place | |||
*ṭVrṗV pleasure, satisfaction | |||
*malV plenty, abundant | |||
*küɫä pond | |||
*küɫä pond | |||
*laḳwV pool, low ground | |||
*laḳwV pool, low ground | |||
*ṗVdV pot | |||
*ṗVdV pot | |||
*pVNV pot | |||
*mVlV pray | |||
*ma prohibitive / negative particle | |||
*ma prohibitive particle, not | |||
*[č]iru pus, rot | |||
*Ciru pus, rot | |||
*ńukV push, move | |||
*ṭurV quick | |||
*ṭurV quick | |||
*pV[ṭ]V quick, swift | |||
*musV ? rain, fog, steam | |||
*HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (cf. also *rVCV) rain, pour | |||
*HVrV rare | |||
*HVrV rare rare, new | |||
*HVrVlV (*HVlVrV) reed | |||
*tajV relative-in-law | |||
*ḳVCV (also *kVCV) ring, hook | |||
*ḳVč`V ring, spool | |||
*ŋwVkV rise | |||
*HVgU rise, stand up | |||
*ʔVpV rise, up | |||
*ʔVpV rise, up | |||
*ʔur(H)V road | |||
*ʔur(H)V road | |||
*mVrV road, walk | |||
*lVgV ? rod, strap | |||
*lVgV ? rod, strap | |||
*t`VrV(ŋV) roe; inside | |||
*tV(H)mV root, bone (?) | |||
*tV(H)mV root, bone (?) root, bone (??) | |||
*wVr[t]V root, herb | |||
*wVr[t]V root, herb | |||
*ḲurV root, sprout | |||
*ḲurV root, stalk | |||
*wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV) rope, thread | |||
*ḳoĺV round | |||
*ḳoĺV round | |||
*ṭompV round | |||
*ṭompV ? round, convex | |||
*kuNṭV rump, buttocks | |||
*nVKV rump, neck | |||
*bok[a] run | |||
*bok[a] run | |||
*ʔurKV run, drive | |||
*lVmV sack, bag | |||
*CalV salt | |||
*sVbV salt, bitter | |||
*čwalV salt, sea | |||
*č`VmV salty, sour | |||
*cwVwVrV salty, sour | |||
*ki[ǯ]V sand | |||
*kiCV sand | |||
*ṭVrṗV satisfaction | |||
*tVHV say | |||
*wVḳV say, call | |||
*čVwV ( ~ *č`-) say, sound | |||
*čVwV ( ~ *č`-) say, sound | |||
*pVkV scab | |||
*ś(w)VcwV scatter, sift | |||
*ḳwVnCV scrape, scraper | |||
*ḳwVncwV scrape, scraper | |||
*wVrcwV scratch | |||
*ḳVSV scratch, scrape | |||
*wVrcwV scratch, scrape | |||
*jamV sea | |||
*sVjɣwV sea, shallow | |||
*jamV sea, water | |||
*sVjɣwV sea, water | |||
*ʔVnjV see, eye | |||
*ṗVrV seed, kin | |||
*ṗVrV seed, kin | |||
*sVjHV seed; to sift | |||
*HamV seize | |||
*ʔo(ŋ)nV self | |||
*bedV separate, split | |||
*aHulV settlement | |||
*palVHV settlement | |||
*palVHV settlement | |||
*aHulV settlement ( < *root, seed?) | |||
*šamV shape | |||
*Hoḳi sharp | |||
*CVNV sharp object | |||
*Hoḳi sharp point, tooth | |||
*c`iĺV sharp stick | |||
*c`iĺV sharp stick | |||
*pVxwV sharp, to whet | |||
*pVxwV sharp, to whet | |||
*kV(n)ḳV shell | |||
*kV(n)ḳV shell, bark | |||
*ḳVnčV shin, shank | |||
*ḳVnčV shin, thigh | |||
*bVrḳV shine, bright | |||
*mVlV shine, burn | |||
*belV shine, burn (several roots?) | |||
*belV shine, glitter | |||
*laṗV shine, glitter | |||
*bVɣV shine, light | |||
*bVɣV shine, light | |||
IE *leuk- ? shine; burn | |||
*tVlV shoulder | |||
*tVlV shoulder, arm | |||
*ṗVŋV shoulder, shoulder-blade | |||
IE *rewǝ- shout, roar shout | |||
*tVjḳV show, point at | |||
*ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-) sick, ill | |||
*bVḳV side | |||
*bVḳV side (of body) | |||
*SirV sinew; root | |||
*SirV sinew; root | |||
*sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-) single, first | |||
*sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-) single; apart, asunder | |||
*SäwCV sister, woman? | |||
*SäwCV sister, woman? | |||
*ḲaĺV skin | |||
*ḲaĺV skin | |||
*perV skin | |||
*perV skin | |||
*ṗVtV skin | |||
*ṗVtV skin | |||
*ṭVlV skin | |||
*ṭVlV skin | |||
*pVkV skin, bark | |||
*kamV skin, crust, peel | |||
*ṭVwq̇V skin, hair | |||
