Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean/Lexicon: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 2,112: | Line 2,112: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|first person pronoun (exclusive | |first person pronoun (exclusive) | ||
|*ŋV | |*ŋV | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 2,388: | Line 2,388: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|gather, assemble | |gather, assemble; buy, assemble | ||
|*ṗVrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|genitalia | |||
|*ḳUṭV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|genitalia *ḳUṭV | |genitalia | ||
|*ḳUṭV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|get in pairs, pair > two | |||
|*malV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |get, obtain | ||
|*ga | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|gift, allotment | |||
|*ajṭV ~ *amṭV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |gift, allotment | ||
|*ajṭV ~ *amṭV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|give | |||
|*ćwVHV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |glittering | ||
|*gi[ɫ]ħu | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|glittering | |||
|*gi[ɫ]ħu | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |glue | ||
|*[c]VbV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|glue, join | |||
|*ćabV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |go astray, fall apart | ||
|*HVŕV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|go, come | |||
|*HVjV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |go, follow | ||
|*HVjV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|goat | |||
|*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |goat, deer | ||
|*ʔoru | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|goat, ram, deer | |||
|*pOgV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |good | ||
|*mVlV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|good | |||
|*näḳi | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |good (of soul) | ||
|*näḳi | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|good, big | |||
|*bVtV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |good, fit | ||
|*dUgV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|good, new | |||
|*wVlV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |good, proper | ||
|*ʔVjV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|good, take care | |||
|*ʔVjsV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |goose | ||
|*ĺVkĺVkV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|grain | |||
|*SVrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |grain | ||
|*SVrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|grasp | |||
|*kamV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |grasp | ||
|*kamV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|grasp, seize, press | |||
|*HamV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |grass | ||
|*kuCu | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|grass, reed | |||
|*ćVmV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |grass, twigs | ||
|*c`UlV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|grass, vegetables | |||
|*kuč`u | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |grey | ||
|*c'VjrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|grey | |||
|*c'VjrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |grind | ||
|*nVq̇V | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|grind | |||
|*nVq̇V | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |gum, resin, mud | ||
|*ṗoŋV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|gums; part of face, gums | |||
|*ńVjlV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |guts, inside | ||
|*oŕV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hack | |||
|*ṭanV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hair | ||
|*cVḳV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hair | |||
|*k`VSV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hair | ||
|*ńä[w(ŋ)]a [*ŋVjV] | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hair | |||
|*ńä[w(ŋ)]a [*ŋVjV] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hair | ||
|*nVwrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hair | |||
|*nVwrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hair | ||
|*ŋVjV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hair | |||
|*p`un(́)V | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hair | ||
|*p`un(́)V | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hair | |||
|*pUdV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hair | ||
|*sVHrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hair | |||
|*sVHrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hair | ||
|*ṭVrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hair | |||
|*ṭVrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hair | ||
|*k`VSV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hair, beard | |||
|*Ḳila | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hair, eyebrow | ||
|*burV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hair, feather | |||
|*pUdV (*HapUdV) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hair, hair of head | ||
|*burV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hair, head | |||
|*q̇irV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hair, rope | ||
|*ŋVjV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hair, stalk | |||
|*Ḳila | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hair, tail | ||
|*sVPV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|half, part | |||
|*palV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hand | ||
|*mVńV ( / *mVń-rV) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hand | |||
|*mVńV ( / *mVń-rV) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hand(ful) | ||
|*kompV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hand, arm | |||
|*bVgu | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hand, arm | ||
|*udV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hand, bone | |||
|*ŋVlV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hand, elbow | ||
|*ŋVlV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hand, fist | |||
|*ṗVnḳV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hand, limb | ||
|*udV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hard | |||
|*ḳVmV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hard, bone | ||
|*ḳVmV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hard, firm | |||
|*pVKV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |harm, deceive | ||
|*sogwV ( ~ š-) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|harsh, ragged | |||
|*c`VrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |head | ||
|*q̇irV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|head, back of head | |||
|*ḳapV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hear | ||
|*sVmV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hear | |||
|*SVmV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hear, ear | ||
|*ḳiwlV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hear, ear; hear; ear | |||
|*me- | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |heart | ||
|*sVʎV(mV) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|heart | |||
|*śVʎV(mV) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |heart, breast | ||
|*ḳerdV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|heat | |||
|*[H]indV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |heavy, labour | ||
|*mVnḳV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|herd | |||
|*cVčV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |high | ||
|*berg[i] | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|high | |||
|*berg[i] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |high | ||
|*TVGV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hill | |||
|*tujpV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hill, rock | ||
|*bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hill, top | |||
|*tujpV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hit | ||
|*wVdV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hit | |||
|*wVdV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hole | ||
|*HangV (*wonkV) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hole | |||
|*k`VCV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hole | ||
|*ḳUrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hole | |||
|*wonkV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hole, cavity | ||
|*ḳVwVŋV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hole, empty | |||
|*gop`a | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hole, empty | ||
|*gop`a | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hole, mouth | |||
|*k`VCV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hole, vulva | ||
|*p`u[ṭ]V | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hollow | |||
|*HVlwV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hollow, cavity | ||
|*HVlwV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hoof | |||
|*ḳäṗV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hoof | ||
|*ḳäṗV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hoof | |||
|*sUdV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hoof | ||
|*ṭUṗV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|hoof, finger(nail); hoof | |||
|*ṭUṗV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hoof, hoof deformation | ||
|*c`UdV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|horn | |||
|*ḳirV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |horn | ||
|*mVrgV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|horn; root | |||
|*mVrgV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |horned animal | ||
|*bVrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|horned animal | |||
|*bVrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |hot, warm | ||
|*ṗäḳV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|house | |||
|*pVrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |house | ||
|*ʔU[ṭ]V | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|house, village; village, hut | |||
|*ḳojmV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |humid, wet | ||
|*mVk`V | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|I, myself | |||
|*ʔVkV (*ʔVgV) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |I, myself; we [first person pronoun] | ||
|*ʔVkV (*ʔVgV) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|I, we [first person pronoun] | |||