*ṭVwq̇V skin, hair on body | |||
*kamV skin, husk | |||
*ḳapV skull | |||
*HaḳumV sky, cloud | |||
*HaḳumV sky, cloud | |||
*kVCV slanting | |||
*ʔamV sleep | |||
*[ʒ]VlV slide, creep | |||
*SVlV slime | |||
*SVlV slime, dirt | |||
*cVḳV small | |||
*CVḳV small | |||
*ḳVṭV small | |||
*ṭijV small | |||
*ciṗV small bird | |||
*ciṗV small bird | |||
*ṗenV small female animal | |||
*ṭVnV small, thin, short | |||
*ḳVṭV small, young | |||
*pVwjV small. child | |||
*pVwjV small. child | |||
*cwVHmV smear | |||
*mVjrV smear, fat | |||
*mVjrV smear, fat | |||
*ć`ämV smear; fat | |||
*[s]VwHV smell | |||
*ṗunV smell | |||
*sun(g)V smell | |||
*śun(g)V smell | |||
*ṗunV smell, breathe, smoke | |||
*mUc`V ( ~ -s-) smile | |||
*ǯun[k]V smoke | |||
*ǯun[k]V smoke | |||
*nVbV smoke, cloud | |||
*nVbV smoke, cloud | |||
*gVlV smooth | |||
*CVNV smth. sharp | |||
*ṗVjmV snake | |||
*ʔanKV snake | |||
*ʔanKV snake | |||
IE *nētr- 'snake' snake | |||
*lVmbV snake, eel | |||
*lVmV soft, fragile | |||
*mVlV soft, mild | |||
*lVjńV soft, weak | |||
*LVṗV soft, wet | |||
*LVṗV soft, wet | |||
Alt. *mùsi 'steam, spirit' soul, breath | |||
*CVwVrV sour | |||
*č`VmV sour, bitter | |||
*sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-) sour, ferment | |||
*ṭVgV span | |||
*ṭVgV span | |||
*jVnV speak, say, sound | |||
*jVnV speak, sound | |||
*ṗuNV spin, twist | |||
*ṗuNV spin, twist | |||
*cwVnV spirit | |||
*ṭupV spit | |||
*ṭupV spit | |||
*ḳiwHV spit, fang | |||
*ḳiwHV spit, fang | |||
*lVṗV ? spleen | |||
*lVṗV ? spleen | |||
*tV(H)ʎV spleen | |||
*tV(H)ʎV spleen, liver | |||
*cVlV split | |||
*CVlV split, tear off | |||
*ṗVrjV spread | |||
*CVχrV spread, extend | |||
*pVdV spread, long | |||
*PVnV spring | |||
*bira (*bujra) spring, flow | |||
*bira (*bujra) spring, flow | |||
*p`iSV sprinkle | |||
*p`isV sprinkle | |||
*kanVbV stalk | |||
*kanVbV stalk, peg | |||
*čwVrV stand | |||
*dVštV star | |||
*HVzwVrV star, luminary | |||
*dV[š]tV ? star, moon | |||
*HVźVrV star, shine | |||
*ṭVlV stem, board | |||
*ColV steppe, valley, meadow | |||
*ColV steppe, valley, meadow | |||
*bVč`V stick | |||
*ḳVlV stick | |||
*ḳVlV stick | |||
*bedV stick into, pierce | |||
*bVč`V stick, pole | |||
*ḳUrV stick, tree | |||
*ḳUrV stick, tree | |||
*ḳVmV ? stomach, intestines | |||
*ḳElV stone | |||
*kiwV stone | |||
*ṭ/aj/lV stone | |||
*ṭ/aj/lV stone | |||
*bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-) stone, hill | |||
*kiwV stone, mountain | |||
*ḳElV stone, rock | |||
*burV ( >> *p-) storm | |||
*burV ( >> *p-) storm | |||
*Huwa stream, flow of water | |||
*Huwa stream, flow of water | |||
*ṭumgV stump | |||
*ṭumgV stump, trunk | |||
*SUṗV suck | |||
*zUkV suck | |||
*muḳV swallow, gobble suck, swallow | |||
*eli sufficient, complete | |||
*si̯aχu (-ɣ-) sun | |||
*si̯aχu (-ɣ-) sun | |||
? PT *daŋ 'dawn'; PJ (Ryukyu) *tianta 'sun' sun, day | |||
*laHm[u] swamp | |||
*laHm[u] swamp | |||
*šwxVjṗV sweep | |||
*cwVtu sweet | |||
*cwVtu sweet, tasty | |||
*ḳudV tail | |||
*ḳudV tail | |||
*toḳE tail | |||
*toḳE tail | |||
*ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-) tail, (long) hair | |||
*śVrV back tail, back | |||
*ga take | |||
*ʔanV take | |||
*gerV take, bring | |||
*tVKV take, bring | |||
*ʔVpV take, carry | |||
*gVṭV take, get | |||
*kantV take, grasp | |||
*ʔVpV take, seize | |||
*ṭVHmV taste | |||
*xamV, *xamŋV taste (*xamŋV 'mouth') | |||
*cVḳV temple, hair on temple | |||
*ṗV(H)- ? ten, many | |||
*ʔU[ṭ]V tent | |||
*ḳoĺV testicle | |||
*ḳoĺV testiculus | |||
*ʔVbV that, that near | |||
*ʔa (*ʔe) that, this | |||
*ʔu that, this | |||
*ʔu that, this | |||
*ʔa (*ʔe) that, this (prob. *Ha that, *He this) | |||
*ṭujV (*ṭVwjV) thick | |||
*ṭVkV thick | |||
*ṭVkV thick, full | |||
*bongä thick, swell | |||
*bongä thick, swell | |||
*bVgtV thigh | |||
*bVgtV thigh | |||
*ṗVǯkV thigh, leg (?) | |||
*ṗVǯkV thigh, rump | |||
*cUṗV thin | |||
*ṭVnV thin | |||
*ćUṗV thin, narrow | |||
*HVdV thing | |||
*HVdV thing; interrog. stem | |||
*cV ( ~ č-) this | |||
*cV ( ~ č-, ć-) this | |||
*ḳV this | |||
*ʔi (*hi) this | |||
*ʔi (*hi) this | |||
*ʒwVgV thorn | |||
*ʒ́wVgV thorn | |||
*NEḳrV thorny bush | |||
*χwV thou (obl. forms?) [2nd p. pronoun] | |||
*nV thou thou [2nd p. pronoun] | |||
*ṭ[u] thou [2nd p. pronoun] | |||
HVŋV throat | |||
*kUṭV throat, intestines | |||
*kUlV throat, swallow | |||
*kUlV throat, to swallow | |||
*cVḳV tickle | |||
*tVḳV tie, weave | |||
*CVCV tip, spout | |||
*čVčV tip, spout | |||
*ŋāńi to approach, follow | |||
*ṗVrXV to ask, pray | |||
*ṗVrXV to ask, pray | |||
*mUCV to bare teeth | |||
*buHi to be | |||
*woɣlV to be | |||
*woɣlV to be | |||
*ʔa ? to be | |||
*ʔa ? to be | |||
*ʔesA to be | |||
*ʔesA to be | |||
*kVCV to be angry | |||
*kVCV to be angry, hostile | |||
*ṭVkV to be completed, exhausted | |||
*ṭVkV to be lost, exhausted | |||
*buḳV to be mad, stupid | |||
*HwVlV to be visible | |||
*c`olHV to be well | |||
*ColHV to be well | |||
*ʔelA to be, live | |||
*ʔelA to be, live | |||
*š[e]wV to bear | |||
*š[e]wV to bear | |||
*ṭVlV to bear | |||
*ṭVlV to bear, lift | |||
*ṗVṭV to beat | |||
*ṗVṭV to beat | |||
*ḳVwχV to beat, hit | |||
*büḲa to bend | |||
*cVḳV to bend | |||
*Garḳu to bend | |||
*Garḳu to bend | |||
*guḳa to bend | |||
*guḳa to bend | |||
*güpA to bend | |||
*ḳVlV ? to bend | |||
*ḳVŋV to bend | |||
*ɫoŋḳa to bend | |||
*ɫoŋḳa to bend, bow | |||
*KUrV to bend, turn | |||
*güpA to bend; hump, heap | |||
*KuTV to bind, girdle | |||
*taxlwV to bind, harness | |||
*kikV to bite | |||
*ṭVHmV to bite, taste | |||
*c`ajV to blink, shine, shade | |||
*CajV to blink, shine, shade | |||
*dVwɣV to blow | |||
*p`uSV to blow | |||
*p`uSV to blow | |||
*ṗuɣV to blow | |||
*ṗuɣV to blow | |||
*dVwɣV to blow, shake | |||
*Hewa to blow, winnow | |||
*Hewa to blow, winnow | |||
*ḳüpä to boil, foam | |||
*ḳüpä to boil, foam | |||
*gVbV to boil, roast | |||
*lUŋ(k)V to bore, dig | |||
*cVḳV to bow, bend | |||
*ṗVSV to break, crumble | |||
*ʔVrHwV to break, cut, wound | |||
*ʔVrHwV to break, scatter, tear | |||
*HwinV to breathe | |||
*ʔanqV to breathe | |||
*ʔanqV to breathe | |||
*/ḳ/alV to burn | |||
*ć`wVwV (?*HVwć'wV) to burn | |||
*cwVwV (?*HVwcwV) to burn | |||
*dekO to burn | |||
*dekO to burn | |||
*Hase to burn | |||
*HaSe to burn | |||
*ḳVńV to burn | |||
*ṗVdwV to burn | |||
*ṭülV to burn | |||
*kVwrV to burn, bake | |||
*kVwrV to burn, bake | |||
*ḳVju to burn, boil | |||
*CVlV to burn, flash | |||
*gVbV to burn, heat | |||
*nVjV to burn, sun | |||
*paḳV to burst, split (many roots) | |||
*CVḥV (?) to call | |||
*gVjwV to call | |||
*gVjwV to call | |||
*ḳErV to call | |||
*ḳErV to call | |||
*č`VrV to care | |||
*čVrV to care | |||
*HVrV to change, borrow | |||
*HVrV to change, distribute | |||
*käjwV (?-b-) to chew | |||
*lVkV to collect, count | |||
*lVkV to collect, count | |||
*ṗanV to collect, put | |||
*muṭV to complete | |||
*ḳa(j)dV to cover | |||
*ḳVrV to cover, protect | |||
*gʷVnV to covet sexually | |||
*gʷVnV to covet sexually | |||
*aĺV to cross, other side | |||
*pi(u)čV to crush | |||