|*mV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |ice, cold | ||
|*jVkV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|ice, cold | |||
|*jVkV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |ill, die | ||
|*m[ä]rV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|ill, die | |||
|*m[ä]rV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |insect, vermine | ||
|*tVkV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|insect, vermine | |||
|*tVkV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |insect, worm | ||
|*ḳwVŋV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|insect, worm | |||
|*lVŋV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |inside, stomach | ||
|*ʔudV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|interrogative or relative pronoun | |||
|*ŋiV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |interrogative or relative pronoun | ||
|*ŋiV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|interrogative pronoun | |||
|*ḳV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |interrogative pronoun | ||
|*mV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|intestine | |||
|*[c']VlV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |intestine | ||
|*ć'VlV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|intestine | |||
|*ḳUʒwV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |intestines | ||
|*ḳUʒ́wV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|intestines; stomach, intestines | |||
|*ḳVmV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |intestines | ||
|*lVŋ(d)V | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|intestines | |||
|*oŕV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |jaw, palate | ||
|*ʔVŋV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|jaw, palate | |||
|*ʔVŋV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |joint, limb | ||
|*bVgu | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|joy | |||
|*bVjV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |joy, desire | ||
|*bVjV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|juice, ferment | |||
|*sVḳV ( ~ š-) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |jump, run | ||
|*lVKV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|kidney, heart | |||
|*lVŋ(d)V | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |kill | ||
|*KolV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|kill | |||
|*ḳVwχV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |knee | ||
|*bVl(m)V | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|knee, ankle | |||
|*sVnV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |knife, cut, break | ||
|*kUŋ[d]V | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|know | |||
|*ṭanV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |know, hear; know | ||
|*ṭanV (*-ŋ-) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|know, name | |||
|*nerV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |large fish | ||
|*lVmbV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|large predator | |||
|*zīwe(ŋkV) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |large predator | ||
|*zīwe(ŋkV) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|large, heavy | |||
|*sUrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |large, heavy | ||
|*sUrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|laugh | |||
|*gUlV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |laugh, merry | ||
|*gUlV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|leaf | |||
|*bolV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |leaf | ||
|*bolV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|leaf | |||
|*lVṗV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |leaf tree | ||
|*ṗVlV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|leaf tree | |||
|*ṗVlV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |leaf, bark | ||
|*lVṗV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|leaf, branch | |||
|*HelV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |leaf, flower; bud | ||
|*pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|leaf; reed | |||
|*HVrVlV (*HVlVrV) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |leg | ||
|*ɫaḳV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|leg | |||
|*ɫaḳV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |leg, arm | ||
|*ḳVwlV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|leg, limb | |||
|*ḳVwlV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |level ground | ||
|*ṭalV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|lick | |||
|*laḳV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |lick | ||
|*laḳV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|lick | |||
|*lašV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |lick | ||
|*lašV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|lick, drink | |||
|*talV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |lie | ||
|*ḳVwjV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|light, burn | |||
|*Howri | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |light, burn | ||
|*Howri | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|light, loose | |||
|*SulV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |light, shine | ||
|*HVlV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|light, shine | |||
|*HVlV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |light, shine | ||
|*jVḳV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|light, shine | |||
|*jVḳV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |light, shine | ||
|*mVlV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|limb | |||
|*ṗVHdV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |lip, soft excrescence | ||
|*kanpV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|lip, soft excrescence | |||
|*kanpV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |liquid | ||
|*GurV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|liquid | |||
|*GurV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |liquid | ||
|*lVṭV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|liquid | |||
|*lVṭV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |liquid | ||
|*sVwV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|liquid | |||
|*śVwV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |liquid, dirt | ||
|*lVḳwV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|liquid, flow | |||
|*L[ä]jV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |liver | ||
|*pi̯ā̀ki | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|liver | |||
|*ponta | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |liver, belly | ||
|*tVrV(ŋV) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|liver, intestines; blood, marrow | |||
|*mVLV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |lizard, slug | ||
|*mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|lizard, worm | |||
|*mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |loins, groin | ||
|*zVmV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|long | |||
|*tel(ḥ)V | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |long | ||
|*tel(ḥ)V | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|long bone | |||
|*śVnV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |long hair, tail | ||
|*[s]VPV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|long, far | |||
|*ḳUlV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |long, high | ||
|*HVgU | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|long, wide | |||
|*wVŕV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |long, wide | ||
|*wVŕV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|loose | |||
|*SulV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |loose(n) | ||
|*lVCV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|louse | |||
|*pVN(T)V | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |louse | ||
|*ṭäjV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|louse | |||
|*ṭäjV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |louse, nit | ||
|*ñejV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|love, good | |||
|*ʔVjV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |luminary | ||
|*mVnzV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|luminary | |||
|*mVnʒ́V | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |lung, liver | ||
|*pVjLV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|lung, spleen | |||
|*pVjLV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |male | ||
|*gVntV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|male | |||
|*gVntV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |male, male child | ||
|*mVḳV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|man | |||
|*ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |man | ||
|*mänV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|man | |||
|*mänV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |many | ||
|*m[o]nV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|many | |||
|*m[o]nV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |many | ||
|*ṗalV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|many | |||
|*ṗV(H)- | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |many, big | ||
|*bVtV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|many, full | |||
|*ṗalV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |marsh | ||
|*[sw]VjmV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|marsh, uncultivated land | |||
|*[sw]VjmV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |marten | ||
|*ḳ[u]nV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|marten | |||
|*ḳ[u]nV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |meat | ||
|*ńVḳV(rV) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|meat | |||
|*sUḳV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |meat | ||
|*ʔomsV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|meat | |||
|*ʔomśV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |meat, animal | ||
|*cVč𝑉čV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|meat, deer | |||
|*sUḳV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |meat, liver | ||
|*mVḳV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|meat, liver | |||
|*mVḳV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |meat, roe, intestines | ||
|*ńVḳV(rV) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|member of the clan | |||
|*ʔarV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |moisture | ||
|*mVtV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|moisture | |||