*ṗVjńV to crush, press | |||
*pi(u)CV to crush, squeeze | |||
*muɣrV to cry | |||
*ḳVwV to cry, shout | |||
*jVrV to curse, be angry | |||
*ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-) to cut | |||
*ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-) to cut | |||
*ḳVć`V to cut | |||
*mVc`V to cut | |||
*ṭanV ? to cut | |||
*ṗVwV to cut, hit, saw | |||
*ṗVwV to cut, hit, saw | |||
*kVlV ? to cut, knife | |||
*CarV to cut, sharp | |||
*sVḳV to cut, split | |||
*śVḳV to cut, split | |||
*mVCV to cut, tear | |||
*tVlV to deceive | |||
*KolV to die, kill | |||
*ḳVṗV to dig, hack | |||
*palV to divide, cut in half | |||
*jVgU to drink | |||
*tVrV to drink, flow | |||
*KVmV to dry | |||
*šwVrV to dry | |||
*šwVrV to dry | |||
*sun(d)V ( ~ š-) to dry up, extinguish | |||
*ʒeGV to eat | |||
*ʒeGV to eat | |||
*ʔitV to eat | |||
*ʔitV to eat | |||
*ḳVmV to eat, gulp | |||
*ḳVmV to eat, gulp | |||
*ŋēni to enter, go | |||
*ḳVtV to fall | |||
*ṗeṭV to fall | |||
*ṗeṭV to fall, (down) | |||
*ṗVjlV to fall, fly | |||
*ṗVjlV to fall, soar | |||
*belHi to fear, be angry | |||
*belHi to fear, be scared | |||
*zUkV to ferment, squeeze juice | |||
*ṭVmV to fill, stuff | |||
*ḳUdV to finish | |||
*ḳUdV to finish | |||
*dUgV to fit, be good | |||
*ḳVnV to fit, be good | |||
*CVlV to flash, shine | |||
*CurV / *CorV to flow, drip | |||
*CurV / *CorV to flow, drip | |||
*tUKV to flow, pour | |||
*lVjḳV to follow, send, leave | |||
*lVjḳV to follow, send, leave | |||
*gVṭV to get | |||
*be[rH]u to give | |||
*be[rH]u to give | |||
*cwVHV to give | |||
*dwV[H]V to give | |||
*dwV[H]V to give | |||
*KVmV ? to give birth, family | |||
*kVngV to gnaw | |||
*gVwV / *gwVjV (?) to go | |||
*meŋV to go | |||
*ŋēni (cf. also *ŋāńi) to go, come | |||
*ʒ́wVHV to go, come | |||
*ʒwVHV to go, come, drive | |||
*gVwV / *gwVjV (?) to go, follow | |||
*mVrV to go, walk | |||
*HaṗV to grasp | |||
*HaṗV to grasp | |||
*ḳaṗV to grasp | |||
*ḳaṗV to grasp | |||
*[p]itV to grasp, seize | |||
*zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-) to grow | |||
*buHi to grow, become | |||
*tajV to hang | |||
*[s]VŋʒwV ? to hang down; stand (?) | |||
*kUŋ[d]V to harm, break | |||
*CVrV to hate, be annoyed | |||
*ǯVrV to hate, be annoyed | |||
*ḳiwlV to hear | |||
*ḳVrV to hide, protect | |||
*KuĺV to hide, secret | |||
*ḳVkV to hit, break | |||
*mVqwV to hit, push | |||
*gerV to hold | |||
*ʔanV to hold, seize | |||
*wVlV to howl, cry | |||
*wVlV to howl, cry | |||
*anTV to join, together | |||
*anTV to join, together | |||
*lVKV to jump, run | |||
*ḳVs(w)V to kindle, dry | |||
*cwVnV to know | |||
*g(w)enV to know | |||
*g(w)enV to know | |||
*CVḥV (?) to know, consider | |||
*ćwVnV (cf. also *sVnV) to know, think | |||
*sVnV to know, think | |||
*wetV to lead | |||
*wetV (cf. also *dwVwV 'run') to lead, to go | |||
*šVwV to let, agree | |||
*l[a]pV to lick | |||
*talV to lick | |||
*lVm(ŋ)V to lick, swallow | |||
*l[a]pV to lick; lip | |||
*ḳVwjV to lie | |||
*kVlV to lie, fall down | |||
*kVlV to lie, sleep (also 'fall', cf. 412?) | |||
*alV to listen, hear | |||
*alV to listen, hear | |||
*ḥujV to live | |||
*ḥujV to live | |||
*tVjḳV to look, show | |||
*KuĺV to lose, hide | |||
*wärV to make | |||
*wärV to make | |||
*KVmV ? to marry | |||
*ḳVnV to match, fit | |||
*dVnV to melt, flow | |||
*dVnV to melt, flow | |||
*kalV ? to mix, join | |||
*SVlV to move | |||
*SVlV to move | |||
*ńowda to move quickly | |||
*ńowda to move quickly, pursue | |||
*mVqwV to move, push | |||
*ćeKV to move, step | |||
*ṗanCV to open, spread | |||
*ʔaḳa to open, spread | |||
*luku to peel, naked | |||
*CoḳV to pierce | |||
*CoḳV (cf. also *čVḳV) to pierce | |||
*źVḳV to plait | |||
*zVḳV to plait, smth. plaited | |||
*HUbV to plait, weave | |||
*HUbV to plait, weave | |||
*rVCV to plait, weave, rope (?) | |||
*tIgwV to plant vertically | |||
*ṗIḳV to polish, rub | |||
*L[ä]jV to pour | |||
*lVHwV to pour | |||
*ṗVHV to pour, drink to pour | |||
*ṗVHV to pour, drink | |||
*tUKV to pour, drop | |||
*ʒwVHlV to pour, stream | |||
*piCV ? to prepare food | |||
*piCV ? to prepare food | |||
*ńamV to press, seize | |||
*ńamV to press, seize | |||
*ṭVnV to pull | |||
*ṭVnV to pull, stretch | |||
*nVq̇V to push, beat; grind (2 roots?) | |||
*nVq̇V to push, beat; grind (2 roots?) | |||
*ńukV to push, pull | |||
*dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV) to put | |||
*dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV) to put | |||
*ṗanV to put | |||
*HVlV to receive (+ bestow) | |||
*kVdwV ? to rise | |||
*kVdwV to rise to rise | |||
*ḲaLi to rise, raise | |||
*ḲaLi to rise, raise | |||
*Horä to rise; move, go | |||
*HUlV to roll | |||
*HUlV to roll | |||
*murV to roll, twist | |||
*ṗVšV to rub, crumble | |||
*ṗIḳV to rub, scratch | |||
*dwVwV to run | |||
*ḳacwV to run | |||
*ṭoKV to run | |||
*ṭoKV to run | |||
*ʔurKV to run | |||
*ṭVŕgV to run, road | |||
*tVHV to say | |||
*wVḳV to say, call | |||
*mVlV to say, pray | |||
*s(w)VcwV to scatter | |||
*ḳirV to scrape | |||
*ḳirV; cf. also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign to scrape | |||
*ḳV[sw]V to scrape | |||
*gVrV to scratch | |||
*xVḳV to scratch | |||
*xVḳV to scratch | |||
*ʔVwʒwV(HV) to see | |||
*silV to see, eye | |||
*wEdwV to see, eye | |||
*ʔVnjV to see, eye | |||
*HwVjV to see, guard | |||
*HwVjV to see, guard | |||
*silV to see, inspect | |||
*šVḳV to see, know | |||
*šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-) to see, know | |||
*wEdwV to see, know, search | |||
*ʔVwCV(HV) (cf. also *ʔincV) to see, perceive | |||
*[p]itV to seize, press | |||
*dVrV to shake | |||
*nVkV to shine, be visible | |||
*laṗV to shine, glitter, flash | |||
*ḳVwV to shout, sound | |||
*sVjHV to sift | |||
*č`VṗV to sink | |||
*č`VṗV to sink | |||
*ʒVlV to slide, creep | |||
*ḥVwV (?) to speak | |||
*ḥVwV (?) to speak | |||
*watV to speak | |||
*watV to speak | |||
*sVjwV to speak, shout | |||
*sVjwV ( ~ *ś-) to speak, shout | |||
*muɣrV to speak, sound | |||
*wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV) to spin, plait | |||
*KVrV to spin, wind | |||
*lUŋ(k)V to split, bore | |||
*ṗVrjV to spread | |||
*pVdV to spread, long | |||
*CVχrV ? to spread, strew | |||
*čwVrV to stand | |||
*sVlV to stand (?) | |||
*sVŋʒ́V to stand, hang down (?) | |||
*tIgwV to stand, plant vertically | |||
*ŋwVkV to stand, rise | |||
*menV to stay | |||
*nV(w)HV to stay, be, stand | |||
*menV to stay, reside | |||
*NEgV to stick in, pierce | |||
*NEgV to stick in, pierce | |||
*bulV to stir, mix | |||
*bulV to stir, puddle | |||
*nV(w)HV to stretch, stand | |||
*cVḳV ( ~ *č-) to strike fire | |||
*kUdV to submerge | |||
*[c`w]VṗV to suck | |||
*ʔEmV to suck | |||
*CVrbV to suck (?) | |||
*[c]VrbV to suck, leech | |||
*C(w)VHrV to suffer | |||
*c`VHrV to suffer | |||
*dVwV to suffer | |||
*dVwV to suffer, die | |||
*enV to suffer, die | |||
*enV to suffer; pain | |||
*cwalV to suffice, be full | |||
*HVṗV to swallow | |||
*L[ü]ḳa to swallow | |||
*L[ü]ḳa to swallow | |||
*lVm(ŋ)V to swallow | |||
*Sem[H]V to swallow | |||