|*mVtV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |moon, heavenly body | ||
|*ṭVlgV(nV) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|moon, luminary | |||
|*ṭVlgV(nV) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |morning | ||
|*ṗuKdV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|morning / evening | |||
|*HamV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |morning ~ evening | ||
|*SVKV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|morning, clear sky | |||
|*ŋańV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |moth | ||
|*kuńV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|mother | |||
|*ʔVjV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |mother | ||
|*ʔVjV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|mother | |||
|*ʔVmV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |mother, woman | ||
|*ʔVmV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|mountain | |||
|*balV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |mountain | ||
|*malV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|mountain | |||
|*malV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |mountain | ||
|*wVrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|mountain | |||
|*wVrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |mountain, high | ||
|*TVGV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|mountain, hill | |||
|*balV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |mountain, hill | ||
|*gʷVrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|mountain, hill | |||
|*gʷVrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |mountain, top | ||
|*ṗVrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|mountain, top | |||
|*ṗVrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |mouse | ||
|*cVḳV ( ~ *c`-) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|mouse, squirrel | |||
|*CVḳV (*cwVkV ( ~ čw-)) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |mouse, squirrel | ||
|*gʷVĺV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|mouth | |||
|*[s]UwV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |mouth, hole | ||
|*HVwV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|mouth, hole | |||
|*HVwV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |mouth; eat | ||
|*č`VmV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|mouth; speak | |||
|*ʔVpV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |mouth; to speak | ||
|*ʔVpV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|mud, dung | |||
|*ḳorV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |mud; gum, resin | ||
|*ṗoŋV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|multitude; be satiated | |||
|*HVwV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |mushroom, fungus | ||
|*pUtV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|mushroom, sponge | |||
|*pUtV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |naked, take off clothes | ||
|*luku | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|name | |||
|*ĺVm(ŋ)V | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |name | ||
|*ĺVm(ŋ)V | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|name | |||
|*ṗVtV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |name, call | ||
|*ṗVtV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|name, shape | |||
|*šamV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |nape, back | ||
|*[s]VKV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|nape, back | |||
|*śVKV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |nape; back | ||
|*dVgV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|narrow | |||
|*č`VnV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |narrow | ||
|*ṭijV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|narrow, thin | |||
|*č`VnV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |near | ||
|*ʔVbV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|neck | |||
|*ḳVlV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |neck, collar | ||
|*kVŋkV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|neck, throat | |||
|*HVŋV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |neck, throat | ||
|*ḳVlV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|neck, vertebra | |||
|*nVKV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |negative particle | ||
|*ʔVlV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|negative particle | |||
|*ʔVlV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |negative verb | ||
|*ʔe | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|new | |||
|*žVjŋV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |new, fresh | ||
|*CVrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|new, good | |||
|*žVjŋV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |new, young | ||
|*CVrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|new, young | |||
|*wVlV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |night | ||
|*HUdV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|night | |||
|*kVcwV ( ~ -čw-) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |night | ||
|*lVlV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|night | |||
|*lVlV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |night, dawn; morning, clear sky | ||
|*ŋańV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|night, sleep | |||
|*HUdV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |night, sleep | ||
|*zVNV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|night, sleep | |||
|*ʒ́iNV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |night, sleep | ||
|*ʔamV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|nit | |||
|*ñejV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |nit, louse | ||
|*sajrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|nit, louse | |||
|*sajrV ( ~ *ś-) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |nose | ||
|*ḳVŋV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|nose | |||
|*ḳVŋV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |nose | ||
|*ne(H)wRV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|nose | |||
|*ŋVkCV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |nose | ||
|*wiKV (*ujKV) | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|nose | |||
|*wiKV (*ujKV) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |nose, nostril | ||
|*CVxrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|nose, nostril | |||
|*cwVxrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |not | ||
|*ʔVnV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|not, negative particle | |||
|*ʔVnV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |not, negative verb | ||
|*ʔe | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|notch, sign | |||
|*gVrVbV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |now; new | ||
|*nVwV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|now; new | |||
|*nVwV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |numerous, full | ||
|*tVrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|nut, fruit; nut | |||
|*ar- | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |old | ||
|*gwVrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|old | |||
|*gwVrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |old | ||
|*zVr(d)V | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|one | |||
|*sem- | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |one | ||
|*ʔUdV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|one | |||
|*ʔUdV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |one | ||
|*ʔVrV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|one | |||
|*ʔVrV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |one, finger | ||
|*dwV(j)ḳV | |||
|- | |||
| | | | ||
|one, finger | |||
|*dwV(j)ḳV | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |one, self | ||
| | |*ʔo(ŋ)nV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |onion, odorous grass | ||
| | |*sUŋV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |open | ||
| | |*ṗan[c]V | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |open space | ||
| | |*ʔVrHV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |open space | ||
| | |*ʔVrHV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |open, hole | ||
| | |*HangV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |open; hole | ||
| | |*ʔaḳa | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |order, custom | ||
| | |*nerV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |original place | ||
| | |*ni̯VnV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |other; other side | ||
| | |*aĺV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |other | ||
| | |*gUjV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |other | ||
| | |*gwVjV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |pain, wound | ||
| | |*mVnḳV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |painful state, grief | ||
| | |*gilV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |painful state, grief | ||
| | |*gilV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |pair, one of a pair | ||
| | |*gagtV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | |palate, tongue | ||
| | |*ŋVnV | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|palate, tongue | |||
|*ŋVnV | |||
|palate, tongue | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
Line 3,952: | Line 3,952: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē- | |part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) part of nose | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,156: | Line 4,156: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|root, bone | |root, bone *tV(H)mV | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|root, bone | |root, bone *tV(H)mV root, bone | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,432: | Line 4,432: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|shine, burn (several roots | |shine, burn (several roots) *belV | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 4,504: | Line 4,504: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|sister, woman | |sister, woman *SäwCV | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|sister, woman | |sister, woman *SäwCV | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 5,640: | Line 5,640: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|to chew *käjwV ( | |to chew *käjwV (-b-) | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 6,800: | Line 6,800: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|to understand, brain | |to understand, brain *ʔVŋV | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 6,864: | Line 6,864: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|to weave (a lattice | |to weave (a lattice) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-) | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 7,136: | Line 7,136: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|walk, run, road (several roots | |walk, run, road (several roots, assimilations) *ṭVŕgV | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 7,376: | Line 7,376: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
|worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV | |worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV) | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- |
Revision as of 19:35, 12 July 2024
Etymologies possibly linked to Nostratic
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean | Meaning | Eurasiatic |
---|---|---|
*[k]°rd° | a bird of prey | *KVrdV |
*[ts]°n[ts]° | a biting insect | *CVnCV |
*n° | a deictic element | *nV |
*n° | a demonstrative element | *nV |
*tʼ°k° *dw°kʼ° | a horned animal | *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV) |
*m°r° | a kind of berry | *mVrV |
*tʃʼw°ʢkʼ° | a kind of bird | *[č`w]VHḳV |
*[ts]°m° | a kind of bird | *CVmV |
*[ts]°m° | a kind of bird | *CVmV |
*ʢal°kʼ° | a kind of bird | *HalVḳV |
*ʢal°kʼ° | a kind of bird | *HalVḳV |
*kjama | a kind of (aquatic) bird | *k[i̯a]ma |
*kaɴ° | a kind of bird | *kaNV |
*kaɴ° | a kind of bird | *kaNV |
*kʼuɦʎ° | a kind of bird | *ḳUĺV |
*kʼuɦʎ° | a kind of bird | *ḳUĺV |
*k°pʼ° | a kind of bird | *kVṗV |
a kind of bird | *kVṗV | |
a kind of bird | *kwVtV | |
a kind of bird | *kwVtV | |
a kind of bird | *ĺVkĺVkV | |
a kind of bird | *sVgV | |
a kind of bird | *SVlwV | |
a kind of bird | *SVlwV | |
a kind of bird | *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV | |
a kind of bird (gallinacean) | *KVwrV | |
a kind of bone | *c`iŋu | |
a kind of cereal | *lVnṭV | |
a kind of cereal | *lVnṭV | |
a kind of duck | *ṭVḳV | |
a kind of duck or hen | *ṭVḳV | |
a kind of fish | *č`VHmV | |
(a) kind of fish | *kećä | |
a kind of fish | *kVrV | |
a kind of fish | *kVrV | |
a kind of fish; salmon | *ńowŋa | |
a kind of fruit | *mVsV | |
a kind of fruit | *mVsV | |
a kind of gallinacean bird | *KVwrV | |
a kind of grass | *wVĺV | |
a kind of grass | *wVĺV | |
a kind of grass | *cVmV | |
a kind of horned animal | *mula | |
a kind of horned animal | *mula | |
*tʃjuːppa *tʃjuːppu | a kind of insect | *či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u) |
*[k]uɦm° | a kind of insect | *KUmV |
*[k]uɦm° | a kind of insect | *KUmV |
a kind of insect | *ḳUṭḳV | |
a kind of insect | *ḳUṭḳV | |
a kind of insect | *lVŋV | |
a kind of insect | *m[a]ŋi | |
a kind of insect | *mVḳV | |
a kind of insect | *mVḳV | |
a kind of insect | *pUḳV | |
a kind of insect | *pVN(T)V | |
a kind of insect | *ṗVnǯV | |
a kind of insect, louse | *ṗVnǯV | |
a kind of liquid | *c`UtV | |
a kind of onion | *sUŋV | |
a kind of predator | *bVrV | |
a kind of predator | *KVrdV | |
a kind of rodent | *[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́ | |
a kind of sack | *lVmV | |
a kind of tree | *jVwV (*ʔVjwV) | |
a kind of tree | *jVwV (*ʔVjwV) | |
a kind of tree | *kojw[a] | |
a kind of tree | *NEḳrV | |
a kind of tree | *ʔilVmV | |
a kind of ungulate | *cVHnV ( ~ *c`-) | |
a kind of ungulate | *CVxnV | |
a kind of ungulate | *mVnV | |
a kind of vessel | *ḳVwKV | |
a kind of vessel | *pVNV | |
a kind of water bird (gull) | *sVgV | |
a part of leg, foot | *lVlV | |
a small animal | *cwVkV ( ~ čw-) | |
a stinging insect | *mVwć`wV | |
a stinging insect | *pUḳV | |
all | *eli | |
all, join | *kalV | |
*tʃakiː | an insect; a kind of insect | *čă k𝑎̆𝑘i |
an insect | *mVwcwV | |
an internal organ | *CV(n)CV | |
an ungulate | *morV | |
angry | *jVrV | |
animal hair | *mVńCV | |
animal hair | *mVńcV ( ~ -c`-) | |
antelope | *gujrV | |
antelope | *gujrV | |
arm | *gara | |
arm | *küjnV | |
arm | *lVlV | |
arm, leg | *ćVḳV | |
armpit | *ḳVwVŋV | |
army, people | *čVbV | |
ashes, burn 1; light 2 | *ṗVdwV 1; *pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 2 | |
ashes, dirt | *ṗVlV | |
back | *dVgV | |
back | *gedV | |
back | *gedV | |
back | *sVrV | |
back | *tVbV | |
back | *tVbV | |
back | *ʔarV | |
back | *ʔarV | |
back, rear | *kuNṭV | |
back, side | *ṗVŋV | |
bad | *bVHCV | |
bad | *ʔVkV | |
bad | *ʔVkV | |
bad, dirty | *darV | |
bad, dirty | *darV | |
bad, evil | *bVHCV | |
bad, harm | *sogwV ( ~ š-) | |
bark | *ḳerV | |
bark | *ḳerV | |
bark | *ḲopV | |
bark | *ḲopV | |
bark | *ḳuLV | |
bark | *ḳVrṗV | |
bark, cover | *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-) | |
bark, peel | *ḳuLV | |
bark, skin | *ḳVrṗV | |
basket | *ḳocV | |
basket | *ḳoćV | |
be angry | *kwVrV (~ gw) | |
be angry | *kwVrV (~ gw) | |
be destroyed, fall apart | *HVŕV | |
be full | *ḳOṗV | |
be full, complete | *ḳOṗV | |
be ill | *lVχV | |
be ill | *lVχV | |
be satiated | *HVwV | |
be smooth | *gVlV | |
be visible, see | *nVkV | |
beat | *biχV | |
beat | *biχV | |
beat | *ṭoḳV | |
beat | *ṭoḳV | |
beat, break | *buṭV | |
beat, hit | *SUTV | |
beat, hit | *SUTV | |
beat, hit | *ṭapħa | |
beat, hit | *ṭapħa | |
bee | *ṗVrV | |
bee, insect | *ṗVrV | |
behind, buttock | *[šw]VtV | |
behind, buttock | *SVtV | |
belly | *wa[n]čV | |
belly | *wa[n]ʒ́wV | |
belly, entrails | *gwVlV | |
belly, heart | *kuŋV | |
belly, heart | *kuŋV | |
belly, intestines | *gUtV / *kUtV | |
belly, intestines | *gUtV / *kUtV | |
belly, liver | *gwVlV | |
belly, stomach | *Ḳarbi | |
belly, stomach | *Ḳarbi | |
below | *HalV | |
below | *HalV | |
bend | *ḳVlV | |
bend | *ḳVŋV | |
bend | *ṭoŋV | |
berry | *mVrV | |
big | *mVkV | |
big | *t`VwjV | |
big | *wol[a] | |
big | *wol[a] | |
big fish | *ḳUlV | |
big fish | *ḳUlV | |
big tree | *dVnwV | |
big tree | *dVnwV | |
big, full | *tVdV | |
big, heavy | *pVKV | |
big, large | *mVkV | |
big, thick | *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-) | |
big, thick | *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-) | |
big, thick | *tVdV | |
big, very | *ʔVnV | |
big, very | *ʔVnV | |
bile | *bišV ( ~ -č`-) | |
bind | *KuTV | |
bind | *KVrV | |
birch | *kojw[a] | |
bird | *[č`w]VHḳV | |
bird | *HVwjV | |
bird | *HVwjV | |
bird's tail | *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-) | |
bite, chew | *käjwV (-b-) | |
bite, tear | *ḳVCV | |
biting insect | *CVnCV | |
bitter | *gVcwV(~-čw-) | |
bitter | *sVbV | |
bitter, gall | *bišV ( ~ -č`-) | |
bitter, sour | *gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- ) | |
black | *ḳarV | |
black | *ḳarV | |
black | *ʔVbV | |
black | *ʔVbV | |
black, dark | *ḳUmV | |
black, dark | *ḳUmV | |
black, dark | *mVCHV | |
black, dark; black | *nal- | |
black, night | *sVrV | |
black-cock | *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV | |
blade, awl | *ʔVlV | |
blade, whetstone | *ʔVlV | |
blister, abscess | *HVlVḳV | |
blister, wound | *HVlVḳV | |
blood | *bUjlV | |
blood | *bUjlV | |
blood | *ḳVnV | |
blood | *wirV | |
blood | *ʔVsxV | |
blood, blood vessel | *ḳVnV | |
blood, breath | *HwinV | |
blood, breath | *ʔVsxV | |
blood, red | *ḳurV | |
blood, red | *ḳurV | |
blood, spirit; spirit; blood | *cwVnV | |
blood; marrow | *mVLV | |
blood; red | *wirV | |
blue | *swVNV | |
blue | *swVNV | |
board, stick | *ṭVlV | |
body | *bVdV | |
body, belly | *bVdV | |
boil | *borV, *buŕa | |
boil | *borV, *buŕa | |
boil, burn | *ḳVju | |
bone | *girV | |
bone | *girV | |
bone | *HV(w)[č`]V | |
bone | *HV(w)čV | |
bone | *ḳač`V | |
bone | *ḳaCV | |
bone | *ʒ́VmV (*c`iŋu) | |
bone, tooth | *ṗVjNV | |
bone, tooth | *ṗVjNV | |
bosom | *ʔVṗV | |
bosom | *ʔVṗV | |
bovine; horse | *luwV (*luɣV) | |
bow | *büḲa | |
bow, arc | *ṭoŋV | |
bow, lean | *tajV | |
brain | *mVŋV | |
brain | *mVŋV | |
brain, head | *wVṭV(mV) | |
brain, marrow; head | *wVṭV(mV) | |
branch | *rVṭV | |
branch, rod | *rVṭV | |
branch, stick | *HelV | |
branch, twig, rod | *šVṭV | |
break, chop | *cVṗV | |
break, split | *buṭV | |
breast | *[c]V(n)ʒwV | |
breast | *ḳerdV | |
breast | *ṗome | |
breast, belly | *ʔudV | |
breast, udder | *mälgi | |
breast, udder | *mälgi | |
breath, smell | *sVwHV | |
bright | *bVrḳV | |
bright | *ʔVǯV | |
bright | *ʔVǯV | |
brown | *boŕa | |
brown | *boŕa | |
brown, dark | *KVŋV | |
brown, yellow | *KVŋV | |
bug, flea | *ŋalmV | |
build, house | *dwVmV | |
burn; bonfire | *mūga | |
burn | *ṗaĺV | |
burn | *ṗaĺV | |
burn | *ṗVrV | |
burn | *wVrV | |
burn | *wVrV | |
burn, bake | *buKV | |
burn, boil; burn, kindle | *t`èmo ( ~ t-) | |
burn, fire | *qoṭi | |
burn, fire | *qoṭi | |
burn, fire | *t`ülV | |
burn, hot coals | *gUrV | |
burn, hot coals | *gUrV | |
burn, roast | *buKV | |
burn, roast, dry | *ḳVńV | |
burn, shine | *Cajŋa | |
burn, shine | *ʒajŋa | |
burst | *paḳV | |
butterfly | *ṗVrṗVlV | |
butterfly | *ṗVrṗVlV | |
buy, sell | *ṗVrV | |
calf | *ṗVrV ( ~ p-) | |
calf, bull | *ṗVrV ( ~ p-) | |
cattle; horse | *morV | |
cave, hole | *ḳVjwV | |
cave, hole | *ḳVjwV | |
cheek | *ṗVlV | |
chest, belly | *bUrV | |
chest, belly | *bUrV | |
child | *mVḳV | |
child, to bear | *berV | |
child, to bear | *berV | |
chin | *kenV | |
chin | *kenV (*kVngV) | |
chin, beard; cheek bone | *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-) | |
chin, jaw | *kVṗV | |
chop | *cVṗV | |
chopped piece, to cut | *ḳUṭV (*ḳVtV) | |
clan member | *ʔarV | |
clay, mud | *pVnV | |
clay, mud | *pVnV | |
clothing | *ḳa(j)dV | |
cloud | *bVl(w)V | |
cloud | *bVl(w)V | |
coals, burn | *CuxLV | |
coals, soot, burn | *CuxLV | |
cold | *[z]VrV | |
cold | *KurV | |
cold | *KurV | |
cold | *SVŋV | |
cold | *ʒ́VrV | |
cold, frost | *SVŋV | |
come, go; rise | *Horä | |
coniferous tree | *pVnč`wV | |
coniferous tree, resin | *pVnč`wV | |
corner, enclosure | *ḳVnVṭV | |
corner, wall | *ḳVnVṭV | |
court, enclosure | *dwVrV | |
cover | *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-) | |
cover, close | *ḳaṗV | |
cover, close | *ḳaṗV | |
crane | *kar-/*ker- | |
crane | *kar-/*ker- | |
crust | *c`VrV | |
curved, bent | *ḳUrV | |
cut | *čVḳV ( ~ *č`-) | |
cut | *ḳUṭV | |
cut | *ḳVc`V | |
cut | *kVlV | |
cut, sharp | *CarV | |
dark | *HamV | |
dark | *rVmV | |
dark | *rVmV | |
dark | *sVmV | |
dark | *ṭVmV | |
dark | *ṭVmV | |
dark, black; dark | *muṭV | |
dark, black | *mVCHV | |
dark, black; dark | *sVmV | |
dark, cloudy | *muṭV | |
darkness, night | *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-) | |
dawn | *gojńV | |
dawn, light | *gojńV | |
dawn, light | *lVwŋV | |
dawn, noon | *lVwŋV | |
day, shine | *dʷVjɣV | |
day, shine | *dʷVjɣV | |
day, sun, light | *ŋera | |
decease | *ŋVwV | |
deer | *mVnV | |
deer | *ʔelV | |
deer | *ʔelV | |
deer, antilope | *ʔoru | |
deer, he-goat | *pOgV | |
demonstrative pronoun | *mV | |
demonstrative pronoun | *mV | |
demonstrative pronoun | *ṭV | |
demonstrative pronoun | *ṭV | |
demonstrative pronoun | *ḳV | |
demonstrative pronoun | *sV | |
dew, liquid | *rVCV | |
die, finish | *muṭV | |
die, starve | *HwelV | |
die; kill | *nek'- | |
dig, hack | *ḳVṗV | |
direction, road | *gwVCV | |
direction, road, pass | *gwVCV | |
dirt | *böḳa | |
dirt | *c`VrV | |
dirt | *c`VrV | |
dirt | *kodV | |
dirt | *kodV | |
dirt | *lVḳwV | |
dirt, earth | *magV | |
dirt, faeces | *[ʒ]VḳV | |
dirt, faeces | *SVḳV | |
dog | *KUCV | |
dog | *ḳVpV | |
dog | *ḳVpV | |
dog | *ŋindV | |
dog | *ŋindV | |
dog | *ŋVḳV | |
dog, wolf | *bVrV | |
dog, wolf | *KUCV | |
dog, wolf | *ŋVḳV | |
dream | *CVm(ŋ)V | |
drink | *jVgU | |
drink, liquid | *CUtV | |
drink, swallow | *ʔEmV | |
drink, water | *HVṗV | |
dry | *gwVlV | |
dry | *ḳVjwV(rV) | |
dry | *ḳVjwV(rV) | |
dry | *kVkV | |
dry | *kVk𝑉𝑘V | |
dry | *KVmV | |
dry | *ḳVs(w)V | |
dry | *sušV | |
dry | *śušV | |
dry, burn | *gwVlV (*/ḳ/alV) | |
dung, mud | *ḳorV | |
dust | *bur(H)V | |
dust | *bur(H)V | |
dust, ashes | *ṭVṭV | |
dust, ashes, smoke | *ṭVṭV | |
dust, dirt | *böḳa | |
dwelling | *gülV | |
dwelling | *gülV | |
ear | *KVrWV | |
ear | *KVrWV | |
early | *ʔVCV | |
early | *ʔVrV | |
early | *ʔVrV | |
early, dawn | *ʔVcwV | |
earth | *DVG- | |
earth | *DVG- | |
earth | *magV | |
earth, dust | *ṭVŕV | |
earth, dust | *ṭVŕV | |
eat | *tin- | |
eat | *UNV | |
eat, drink | *UNV | |
edge; top, summit | *cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-) | |
edge | *Hońća | |
edge | *HońcV | |
edge | *mVcV ( ~ -c`-) | |
edge | *ṗerV | |
edge | *PVlV | |
edge | *PVlV (*ṗVlV) | |
edge, side | *mVcV ( ~ -c`-) | |
edge, side | *ṗerV | |
egg | *ṭUĺV | |
egg | *ṭUĺV | |
elbow, forearm | *c`VjḳV | |
elbow, knee | *küjnV | |
elder brother or sister | *ʔaḳV | |
elder brother/sister | *eńV | |
elder male relative, father | *ʔVṭV (*tajV) | |
elder relative | *ʔaḳV | |
elder relative | *ʔVṭV | |
elm | *ʔilVmV | |
enclosure | *gErV | |
enclosure | *gVrdV | |
enclosure | *gVrdV | |
enclosure | *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-) | |
enclosure, yard | *dwVrV | |
enclosure, yard | *gErV | |
end; mouth | *[s]UwV | |
enemy | *ḳarV | |
enemy | *ḳarV | |
evening | *SVKV | |
evening | *sVrV | |
evening | *ʒwVṗV | |
evening, sleep | *ʒwVṗV | |
extinguish | *sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-) | |
eye, see | *HuḲa | |
eye, see | *HuḲa | |
eye, see | *HwVlV | |
eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head | *SVmrV | |
face | *mVŋV | |
face, chin | *kVṗV | |
face, forehead | *pVNV | |
face, head | *mVĺV | |
face, head | *mVṭV | |
face, head | *pVNV | |
face, nose, mouth | *mVŋV | |
face, skin on head | *mVṭV | |
fall | *ḳVtV | |
fall, descend | *HewV | |
fall, descend, disappear | *HewV(jV) | |
far; next | *ḳUlV | |
fart | *PV[s]V | |
fart | *PVSV | |
fat | *gwVjV | |
fat | *gwVjV | |
fat, intestines | *sebV ( ~ ś-, š-) | |
father | *aṗV | |
father | *aṗV | |
feather | *ṗVĺV | |
feather, tail | *ṗVĺV | |
female | *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-) | |
female | *ṗenV | |
female genitalia | *mVṭV | |
female genitalia | *mVṭV | |
female in-law | *kälU | |
female in-law | *kälU | |
female relative | *eńV | |
female relative | *mVjNV | |
female relative | *mVjNV | |
female relative | *natV | |
female relative | *natV | |
fence, enclosure | *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-) | |
fight, kill | *HwelV | |
finger | *pVrV | |
finger, claw | *č`wVṗV | |
finger, claw | *č`wVṗV | |
finger, fingernail | *pVrV | |
finger, toe | *ḳVrV | |
fire | *CVCxV | |
fire | *dʷVɣV | |
fire | *dʷVɣV | |
fire | *ṗVxwV | |
fire | *ṗVxwV | |
fire | *zVcwxV | |
fire, burn | *HenkV | |
fire, burn | *HenkV | |
fire, burn | *nVjV | |
fire, burn | *ŋera | |
fire, burn | *ṗVrV | |
fire, burn | *ʔumV | |
fire, burn | *ʔumV | |
fire, to strike fire | *cVḳV ( ~ *č-) | |
fire, warmth | *lVmV | |
first person pronoun | *ŋV | |
first person pronoun | *mV | |
first person pronoun (exclusive) | *ŋV | |
fish | *č`VHmV | |
fish | *dVgV | |
fish | *dVgV | |
fist | *mVǯHV | |
fist, handle | *ṗVnḳV | |
fist, wrist | *kompV | |
fist; squeeze with a fist, crumple | *mVǯHV | |
flat | *lVṗV | |
flat | *lVṗV | |
flat | *ṭaPV | |
flat | *ṭaPV | |
flat, level | *ṗVlHV | |
flat, level | *ṗVlHV | |
flat, plain | *ṭalV | |
flea | *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV) | |
flea | *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV) | |
flesh, blood; flesh, fat | *SVĺV | |
flesh, fat | *c`ebV | |
flesh, fat | *swVĺV | |
flow | *ńVjrV | |
flow | *ńVjrV | |
flow, gush | *bVlV | |
flow, gush | *bVlV | |
fly | *ṗarV | |
fly | *ṗarV | |
fly, flea | *ṗVlV | |
fly, midge | *ṗVlV | |
fog | *musV | |
food | *HVlV | |
food, eat | *HVlV | |
foolish, deceive | *tVlV | |
foot, knee | *bVl(m)V | |
foot, sole | *ṗVHdV | |
foot, toe | *ḳVrV | |
forest, wilderness | *ni̯VnV | |
four | *NVlV | |
fox | *[čw]VlɣV | |
fox, weasel | *[čw]VlɣV | |
fragile | *lVmV | |
fringe, thread | *sVŋV | |
fringe, thread | *śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-) | |
frog | *gwVrV | |
frog | *gwVrV | |
front | *HalV | |
front | *HanṭV | |
front | *HanṭV | |
front; front, breast | *ʔedV | |
front, breast | *mVńV | |
front, breast | *mVńV | |
front, breast | *ʔedV | |
front, nose | *newRV | |
front, outside | *HalV | |
frost, cold | *pič`V | |
frozen snow | *čVgV | |
frozen snow | *čVgV | |
fruit | *bVrq̇wV | |
fruit | *bVrq̇wV | |
full | *HVp`V | |
full | *HVPVTV | |
full | *malV | |
full | *ṭVngV | |
full | *ṭVngV | |
full | *tVrV | |
full, all | *wV(n)CV | |
full, all | *wV(n)CV | |
full, fill | *ṭVmV | |
furrow | *HarV | |
furrow, hoe | *HarV | |
gather, assemble; buy, assemble | *ṗVrV | |
genitalia | *ḳUṭV | |
genitalia | *ḳUṭV | |
get in pairs, pair > two | *malV | |
get, obtain | *ga | |
gift, allotment | *ajṭV ~ *amṭV | |
gift, allotment | *ajṭV ~ *amṭV | |
give | *ćwVHV | |
glittering | *gi[ɫ]ħu | |
glittering | *gi[ɫ]ħu | |
glue | *[c]VbV | |
glue, join | *ćabV | |
go astray, fall apart | *HVŕV | |
go, come | *HVjV | |
go, follow | *HVjV | |
goat | *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV) | |
goat, deer | *ʔoru | |
goat, ram, deer | *pOgV | |
good | *mVlV | |
good | *näḳi | |
good (of soul) | *näḳi | |
good, big | *bVtV | |
good, fit | *dUgV | |
good, new | *wVlV | |
good, proper | *ʔVjV | |
good, take care | *ʔVjsV | |
goose | *ĺVkĺVkV | |
grain | *SVrV | |
grain | *SVrV | |
grasp | *kamV | |
grasp | *kamV | |
grasp, seize, press | *HamV | |
grass | *kuCu | |
grass, reed | *ćVmV | |
grass, twigs | *c`UlV | |
grass, vegetables | *kuč`u | |
grey | *c'VjrV | |
grey | *c'VjrV | |
grind | *nVq̇V | |
grind | *nVq̇V | |
gum, resin, mud | *ṗoŋV | |
gums; part of face, gums | *ńVjlV | |
guts, inside | *oŕV | |
hack | *ṭanV | |
hair | *cVḳV | |
hair | *k`VSV | |
hair | *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [*ŋVjV] | |
hair | *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [*ŋVjV] | |
hair | *nVwrV | |
hair | *nVwrV | |
hair | *ŋVjV | |
hair | *p`un(́)V | |
hair | *p`un(́)V | |
hair | *pUdV | |
hair | *sVHrV | |
hair | *sVHrV | |
hair | *ṭVrV | |
hair | *ṭVrV | |
hair | *k`VSV | |
hair, beard | *Ḳila | |
hair, eyebrow | *burV | |
hair, feather | *pUdV (*HapUdV) | |
hair, hair of head | *burV | |
hair, head | *q̇irV | |
hair, rope | *ŋVjV | |
hair, stalk | *Ḳila | |
hair, tail | *sVPV | |
half, part | *palV | |
hand | *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV) | |
hand | *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV) | |
hand(ful) | *kompV | |
hand, arm | *bVgu | |
hand, arm | *udV | |
hand, bone | *ŋVlV | |
hand, elbow | *ŋVlV | |
hand, fist | *ṗVnḳV | |
hand, limb | *udV | |
hard | *ḳVmV | |
hard, bone | *ḳVmV | |
hard, firm | *pVKV | |
harm, deceive | *sogwV ( ~ š-) | |
harsh, ragged | *c`VrV | |
head | *q̇irV | |
head, back of head | *ḳapV | |
hear | *sVmV | |
hear | *SVmV | |
hear, ear | *ḳiwlV | |
hear, ear; hear; ear | *me- | |
heart | *sVʎV(mV) | |
heart | *śVʎV(mV) | |
heart, breast | *ḳerdV | |
heat | *[H]indV | |
heavy, labour | *mVnḳV | |
herd | *cVčV | |
high | *berg[i] | |
high | *berg[i] | |
high | *TVGV | |
hill | *tujpV | |
hill, rock | *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-) | |
hill, top | *tujpV | |
hit | *wVdV | |
hit | *wVdV | |
hole | *HangV (*wonkV) | |
hole | *k`VCV | |
hole | *ḳUrV | |
hole | *wonkV | |
hole, cavity | *ḳVwVŋV | |
hole, empty | *gop`a | |
hole, empty | *gop`a | |
hole, mouth | *k`VCV | |
hole, vulva | *p`u[ṭ]V | |
hollow | *HVlwV | |
hollow, cavity | *HVlwV | |
hoof | *ḳäṗV | |
hoof | *ḳäṗV | |
hoof | *sUdV | |
hoof | *ṭUṗV | |
hoof, finger(nail); hoof | *ṭUṗV | |
hoof, hoof deformation | *c`UdV | |
horn | *ḳirV | |
horn | *mVrgV | |
horn; root | *mVrgV | |
horned animal | *bVrV | |
horned animal | *bVrV | |
hot, warm | *ṗäḳV | |
house | *pVrV | |
house | *ʔU[ṭ]V | |
house, village; village, hut | *ḳojmV | |
humid, wet | *mVk`V | |
I, myself | *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV) | |
I, myself; we [first person pronoun] | *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV) | |
I, we [first person pronoun] | *mV | |
ice, cold | *jVkV | |
ice, cold | *jVkV | |
ill, die | *m[ä]rV | |
ill, die | *m[ä]rV | |
insect, vermine | *tVkV | |
insect, vermine | *tVkV | |
insect, worm | *ḳwVŋV | |
insect, worm | *lVŋV | |
inside, stomach | *ʔudV | |
interrogative or relative pronoun | *ŋiV | |
interrogative or relative pronoun | *ŋiV | |
interrogative pronoun | *ḳV | |
interrogative pronoun | *mV | |
intestine | *[c']VlV | |
intestine | *ć'VlV | |
intestine | *ḳUʒwV | |
intestines | *ḳUʒ́wV | |
intestines; stomach, intestines | *ḳVmV | |
intestines | *lVŋ(d)V | |
intestines | *oŕV | |
jaw, palate | *ʔVŋV | |
jaw, palate | *ʔVŋV | |
joint, limb | *bVgu | |
joy | *bVjV | |
joy, desire | *bVjV | |
juice, ferment | *sVḳV ( ~ š-) | |
jump, run | *lVKV | |
kidney, heart | *lVŋ(d)V | |
kill | *KolV | |
kill | *ḳVwχV | |
knee | *bVl(m)V | |
knee, ankle | *sVnV | |
knife, cut, break | *kUŋ[d]V | |
know | *ṭanV | |
know, hear; know | *ṭanV (*-ŋ-) | |