*Sem[H]V to swallow | |||
*tVrV to swallow, drink | |||
*muḳV to swallow, gobble | |||
*balʕ[u] to swallow, throat | |||
*gwVrV to swallow, throat | |||
*gwVrV to swallow, throat | |||
*balʕ[u] to swallow, throat; pipe | |||
*swxVjṗV to sweep | |||
*bari to take | |||
*bari to take | |||
*kantV to take | |||
*ʔVjsV to take care of, honour | |||
*HVlV to take, receive | |||
*č`VmV ? to taste, eat | |||
*xamV to taste, sour | |||
*p`äŕ[a] to tear, break, split | |||
*p`äŕ[a] to tear, break, split | |||
*ḳV[ǯ]V to tear, rip | |||
*manu to think | |||
*manu to think | |||
*ʒVm(ŋ)V to think, dream | |||
*ḳVńV to tie, bind | |||
*ḳVńV to tie, bind | |||
*taxlwV to tie, net | |||
*tVKV to touch | |||
*Koki to trace | |||
*Koki to trace | |||
*dVrV to tremble | |||
*ṭurV to turn round | |||
*ṭurV to turn round | |||
*ʔVŋV to understand, brain (?) | |||
*gUrV to understand, see | |||
*gUrV to understand, see | |||
*swiḳV ( ~ šw-) to urinate | |||
*[š]ehŕa to wake | |||
*źwehŕa to wake | |||
*ṭVlV to wake, become clear | |||
*ṭVlV to wake; see > eye (?) | |||
*gVrV to walk, go | |||
*gVrV to walk, run | |||
*meŋV to walk, run | |||
*lVHwV to wash, soak | |||
*mVjV to weaken, disappear | |||
*mVjV to weaken, disappear | |||
*lVCV to wear out; weak, exhausted | |||
*wVc`V to wear, put on | |||
*rVcV ( ~ -c`-) to weave (a lattice?) | |||
*c`VmrV to wink, eyelid | |||
*h/a/wV to wish | |||
*wiʎ/g/V to wish | |||
*wiʎ/g/V to wish | |||
*h/a/wV to wish (cf. 173) | |||
*ʔVnV(jV) to wish, help | |||
*šVwV to wish, let | |||
*buḳV to worry, be stupid | |||
*ʔewV to wound, kill | |||
*ʔewV to wound, kill | |||
*tilV(ŋV) tongue | |||
*tilV(ŋV) tongue | |||
*Ḳä[lH]ä tongue, to speak | |||
*Ḳä[lH]ä tongue, to speak | |||
*palV tooth | |||
*palV tooth | |||
*ɣoŋɣV tooth, peg | |||
*ḳVmbV tooth, sharp edge | |||
*ḳVmbV tooth, sharp edge | |||
*ḳVḳV top | |||
*ḳVḳV top | |||
*mVĺV top | |||
*KVmPV top of head | |||
*KVmPV top of head | |||
*TUmV top of head, hair | |||
*TUmV top of head, hair of head | |||
*ḳirV top of head, horn | |||
*cimu ( ~ č-, č`-) top, summit | |||
*ṭaṗV touch, plaster | |||
*ṭaṗV touch, plaster, attach ? | |||
*ceKV tramp, step | |||
*ṗUjV tree | |||
*ṗUjV tree | |||
*widV tree | |||
*dʷirV tree, wood | |||
*dʷirV tree, wood | |||
*c`UlV twig, branch | |||
*šVṭV ? twig, rod | |||
*murV twist | |||
*tVḳV twist, weave | |||
*malV two | |||
*tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V) two | |||
*tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V) two | |||
*NVlV two / four / eight | |||
*gagtV two, pair | |||
*jVŕV two, pair | |||
*jVŕV two, pair | |||
*ʔVŋV understand, brain | |||
*ʔirV ungulate | |||
*ʔirV ungulate | |||
*kVŋkV upper part of chest, collarbone | |||
*swiḳV ( ~ šw-) urine, urinate | |||
*gowlV valley | |||
*gowlV valley, deep | |||
*kala vessel | |||
*kala vessel | |||
*ḳaṗV vessel | |||
*ḳaṗV vessel | |||
*ḳVwKV vessel | |||
*koṭV village | |||
*koṭV village, house | |||
*ḳojmV village, hut | |||
*p`u[ṭ]V vulva | |||
*pVjcV ( ~ -č-) vulva | |||
*ṗuKdV wake | |||
*kä[lH]V walk, roam, ford | |||
*kä[lH]V walk, roam, ford | |||
*ṭVŕgV walk, run, road (several roots? assimilations?) | |||
*lVmV warm | |||
*ṭ[ä]pV warm | |||
*ṭ[ä]pV warm | |||
Ur. *kačV 'warm' warm | |||
*bVnV ? wash | |||
*mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-) wash | |||
*mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-) wash | |||
*HVrcV ( ~ -c`-) wash, flow | |||
*bVnV ? water | |||
*wetV water | |||
*wetV water | |||
*ʕEḳu water | |||