know, name | *nerV | |
large fish | *lVmbV | |
large predator | *zīwe(ŋkV) | |
large predator | *zīwe(ŋkV) | |
large, heavy | *sUrV | |
large, heavy | *sUrV | |
laugh | *gUlV | |
laugh, merry | *gUlV | |
leaf | *bolV | |
leaf | *bolV | |
leaf | *lVṗV | |
leaf tree | *ṗVlV | |
leaf tree | *ṗVlV | |
leaf, bark | *lVṗV | |
leaf, branch | *HelV | |
leaf, flower; bud | *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) | |
leaf; reed | *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV) | |
leg | *ɫaḳV | |
leg | *ɫaḳV | |
leg, arm | *ḳVwlV | |
leg, limb | *ḳVwlV | |
level ground | *ṭalV | |
lick | *laḳV | |
lick | *laḳV | |
lick | *lašV | |
lick | *lašV | |
lick, drink | *talV | |
lie | *ḳVwjV | |
light, burn | *Howri | |
light, burn | *Howri | |
light, loose | *SulV | |
light, shine | *HVlV | |
light, shine | *HVlV | |
light, shine | *jVḳV | |
light, shine | *jVḳV | |
light, shine | *mVlV | |
limb | *ṗVHdV | |
lip, soft excrescence | *kanpV | |
lip, soft excrescence | *kanpV | |
liquid | *GurV | |
liquid | *GurV | |
liquid | *lVṭV | |
liquid | *lVṭV | |
liquid | *sVwV | |
liquid | *śVwV | |
liquid, dirt | *lVḳwV | |
liquid, flow | *L[ä]jV | |
liver | *pi̯ā̀ki | |
liver | *ponta | |
liver, belly | *tVrV(ŋV) | |
liver, intestines; blood, marrow | *mVLV | |
lizard, slug | *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV) | |
lizard, worm | *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV) | |
loins, groin | *zVmV | |
long | *tel(ḥ)V | |
long | *tel(ḥ)V | |
long bone | *śVnV | |
long hair, tail | *[s]VPV | |
long, far | *ḳUlV | |
long, high | *HVgU | |
long, wide | *wVŕV | |
long, wide | *wVŕV | |
loose | *SulV | |
loose(n) | *lVCV | |
louse | *pVN(T)V | |
louse | *ṭäjV | |
louse | *ṭäjV | |
louse, nit | *ñejV | |
love, good | *ʔVjV | |
luminary | *mVnzV | |
luminary | *mVnʒ́V | |
lung, liver | *pVjLV | |
lung, spleen | *pVjLV | |
male | *gVntV | |
male | *gVntV | |
male, male child | *mVḳV | |
man | *ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-) | |
man | *mänV | |
man | *mänV | |
many | *m[o]nV | |
many | *m[o]nV | |
many | *ṗalV | |
many | *ṗV(H)- | |
many, big | *bVtV | |
many, full | *ṗalV | |
marsh | *[sw]VjmV | |
marsh, uncultivated land | *[sw]VjmV | |
marten | *ḳ[u]nV | |
marten | *ḳ[u]nV | |
meat | *ńVḳV(rV) | |
meat | *sUḳV | |
meat | *ʔomsV | |
meat | *ʔomśV | |
meat, animal | *cVč𝑉čV | |
meat, deer | *sUḳV | |
meat, liver | *mVḳV | |
meat, liver | *mVḳV | |
meat, roe, intestines | *ńVḳV(rV) | |
member of the clan | *ʔarV | |
moisture | *mVtV | |
moisture | *mVtV | |
moon, heavenly body | *ṭVlgV(nV) | |
moon, luminary | *ṭVlgV(nV) | |
morning | *ṗuKdV | |
morning / evening | *HamV | |
morning ~ evening | *SVKV | |
morning, clear sky | *ŋańV | |
moth | *kuńV | |
mother | *ʔVjV | |
mother | *ʔVjV | |
mother | *ʔVmV | |
mother, woman | *ʔVmV | |
mountain | *balV | |
mountain | *malV | |
mountain | *malV | |
mountain | *wVrV | |
mountain | *wVrV | |
mountain, high | *TVGV | |
mountain, hill | *balV | |
mountain, hill | *gʷVrV | |
mountain, hill | *gʷVrV | |
mountain, top | *ṗVrV | |
mountain, top | *ṗVrV | |
mouse | *cVḳV ( ~ *c`-) | |
mouse, squirrel | *CVḳV (*cwVkV ( ~ čw-)) | |
mouse, squirrel | *gʷVĺV | |
mouth | *[s]UwV | |
mouth, hole | *HVwV | |
mouth, hole | *HVwV | |
mouth; eat | *č`VmV | |
mouth; speak | *ʔVpV | |
mouth; to speak | *ʔVpV | |
mud, dung | *ḳorV | |
mud; gum, resin | *ṗoŋV | |
multitude; be satiated | *HVwV | |
mushroom, fungus | *pUtV | |
mushroom, sponge | *pUtV | |
naked, take off clothes | *luku | |
name | *ĺVm(ŋ)V | |
name | *ĺVm(ŋ)V | |
name | *ṗVtV | |
name, call | *ṗVtV | |
name, shape | *šamV | |
nape, back | *[s]VKV | |
nape, back | *śVKV | |
nape; back | *dVgV | |
narrow | *č`VnV | |
narrow | *ṭijV | |
narrow, thin | *č`VnV | |
near | *ʔVbV | |
neck | *ḳVlV | |
neck, collar | *kVŋkV | |
neck, throat | *HVŋV | |
neck, throat | *ḳVlV | |
neck, vertebra | *nVKV | |
negative particle | *ʔVlV | |
negative particle | *ʔVlV | |
negative verb | *ʔe | |
new | *žVjŋV | |
new, fresh | *CVrV | |
new, good | *žVjŋV | |
new, young | *CVrV | |
new, young | *wVlV | |
night | *HUdV | |
night | *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-) | |
night | *lVlV | |
night | *lVlV | |
night, dawn; morning, clear sky | *ŋańV | |
night, sleep | *HUdV | |
night, sleep | *zVNV | |
night, sleep | *ʒ́iNV | |
night, sleep | *ʔamV | |
nit | *ñejV | |
nit, louse | *sajrV | |
nit, louse | *sajrV ( ~ *ś-) | |
nose | *ḳVŋV | |
nose | *ḳVŋV | |
nose | *ne(H)wRV | |
nose | *ŋVkCV | |
nose | *wiKV (*ujKV) | |
nose | *wiKV (*ujKV) | |
nose, nostril | *CVxrV | |
nose, nostril | *cwVxrV | |
not | *ʔVnV | |
not, negative particle | *ʔVnV | |
not, negative verb | *ʔe | |
notch, sign | *gVrVbV | |
now; new | *nVwV | |
now; new | *nVwV | |
numerous, full | *tVrV | |
nut, fruit; nut | *ar- | |
old | *gwVrV | |
old | *gwVrV | |
old | *zVr(d)V | |
one | *sem- | |
one | *ʔUdV | |
one | *ʔUdV | |
one | *ʔVrV | |
one | *ʔVrV | |
one, finger | *dwV(j)ḳV | |
one, finger | *dwV(j)ḳV | |
one, self | *ʔo(ŋ)nV | |
onion, odorous grass | *sUŋV | |
open | *ṗan[c]V | |
open space | *ʔVrHV | |
open space | *ʔVrHV | |
open, hole | *HangV | |
open; hole | *ʔaḳa | |
order, custom | *nerV | |
original place | *ni̯VnV | |
other; other side | *aĺV | |
other | *gUjV | |
other | *gwVjV | |
pain, wound | *mVnḳV | |
painful state, grief | *gilV | |
painful state, grief | *gilV | |
pair, one of a pair | *gagtV | |
palate, tongue | *ŋVnV | |
palate, tongue | *ŋVnV | |
palm *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, *cälmǝ palm | ||
palm (of hand) *ṗVlŋV | ||
palm of hand, handful *ṗVlŋV | ||
part of face *ńVjlV | ||
part of nose *ŋVk[čw]V | ||
part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) part of nose | ||
part of shoulder *čVKV | ||
part of shoulder, joint *čVKV | ||
paw, grasp *gEpSV | ||
paw, hand *gEpčwV | ||
peg, nail *ɣoŋɣV | ||
peg, nail *ḳUjḳV peg, nail (also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck') | ||
peg, root *ḳUjḳV | ||
penis *bVĺV | ||
penis *bVĺV | ||
penis *ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-) | ||
penis *ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)) | ||
people, army *čVbV | ||
place *baja | ||
place *baja | ||
pleasure, satisfaction *ṭVrṗV | ||
plenty, abundant *malV | ||
pond *küɫä | ||
pond *küɫä | ||
pool, low ground *laḳwV | ||
pool, low ground *laḳwV | ||
pot *ṗVdV | ||
pot *ṗVdV | ||
pot *pVNV | ||
pray *mVlV | ||
prohibitive / negative particle *ma | ||
prohibitive particle, not *ma | ||
pus, rot *[č]iru | ||
pus, rot *Ciru | ||
push, move *ńukV | ||
quick *ṭurV | ||
quick *ṭurV | ||
quick, swift *pV[ṭ]V | ||
rain, fog, steam *musV | ||
rain, pour *HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (also *rVCV) | ||
rare *HVrV | ||
rare, new *HVrV rare | ||
reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV) | ||
relative-in-law *tajV | ||
ring, hook *ḳVCV (also *kVCV) | ||
ring, spool *ḳVč`V | ||
rise *ŋwVkV | ||
rise, stand up *HVgU | ||
rise, up *ʔVpV | ||
rise, up *ʔVpV | ||
road *ʔur(H)V | ||
road *ʔur(H)V | ||
road, walk *mVrV | ||
rod, strap *lVgV | ||
rod, strap *lVgV | ||
roe; inside *t`VrV(ŋV) | ||
root, bone *tV(H)mV | ||
root, bone *tV(H)mV root, bone | ||
root, herb *wVr[t]V | ||
root, herb *wVr[t]V | ||
root, seed > settlement *aHulV | ||
root, sprout *ḲurV | ||
root, stalk *ḲurV | ||
rope, thread *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV) | ||
round *ḳoĺV | ||
round *ḳoĺV | ||
round *ṭompV | ||
round, convex *ṭompV | ||
rump, buttocks *kuNṭV | ||
rump, neck *nVKV | ||
run *bok[a] | ||
run *bok[a] | ||
run, drive *ʔurKV | ||
sack, bag *lVmV | ||
salt *CalV | ||
salt, bitter *sVbV | ||
salt, sea *čwalV | ||
salty, sour *č`VmV | ||
salty, sour *cwVwVrV | ||
sand *ki[ǯ]V | ||
sand *kiCV | ||
satisfaction *ṭVrṗV | ||
say *tVHV | ||
say, call *wVḳV | ||
say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-) | ||
say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-) | ||
scab *pVkV | ||
scatter, sift *ś(w)VcwV | ||
scrape, scraper *ḳwVnCV | ||
scrape, scraper *ḳwVncwV | ||
scratch *wVrcwV | ||
scratch, scrape *ḳVSV | ||
scratch, scrape *wVrcwV | ||
sea *jamV | ||
sea, shallow *sVjɣwV | ||
sea, water *jamV | ||
sea, water *sVjɣwV | ||
second person pronoun *χwV | ||
second person pronoun, thou *nV | ||
second person pronoun, thou *si | ||
second person pronoun, thou *ṭ[u] | ||
see, eye *ʔVnjV | ||
seed, kin *ṗVrV | ||
seed, kin *ṗVrV | ||
seed; to sift *sVjHV | ||
seize *HamV | ||
self *ʔo(ŋ)nV | ||
separate, split *bedV | ||
settlement *aHulV | ||
settlement *palVHV | ||
settlement *palVHV | ||
shape *šamV | ||
sharp *Hoḳi | ||
sharp object *CVNV | ||
sharp point, tooth *Hoḳi | ||
sharp stick *c`iĺV | ||
sharp stick *c`iĺV | ||
sharp, to whet *pVxwV | ||
sharp, to whet *pVxwV | ||
shell *kV(n)ḳV | ||
shell, bark *kV(n)ḳV | ||
shin, shank *ḳVnčV | ||
shin, thigh *ḳVnčV | ||
shine, bright *bVrḳV | ||
shine, burn *mVlV | ||
shine, burn (several roots) *belV | ||
shine, glitter *belV | ||
shine, glitter *laṗV | ||
shine, light *bVɣV | ||
shine, light *bVɣV | ||
shine; burn *leuk- | ||
shoulder *tVlV | ||
shoulder, arm *tVlV | ||
shoulder, shoulder-blade *ṗVŋV | ||
shout *rewǝ- shout, roar | ||
show, point at *tVjḳV | ||
sick, ill *ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-) | ||
side *bVḳV | ||
side (of body) *bVḳV | ||
sinew; root *SirV | ||
sinew; root *SirV | ||
single, first *sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-) | ||
single; apart, asunder *sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-) | ||
sister, woman *SäwCV | ||
sister, woman *SäwCV | ||
skin *ḲaĺV | ||
skin *ḲaĺV | ||
skin *perV | ||
skin *perV | ||
skin *ṗVtV | ||
skin *ṗVtV | ||
skin *ṭVlV | ||
skin *ṭVlV | ||
skin, bark *pVkV | ||
skin, crust, peel *kamV | ||
skin, hair *ṭVwq̇V | ||
skin, hair on body *ṭVwq̇V | ||
skin, husk *kamV | ||
skull *ḳapV | ||
sky, cloud *HaḳumV | ||
sky, cloud *HaḳumV | ||
slanting *kVCV | ||
sleep *ʔamV | ||
slide, creep *[ʒ]VlV | ||
slime *SVlV | ||
slime, dirt *SVlV | ||
small *cVḳV | ||
small *CVḳV | ||
small *ḳVṭV | ||
small *ṭijV | ||
small bird *ciṗV | ||
small bird *ciṗV | ||
small female animal *ṗenV | ||
small, thin, short *ṭVnV | ||
small, young *ḳVṭV | ||
small; child *pVwjV | ||
small; child *pVwjV | ||
smear *cwVHmV | ||
smear, fat *mVjrV | ||
smear, fat *mVjrV | ||
smear; fat *ć`ämV | ||
smell *[s]VwHV | ||
smell *ṗunV | ||
smell *sun(g)V | ||
smell *śun(g)V | ||
smell, breathe, smoke *ṗunV | ||
smile *mUc`V ( ~ -s-) | ||
smoke *ǯun[k]V | ||
smoke *ǯun[k]V | ||
smoke, cloud *nVbV | ||
smoke, cloud *nVbV | ||
smooth *gVlV | ||
something sharp *CVNV | ||
snake *nētr- 'snake' | ||
snake *ṗVjmV | ||
snake *ʔanKV | ||
snake *ʔanKV | ||
snake, eel *lVmbV | ||
soft, fragile *lVmV | ||
soft, mild *mVlV | ||
soft, weak *lVjńV | ||
soft, wet *LVṗV | ||
soft, wet *LVṗV | ||
soul, breath *mùsi 'steam, spirit' | ||
sour *CVwVrV | ||
sour, bitter *č`VmV | ||
sour, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-) | ||
span *ṭVgV | ||
span *ṭVgV | ||
speak, say, sound *jVnV | ||
speak, sound *jVnV | ||
spin, twist *ṗuNV | ||
spin, twist *ṗuNV | ||
spirit *cwVnV | ||
spit *ṭupV | ||
spit *ṭupV | ||
spit, fang *ḳiwHV | ||
spit, fang *ḳiwHV | ||
spleen *lVṗV | ||
spleen *lVṗV | ||
spleen *tV(H)ʎV | ||
spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV | ||
split *cVlV | ||
split, tear off *CVlV | ||
spread *ṗVrjV | ||
spread, extend *CVχrV | ||
spread, long *pVdV | ||
spring *PVnV | ||
spring, flow *bira (*bujra) | ||
spring, flow *bira (*bujra) | ||
sprinkle *p`iSV | ||
sprinkle *p`isV | ||
stalk *kanVbV | ||
stalk, peg *kanVbV | ||
stand *čwVrV | ||
star *dVštV | ||
star, luminary *HVzwVrV | ||
star, moon *dV[š]tV | ||
star, shine *HVźVrV | ||
stem, board *ṭVlV | ||
steppe, valley, meadow *ColV | ||
steppe, valley, meadow *ColV | ||
stick *bVč`V | ||
stick *ḳVlV | ||
stick *ḳVlV | ||
stick into, pierce *bedV | ||
stick, pole *bVč`V | ||
stick, tree *ḳUrV | ||
stick, tree *ḳUrV | ||
stomach, intestines *ḳVmV | ||
stone *ḳElV | ||
stone *kiwV | ||
stone *ṭ/aj/lV | ||
stone *ṭ/aj/lV | ||
stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-) | ||
stone, mountain *kiwV | ||
stone, rock *ḳElV | ||
storm *burV ( >> *p-) | ||
storm *burV ( >> *p-) | ||
stream, flow of water *Huwa | ||
stream, flow of water *Huwa | ||
stump *ṭumgV | ||
stump, trunk *ṭumgV | ||
suck *SUṗV | ||
suck *zUkV | ||
suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble | ||
sufficient, complete *eli | ||
sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-) | ||
sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-) | ||
sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; *tianta 'sun' | ||
swamp *laHm[u] | ||
swamp *laHm[u] | ||
sweep *šwxVjṗV | ||
sweet *cwVtu | ||
sweet, tasty *cwVtu | ||
tail *ḳudV | ||
tail *ḳudV | ||
tail *toḳE | ||
tail *toḳE | ||
tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-) | ||
tail, back *śVrV back | ||
take *ga | ||
take *ʔanV | ||
take, bring *gerV | ||
take, bring *tVKV | ||
take, carry *ʔVpV | ||
take, get *gVṭV | ||
take, grasp *kantV | ||
take, seize *ʔVpV | ||
taste *ṭVHmV | ||
taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth' | ||
temple, hair on temple *cVḳV | ||
ten, many *ṗV(H)- | ||
tent *ʔU[ṭ]V | ||
testicle *ḳoĺV | ||
testiculus *ḳoĺV | ||
that, that near *ʔVbV | ||
that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) | ||
that, this *ʔu | ||
that, this *ʔu | ||
that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (probably *Ha that, *He this) | ||
thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV) | ||
thick *ṭVkV | ||
thick, full *ṭVkV | ||
thick, swell *bongä | ||
thick, swell *bongä | ||
thigh *bVgtV | ||
thigh *bVgtV | ||
thigh, leg *ṗVǯkV | ||
thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV | ||
thin *cUṗV | ||
thin *ṭVnV | ||
thin, narrow *ćUṗV | ||
thing *HVdV | ||
thing; interrogative stem *HVdV | ||
third person pronoun *sV | ||
this *cV ( ~ č-) | ||
this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-) | ||
this *ḳV | ||
this *ʔi (*hi) | ||
this *ʔi (*hi) | ||
thorn *ʒwVgV | ||
thorn *ʒ́wVgV | ||
thorny bush *NEḳrV | ||
thou (oblique forms) [second person pronoun] *χwV | ||
thou [second person pronoun] *nV thou | ||
thou [second person pronoun] *ṭ[u] | ||
throat *HVŋV | ||
throat, intestines *kUṭV | ||
throat, swallow *kUlV | ||
throat, to swallow *kUlV | ||
tickle *cVḳV | ||
tie, weave *tVḳV | ||
tip, spout *CVCV | ||
tip, spout *čVčV | ||
to approach, follow *ŋāńi | ||
to ask, pray *ṗVrXV | ||
to ask, pray *ṗVrXV | ||
to bare teeth *mUCV | ||
to be *buHi | ||
to be *woɣlV | ||
to be *woɣlV | ||
to be *ʔa | ||
to be *ʔa | ||
to be *ʔesA | ||
to be *ʔesA | ||
to be angry *kVCV | ||
to be angry, hostile *kVCV | ||
to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV | ||
to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV | ||
to be mad, stupid *buḳV | ||
to be visible *HwVlV | ||
to be well *c`olHV | ||
to be well *ColHV | ||
to be, live *ʔelA | ||
to be, live *ʔelA | ||
to bear *š[e]wV | ||
to bear *š[e]wV | ||
to bear *ṭVlV | ||
to bear, lift *ṭVlV | ||
to beat *ṗVṭV | ||
to beat *ṗVṭV | ||
to beat, hit *ḳVwχV | ||
to bend *büḲa | ||
to bend *cVḳV | ||
to bend *Garḳu | ||
to bend *Garḳu | ||
to bend *guḳa | ||
to bend *guḳa | ||
to bend *güpA | ||
to bend *ḳVlV | ||
to bend *ḳVŋV | ||
to bend *ɫoŋḳa | ||
to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa | ||
to bend, turn *KUrV | ||
to bend; hump, heap *güpA | ||
to bind, girdle *KuTV | ||
to bind, harness *taxlwV | ||
to bite *kikV | ||
to bite, taste *ṭVHmV | ||
to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV | ||
to blink, shine, shade *CajV | ||
to blow *dVwɣV | ||
to blow *p`uSV | ||
to blow *p`uSV | ||
to blow *ṗuɣV | ||
to blow *ṗuɣV | ||
to blow, shake *dVwɣV | ||
to blow, winnow *Hewa | ||
to blow, winnow *Hewa | ||
to boil, foam *ḳüpä | ||
to boil, foam *ḳüpä | ||
to boil, roast *gVbV | ||
to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V | ||
to bow, bend *cVḳV | ||
to break, crumble *ṗVSV | ||
to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV | ||
to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV | ||
to breathe *HwinV | ||
to breathe *ʔanqV | ||
to breathe *ʔanqV | ||
to burn */ḳ/alV | ||
to burn *ć`wVwV (*HVwć'wV) | ||
to burn *cwVwV (*HVwcwV) | ||
to burn *dekO | ||
to burn *dekO | ||
to burn *Hase | ||
to burn *HaSe | ||
to burn *ḳVńV | ||
to burn *ṗVdwV | ||
to burn *ṭülV | ||
to burn, bake *kVwrV | ||
to burn, bake *kVwrV | ||
to burn, boil *ḳVju | ||
to burn, flash *CVlV | ||
to burn, heat *gVbV | ||
to burn, sun *nVjV | ||
to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV | ||
to call *CVḥV | ||
to call *gVjwV | ||
to call *gVjwV | ||
to call *ḳErV | ||
to call *ḳErV | ||
to care *č`VrV | ||
to care *čVrV | ||
to change, borrow *HVrV | ||
to change, distribute *HVrV | ||
to chew *käjwV (-b-) | ||
to collect, count *lVkV | ||
to collect, count *lVkV | ||
to collect, put *ṗanV | ||
to complete *muṭV | ||
to cover *ḳa(j)dV | ||
to cover, protect *ḳVrV | ||
to covet sexually *gʷVnV | ||
to covet sexually *gʷVnV | ||
to cross, other side *aĺV | ||
to crush *pi(u)čV | ||
to crush, press *ṗVjńV | ||
to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV | ||
to cry *muɣrV | ||
to cry, shout *ḳVwV | ||
to curse, be angry *jVrV | ||
to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-) | ||
to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-) | ||
to cut *ḳVć`V | ||
to cut *mVc`V | ||
to cut *ṭanV | ||
to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV | ||
to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV | ||
to cut, knife *kVlV | ||
to cut, sharp *CarV | ||
to cut, split *sVḳV | ||
to cut, split *śVḳV | ||
to cut, tear *mVCV | ||
to deceive *tVlV | ||
to die, kill *KolV | ||
to dig, hack *ḳVṗV | ||
to divide, cut in half *palV | ||
to drink *jVgU | ||
to drink, flow *tVrV | ||
to dry *KVmV | ||
to dry *šwVrV | ||
to dry *šwVrV | ||
to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-) | ||
to eat *ʒeGV | ||
to eat *ʒeGV | ||
to eat *ʔitV | ||
to eat *ʔitV | ||
to eat, gulp *ḳVmV | ||
to eat, gulp *ḳVmV | ||
to enter, go *ŋēni | ||
to fall *ḳVtV | ||
to fall *ṗeṭV | ||
to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV | ||
to fall, fly *ṗVjlV | ||
to fall, soar *ṗVjlV | ||
to fear, be angry *belHi | ||
to fear, be scared *belHi | ||
to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV | ||
to fill, stuff *ṭVmV | ||
to finish *ḳUdV | ||
to finish *ḳUdV | ||
to fit, be good *dUgV | ||
to fit, be good *ḳVnV | ||
to flash, shine *CVlV | ||
to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV | ||
to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV | ||
to flow, pour *tUKV | ||
to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV | ||
to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV | ||
to get *gVṭV | ||
to give *be[rH]u | ||
to give *be[rH]u | ||
to give *cwVHV | ||
to give *dwV[H]V | ||
to give *dwV[H]V | ||
to give birth, family *KVmV | ||
to gnaw *kVngV | ||
to go *gVwV / *gwVjV | ||
to go *meŋV | ||
to go, come *ŋēni (also *ŋāńi) | ||
to go, come *ʒ́wVHV | ||
to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV | ||
to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV | ||
to go, walk *mVrV | ||
to grasp *HaṗV | ||
to grasp *HaṗV | ||
to grasp *ḳaṗV | ||
to grasp *ḳaṗV | ||
to grasp, seize *[p]itV | ||
to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-) | ||
to grow, become *buHi | ||
to hang *tajV | ||
to hang down; stand *[s]VŋʒwV | ||
to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V | ||
to hate, be annoyed *CVrV | ||
to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV | ||
to hear *ḳiwlV | ||
to hide, protect *ḳVrV | ||
to hide, secret *KuĺV | ||
to hit, break *ḳVkV | ||
to hit, push *mVqwV | ||
to hold *gerV | ||
to hold, seize *ʔanV | ||
to howl, cry *wVlV | ||
to howl, cry *wVlV | ||
to join, together *anTV | ||
to join, together *anTV | ||
to jump, run *lVKV | ||
to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V | ||
to know *cwVnV | ||
to know *g(w)enV | ||
to know *g(w)enV | ||
to know, consider *CVḥV | ||
to know, think *ćwVnV (also *sVnV) | ||
to know, think *sVnV | ||
to lead *wetV | ||
to lead, to go *wetV (also *dwVwV 'run') | ||
to let, agree *šVwV | ||
to lick *l[a]pV | ||
to lick *talV | ||
to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V | ||
to lick; lip *l[a]pV | ||
to lie *ḳVwjV | ||
to lie, fall down *kVlV | ||
to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV | ||
to listen, hear *alV | ||
to listen, hear *alV | ||
to live *ḥujV | ||
to live *ḥujV | ||
to look, show *tVjḳV | ||
to lose, hide *KuĺV | ||
to make *wärV | ||
to make *wärV | ||
to marry *KVmV | ||
to match, fit *ḳVnV | ||
to melt, flow *dVnV | ||
to melt, flow *dVnV | ||
to mix, join *kalV | ||
to move *SVlV | ||
to move *SVlV | ||
to move quickly *ńowda | ||
to move quickly, pursue *ńowda | ||
to move, push *mVqwV | ||
to move, step *ćeKV | ||