*ʕEḳu water | |||
*ʒwVHlV water, pour | |||
*kUdV water, to submerge | |||
*mEwV water, wet | |||
*mEwV water, wet | |||
*wV we (pronoun) | |||
*wV we we, I [1st p. pronoun] | |||
*HalV (cf. also *lVjV ) weak | |||
*lVjV weak | |||
*ṭVrV weak | |||
*lVjńV weak, lax | |||
*HalV weak, tired | |||
*ŋVwV weak, tired, dead | |||
*ṭVrV weak, young | |||
*wVCV wear, dress | |||
*ēco ( ~ -č-) weary, tired | |||
*(H)wiɫV wet | |||
*(H)wiɫV wet wet | |||
*mäŕä wet | |||
*mäŕä wet | |||
*mVk`V wet | |||
*mV what, interrogative pronoun | |||
*swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-) white | |||
*swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-) white, clean | |||
*CV who | |||
*ḳV who, what | |||
*ḳVĺwV whole | |||
*ḳVĺwV whole, all, combine | |||
*ćwalV whole, full | |||
*ṗaṭV wide | |||
*ṗaṭV wide, open | |||
*čwalV willow | |||
*čwalV willow | |||
*CalV ? wind, to blow | |||
*gara wing; arm | |||
*PVnV winter ~ spring | |||
*gImV winter, cold | |||
*gImV winter, cold | |||
*ʔVnV(jV) wish | |||
*ḲüjnA wolf, dog | |||
*ḲüjnA wolf, dog | |||
*k/u/nV woman | |||
*k/u/nV woman | |||
*nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-) woman, female | |||
*widV wood | |||
*ḲorV worm | |||
*ḲorV worm | |||
*kuńV (if < *kuj-nV?) worm | |||
*mVṭV worm | |||
*mVṭV worm | |||
*ṗäri worm | |||
*ṗäri worm | |||
*ḳwVŋV worm, insect | |||
*ŋalmV worm, insect | |||
*w[e]ṭV year | |||
*w[e]ṭV year | |||
*CVnV year, old | |||
*zVnV year, old | |||
*si you | |||
"Alt. "*bāla 'child, young' young | |||
*ṭVlV young animal, plant | |||
*ṭVlV young animal, plant | |||
*majrV young male | |||
*majrV young male | |||
*ḳacV ( ~ -c`-) young man | |||
*ḳʷVŕV young of animals | |||
*ḳʷVŕV young of animals | |||
*ḲanV young, child | |||
*ḲanV young, child | |||
|} | |||
== Etymologies possibly linked to Afroasiatic == | == Etymologies possibly linked to Afroasiatic == |
Revision as of 22:39, 10 July 2024
Etymologies possibly linked to Nostratic
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean | Meaning | Notes |
---|---|---|
*ŋV 1st p. pron. | ||
*mV 1st person pronoun | ||
*ŋV 1st person pronoun (exclusive?) | ||
*χwV 2nd person pronoun | ||
*nV 2nd person pronoun, thou | ||
*si 2nd person pronoun, thou | ||
*ṭ[u] 2nd person pronoun, thou | ||
*sV 3rd person pronoun | ||
*KVrdV a bird of prey | ||
*CVnCV a biting insect | ||
*nV a deictic element | ||
*nV a demonstrative element | ||
*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV) a horned animal | ||
*mVrV a k. of berry | ||
*[č`w]VHḳV a k. of bird | ||
*CVmV a k. of bird | ||
*CVmV a k. of bird | ||
*HalVḳV a k. of bird | ||
*HalVḳV a k. of bird | ||
*kaNV a k. of bird | ||
*kaNV a k. of bird | ||
*ḳUĺV a k. of bird | ||
*ḳUĺV a k. of bird | ||
*kVṗV a k. of bird | ||
*kVṗV a k. of bird | ||
*kwVtV a k. of bird | ||
*kwVtV a k. of bird | ||
*ĺVkĺVkV ? a k. of bird | ||
*sVgV (?) a k. of bird | ||
*SVlwV a k. of bird | ||
*SVlwV a k. of bird | ||
*ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV a k. of bird | ||
*k[i̯a]ma 'a k. of aquatic bird' a k. of bird | ||
*KVwrV a k. of bird (gallinacean) | ||
*c`iŋu a k. of bone | ||
*lVnṭV a k. of cereal | ||
*lVnṭV a k. of cereal | ||
*ṭVḳV a k. of duck | ||
*ṭVḳV a k. of duck or hen | ||
*č`VHmV a k. of fish | ||
*kVrV a k. of fish | ||
*kVrV a k. of fish | ||
*kećä 'k. of fish' a k. of fish | ||
*ńowŋa salmon a k. of fish | ||
*mVsV a k. of fruit | ||
*mVsV a k. of fruit | ||
*KVwrV a k. of gallinacean bird | ||
*wVĺV a k. of grass | ||
*wVĺV a k. of grass | ||
*cVmV a k. of grass | ||
*mula a k. of horned animal | ||
*mula a k. of horned animal | ||
*KUmV a k. of insect | ||
*KUmV a k. of insect | ||
*ḳUṭḳV a k. of insect | ||
*ḳUṭḳV a k. of insect | ||
*lVŋV a k. of insect | ||
*mVḳV a k. of insect | ||
*mVḳV a k. of insect | ||
*pUḳV a k. of insect | ||
*pVN(T)V ? a k. of insect | ||
*ṗVnǯV a k. of insect | ||
*či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u) a k. of insect | ||
*m[a]ŋi a k. of insect | ||
*ṗVnǯV a k. of insect, louse | ||
*c`UtV a k. of liquid | ||
*sUŋV a k. of onion | ||
*bVrV a k. of predator | ||
*KVrdV a k. of predator | ||
*[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́ a k. of rodent | ||
*lVmV a k. of sack | ||
*jVwV (*ʔVjwV) a k. of tree | ||
*jVwV (*ʔVjwV) a k. of tree | ||
*kojw[a] a k. of tree | ||
*NEḳrV a k. of tree | ||
*ʔilVmV a k. of tree | ||
*cVHnV ( ~ *c`-) a k. of ungulate | ||
*CVxnV a k. of ungulate | ||
*mVnV a k. of ungulate | ||
*ḳVwKV a k. of vessel | ||
*pVNV a k. of vessel | ||
*sVgV (?) a k. of water bird (gull) | ||
*lVlV a part of leg, foot | ||
*cwVkV ( ~ čw-) a small animal | ||
*mVwć`wV a stinging insect | ||
*pUḳV a stinging insect | ||
*eli all | ||
*kalV ? all, join | ||
*mVwcwV an insect | ||
*čă k𝑎̆𝑘i 'a k. of insect' an insect | ||
*CV(n)CV ? an internal organ | ||
*morV an ungulate | ||
*jVrV angry | ||
*mVńCV animal hair | ||
*mVńcV ( ~ -c`-) animal hair | ||
*gujrV antelope | ||
*gujrV antelope | ||
*gara arm | ||
*küjnV arm | ||
*lVlV arm | ||
*ćVḳV arm, leg | ||
*ḳVwVŋV armpit | ||
*čVbV army, people | ||
*ṗVdwV; cf. also "Alt. "*pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 'light' ashes, burn | ||
*ṗVlV ashes, dirt | ||
*dVgV back
Drav. *nal- 'black' black, dark
? FU *luwV (*luɣV) 'horse' bovine ?
"Alt. "*mūga 'bonfire' burn
Alt. *t`èmo ( ~ t-) burn, kindle burn, boil
Alt. *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-) 'cheek bone' chin, beard
PIE *nek'- die; kill
Drav. tin- 'eat' eat
NY *me- 'hear; ear' hear, ear
Alt. *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud' leaf, flower
Alt. *pi̯ā̀ki liver liver CK *ponta " liver
? *ŋańV 'morning, clear sky' night, dawn
(cf. PIE *ar- 'nut') nut, fruit
PIE *sem- one
Yuk. *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, Nivgh. *cälmǝ palm palm
Alt. *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) (?) part of nose part of nose
IE *leuk- ? shine; burn
IE *rewǝ- shout, roar shout
IE *nētr- 'snake' snake
Alt. *mùsi 'steam, spirit' soul, breath
? PT *daŋ 'dawn'; PJ (Ryukyu) *tianta 'sun' sun, day
HVŋV throat
Ur. *kačV 'warm' warm
"Alt. "*bāla 'child, young' young
|
Etymologies possibly linked to Afroasiatic
Etymologies possibly linked to Sino-Caucasian
Etymologies possibly linked to Austric
Etymologies possibly linked to Macro-Khoisan
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean | Meaning | Notes |
---|---|---|
*dʑoʔa | ashes | *ʒ́o[a] |
*tsəha | cold | *cha- |
*ʢa | deictic stem | *Ha |
*tʼəʔu | dew | *ǀu |
*tɬʼə-χuɦə | dry | *ǀǀXU |
*ts3uɦə | excrement | *CU |
*ts3a(ɴə) | fat | *Ca(N) |
*vuɦə | father | *BU |
*tʼə-ʁə | hair | *ǀʁV |
*tɬaʔu | hand | *ƛ[a]u |
*ɳətsʼəʔu | kidney | *ɳ!u- |
*gətʼəʔa | leaf | *ɡǀa |
*tɬaɴə | lizard | *ƛaNV |
*pʼə-ha | meat | *ʘha |
*ʢajə | mother | *[H]aj- |
*tɬʼakʼəɴə | shoe | *ƛ̣aḳVNV |
*tsʼəkʼə | smoke | *c̣VḳV |
*ʎi | to blow the nose; snot | *ʎi- |
*tɬək3ə | to chop | *ƛVKV |
*kəxe | to cry, sound | *kxe |
*kə-ŋə | to know | *kVʔV[ŋ] |
*ʔits3a | to steal | *[i]Ca- |
*tɬʼə-kəxa | to wash | *ǀǀkxa |
*tɬʼə-ɢo | tortoise | *ǀǀGo- |