to open, spread *ṗanCV | ||
to open, spread *ʔaḳa | ||
to peel, naked *luku | ||
to pierce *CoḳV | ||
to pierce *CoḳV (also *čVḳV) | ||
to plait *źVḳV | ||
to plait, something plaited *zVḳV | ||
to plait, weave *HUbV | ||
to plait, weave *HUbV | ||
to plait, weave, rope *rVCV | ||
to plant vertically *tIgwV | ||
to polish, rub *ṗIḳV | ||
to pour *L[ä]jV | ||
to pour *lVHwV | ||
to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink | ||
to pour, drink *ṗVHV | ||
to pour, drop *tUKV | ||
to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV | ||
to prepare food *piCV | ||
to prepare food *piCV | ||
to press, seize *ńamV | ||
to press, seize *ńamV | ||
to pull *ṭVnV | ||
to pull, stretch *ṭVnV | ||
to push, beat *nVq̇V | ||
to push, beat *nVq̇V | ||
to push, pull *ńukV | ||
to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV) | ||
to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV) | ||
to put *ṗanV | ||
to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV | ||
to rise *kVdwV | ||
to rise *kVdwV to rise | ||
to rise, raise *ḲaLi | ||
to rise, raise *ḲaLi | ||
to rise; move, go *Horä | ||
to roll *HUlV | ||
to roll *HUlV | ||
to roll, twist *murV | ||
to rub, crumble *ṗVšV | ||
to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV | ||
to run *dwVwV | ||
to run *ḳacwV | ||
to run *ṭoKV | ||
to run *ṭoKV | ||
to run *ʔurKV | ||
to run, road *ṭVŕgV | ||
to say *tVHV | ||
to say, call *wVḳV | ||
to say, pray *mVlV | ||
to scatter *s(w)VcwV | ||
to scrape *ḳirV | ||
to scrape *ḳirV; also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign | ||
to scrape *ḳV[sw]V | ||
to scratch *gVrV | ||
to scratch *xVḳV | ||
to scratch *xVḳV | ||
to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV) | ||
to see, eye *silV | ||
to see, eye *wEdwV | ||
to see, eye *ʔVnjV | ||
to see, guard *HwVjV | ||
to see, guard *HwVjV | ||
to see, inspect *silV | ||
to see, know *šVḳV | ||
to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-) | ||
to see, know, search *wEdwV | ||
to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (also *ʔincV) | ||
to seize, press *[p]itV | ||
to shake *dVrV | ||
to shine, be visible *nVkV | ||
to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV | ||
to shout, sound *ḳVwV | ||
to sift *sVjHV | ||
to sink *č`VṗV | ||
to sink *č`VṗV | ||
to slide, creep *ʒVlV | ||
to speak *ḥVwV | ||
to speak *ḥVwV | ||
to speak *watV | ||
to speak *watV | ||
to speak, shout *sVjwV | ||
to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-) | ||
to speak, sound *muɣrV | ||
to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV) | ||
to spin, wind *KVrV | ||
to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V | ||
to spread *ṗVrjV | ||
to spread, long *pVdV | ||
to spread, strew *CVχrV | ||
to stand *čwVrV | ||
to stand *sVlV | ||
to stand, hang down *sVŋʒ́V | ||
to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV | ||
to stand, rise *ŋwVkV | ||
to stay *menV | ||
to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV | ||
to stay, reside *menV | ||
to stick in, pierce *NEgV | ||
to stick in, pierce *NEgV | ||
to stir, mix *bulV | ||
to stir, puddle *bulV | ||
to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV | ||
to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-) | ||
to submerge *kUdV | ||
to suck *[c`w]VṗV | ||
to suck *ʔEmV | ||
to suck *CVrbV | ||
to suck, leech *[c]VrbV | ||
to suffer *C(w)VHrV | ||
to suffer *c`VHrV | ||
to suffer *dVwV | ||
to suffer, die *dVwV | ||
to suffer, die *enV | ||
to suffer; pain *enV | ||
to suffice, be full *cwalV | ||
to swallow *HVṗV | ||
to swallow *L[ü]ḳa | ||
to swallow *L[ü]ḳa | ||
to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V | ||
to swallow *Sem[H]V | ||
to swallow *Sem[H]V | ||
to swallow, drink *tVrV | ||
to swallow, gobble *muḳV | ||
to swallow, throat *balʕ[u] | ||
to swallow, throat *gwVrV | ||
to swallow, throat *gwVrV | ||
to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u] | ||
to sweep *swxVjṗV | ||
to take *bari | ||
to take *bari | ||
to take *kantV | ||
to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV | ||
to take, receive *HVlV | ||
to taste, eat *č`VmV | ||
to taste, sour *xamV | ||
to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a] | ||
to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a] | ||
to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V | ||
to think *manu | ||
to think *manu | ||
to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V | ||
to tie, bind *ḳVńV | ||
to tie, bind *ḳVńV | ||
to tie, net *taxlwV | ||
to touch *tVKV | ||
to trace *Koki | ||
to trace *Koki | ||
to tremble *dVrV | ||
to turn round *ṭurV | ||
to turn round *ṭurV | ||
to understand, brain *ʔVŋV | ||
to understand, see *gUrV | ||
to understand, see *gUrV | ||
to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-) | ||
to wake *[š]ehŕa | ||
to wake *źwehŕa | ||
to wake, become clear *ṭVlV | ||
to wake; see > eye *ṭVlV | ||
to walk, go *gVrV | ||
to walk, run *gVrV | ||
to walk, run *meŋV | ||
to wash, soak *lVHwV | ||
to weaken, disappear *mVjV | ||
to weaken, disappear *mVjV | ||
to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV | ||
to wear, put on *wVc`V | ||
to weave (a lattice) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-) | ||
to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV | ||
to wish *h/a/wV | ||
to wish *wiʎ/g/V | ||
to wish *wiʎ/g/V | ||
to wish *h/a/wV | ||
to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV) | ||
to wish, let *šVwV | ||
to worry, be stupid *buḳV | ||
to wound, kill *ʔewV | ||
to wound, kill *ʔewV | ||
tongue *tilV(ŋV) | ||
tongue *tilV(ŋV) | ||
tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä | ||
tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä | ||
tooth *palV | ||
tooth *palV | ||
tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV | ||
tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV | ||
tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV | ||
top *ḳVḳV | ||
top *ḳVḳV | ||
top *mVĺV | ||
top of head *KVmPV | ||
top of head *KVmPV | ||
top of head, hair *TUmV | ||
top of head, hair of head *TUmV | ||
top of head, horn *ḳirV | ||
top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-) | ||
touch, plaster *ṭaṗV | ||
touch, plaster, attach *ṭaṗV | ||
tramp, step *ceKV | ||
tree *ṗUjV | ||
tree *ṗUjV | ||
tree *widV | ||
tree, wood *dʷirV | ||
tree, wood *dʷirV | ||
twig, branch *c`UlV | ||
twig, rod *šVṭV | ||
twist *murV | ||
twist, weave *tVḳV | ||
two *malV | ||
two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V) | ||
two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V) | ||
two / four / eight *NVlV | ||
two, pair *gagtV | ||
two, pair *jVŕV | ||
two, pair *jVŕV | ||
understand, brain *ʔVŋV | ||
ungulate *ʔirV | ||
ungulate *ʔirV | ||
upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV | ||
urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-) | ||
valley *gowlV | ||
valley, deep *gowlV | ||
vessel *kala | ||
vessel *kala | ||
vessel *ḳaṗV | ||
vessel *ḳaṗV | ||
vessel *ḳVwKV | ||
village *koṭV | ||
village, house *koṭV | ||
village, hut *ḳojmV | ||
vulva *p`u[ṭ]V | ||
vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-) | ||
wake *ṗuKdV | ||
walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V | ||
walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V | ||
walk, run, road (several roots, assimilations) *ṭVŕgV | ||
warm *kačV 'warm' | ||
warm *lVmV | ||
warm *ṭ[ä]pV | ||
warm *ṭ[ä]pV | ||
wash *bVnV | ||
wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-) | ||
wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-) | ||
wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-) | ||
water *bVnV | ||
water *wetV | ||
water *wetV | ||
water *ʕEḳu | ||
water *ʕEḳu | ||
water, pour *ʒwVHlV | ||
water, to submerge *kUdV | ||
water, wet *mEwV | ||
water, wet *mEwV | ||
we (pronoun) *wV | ||
we, I [first person pronoun] *wV we | ||
weak *HalV (also *lVjV) | ||
weak *lVjV | ||
weak *ṭVrV | ||
weak, lax *lVjńV | ||
weak, tired *HalV | ||
weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV | ||
weak, young *ṭVrV | ||
wear, dress *wVCV | ||
weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-) | ||
wet *(H)wiɫV | ||
wet *(H)wiɫV wet | ||
wet *mäŕä | ||
wet *mäŕä | ||
wet *mVk`V | ||
what, interrogative pronoun *mV | ||
white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-) | ||
white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-) | ||
who *CV | ||
who, what *ḳV | ||
whole *ḳVĺwV | ||
whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV | ||
whole, full *ćwalV | ||
wide *ṗaṭV | ||
wide, open *ṗaṭV | ||
willow *čwalV | ||
willow *čwalV | ||
wind, to blow *CalV | ||
wing; arm *gara | ||
winter ~ spring *PVnV | ||
winter, cold *gImV | ||
winter, cold *gImV | ||
wish *ʔVnV(jV) | ||
wolf, dog *ḲüjnA | ||
wolf, dog *ḲüjnA | ||
woman *k/u/nV | ||
woman *k/u/nV | ||
woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-) | ||
wood *widV | ||
worm *ḲorV | ||
worm *ḲorV | ||
worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV) | ||
worm *mVṭV | ||
worm *mVṭV | ||
worm *ṗäri | ||
worm *ṗäri | ||
worm, insect *ḳwVŋV | ||
worm, insect *ŋalmV | ||
year *w[e]ṭV | ||
year *w[e]ṭV | ||
year, old *CVnV | ||
year, old *zVnV | ||
you *si | ||
young *bāla 'child, young' | ||
young animal, plant *ṭVlV | ||
young animal, plant *ṭVlV | ||
young male *majrV | ||
young male *majrV | ||
young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-) | ||
young of animals *ḳʷVŕV | ||
young of animals *ḳʷVŕV | ||
young, child *ḲanV | ||
young, child *ḲanV |
Etymologies possibly linked to Afroasiatic
Etymologies possibly linked to Sino-Caucasian
Etymologies possibly linked to Austric
Etymologies possibly linked to Macro-Khoisan
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean | Meaning | Proto-Khoisan |
---|---|---|
*dʑoa | ashes | *ʒ́o[a] |
*tshaʔ | cold | *cha- |
*ʢa | deictic stem | *Ha |
*tʼʔu | dew | *ǀu |
*tɬʼʔ[χ]uɦ | dry | *ǀǀXU |
*[ts]uɦ | excrement | *CU |
*[ts]a(ɴ) | fat | *Ca(N) |
*vuɦ | father | *BU |
*tʼʔʁ° | hair | *ǀʁV |
*tɬau | hand | *ƛ[a]u |
*ɳtsʼʔuʔ | kidney | *ɳ!u- |
*gtʼʔa | leaf | *ɡǀa |
*tɬaɴ° | lizard | *ƛaNV |
*pʼʔha | meat | *ʘha |
*ʢaj° | mother | *[H]aj- |
*tɬʼakʼ°ɴ° | shoe | *ƛ̣aḳVNV |
*tsʼ°kʼ° | smoke | *c̣VḳV |
*ʎiʔ | to blow the nose; snot | *ʎi- |
*tɬ°[k]° | to chop | *ƛVKV |
*kxe | to cry, sound | *kxe |
*k°ʔ°ŋ | to know | *kVʔV[ŋ] |
*i[ts]aʔ | to steal | *[i]Ca- |
*tɬʼʔkxa | to wash | *ǀǀkxa |
*tɬʼʔɢoʔ | tortoise | *ǀǀGo- |