Dzetcavu: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | |||
|image = | |||
|imagesize = | |||
|creator = iancgil | |||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |||
|setting = | |||
|nativename = '''Dzetcavu'' | |||
|pronunciation=dze.tʃa.vu | |||
|region = | |||
|familycolor= | |||
|fam1= Proto-Dzetavu | |||
|fam2= | |||
|fam3= | |||
|famr= Dzetcavu | |||
|iso3= | |||
|script= | |||
|notice=IPA | |||
}} | |||
=Introduction= | =Introduction= | ||
=Phonology= | =Phonology= | ||
| Line 13: | Line 32: | ||
!rowspan="2"|'''Plosive''' | !rowspan="2"|'''Plosive''' | ||
!voicless | !voicless | ||
|''' | |'''п''' /p/ | ||
|''' | |'''т''' /t/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|''' | |'''к''' /k/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!voiced | !voiced | ||
|''' | |'''б''' /b/ | ||
|''' | |'''д''' /d/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|''' | |'''г''' /g/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|'''Nasal''' | !colspan="2"|'''Nasal''' | ||
|''' | |'''м''' /m/ | ||
|''' | |'''н''' /n/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 36: | Line 55: | ||
!voiceless | !voiceless | ||
| | | | ||
|''' | |'''ф''' /f/ | ||
|''' | |'''с''' /s/ | ||
|''' | |'''ш''' /ʃ/ | ||
|'''x''' /x/ | |'''x''' /x/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!voiced | !voiced | ||
| | | | ||
|''' | |'''в''' /v/ | ||
|''' | |'''з''' /z/ | ||
|''' | |'''ж''' /ʒ/ | ||
|''' | |'''я''' /ɣ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|'''Trill''' | !colspan="2"|'''Trill''' | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|''' | |'''р''' /r/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|''' | |'''л''' /l/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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!rowspan="2"|'''Affricate''' | !rowspan="2"|'''Affricate''' | ||
!voiceless | !voiceless | ||
|''' | |'''пс''' /ps/ <br/> '''пш''' /pʃ/ <br/> '''пф''' /pf/ | ||
|''' | |'''тс''' /ts/ <br/> '''тш''' /tʃ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|''' | |'''кс''' /ks/ <br/> '''кш''' /kʃ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!voiced | !voiced | ||
|''' | |'''бз''' /bz/ <br/> '''бж''' /bʒ/ <br/> '''бв''' /bv/ | ||
|''' | |'''дз''' /dz/ <br/> '''дж''' /dʒ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|''' | |'''гз''' /gz/ <br/> '''гж''' /gʒ/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Vowels== | ==Vowels== | ||
| Line 86: | Line 106: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Close''' | !'''Close''' | ||
|''' | |'''и''' /i/ | ||
|''' | |'''у''' /u/ | ||
|''' | |'''уи''' /ui/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Near-Close''' | !'''Near-Close''' | ||
|''' | |'''й''' /ɪ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 98: | Line 118: | ||
|'''e''' /e/ | |'''e''' /e/ | ||
|'''o''' /o/ | |'''o''' /o/ | ||
|''' | |'''eи''' /ei/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Open''' | !'''Open''' | ||
|'''a''' /a/ | |'''a''' /a/ | ||
| | | | ||
|''' | |'''aи''' /ai/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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==Romanized Alphabet== | ==Romanized Alphabet== | ||
''Dzetcavu Alphabetical Order''<br/> | ''Dzetcavu Alphabetical Order''<br/> | ||
p b t d k g m n r f v s z c j x ğ l i u ī e o a | p b t d k g m n r f v s z c j x ğ l i u ī e o a<br/> | ||
''Cyrillic Alphabet''<br/> | |||
п б т д к г м н р ф в с з ш ж х я л и у й е о а | |||
=Syntax= | =Syntax= | ||
==Word Order== | ==Word Order== | ||
| Line 120: | Line 143: | ||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
===Tense=== | ===Tense=== | ||
Tenses in | Tenses in Дзетшаву are indicated by tense particles proceeding the verb except for the present tense, indicated by the lack of tense particles . There are five tense particles: past, near past, future, near future, and the infinite. | ||
'''''Past'''''<br/> | '''''Past'''''<br/> | ||
псио<br/> | |||
'''''Near Past'''''<br/> | '''''Near Past'''''<br/> | ||
сега<br/> | |||
'''''Future'''''<br/> | '''''Future'''''<br/> | ||
дегз<br/> | |||
'''''Near Future'''''<br/> | '''''Near Future'''''<br/> | ||
шодз<br/> | |||
'''''Infinite'''''<br/> | '''''Infinite'''''<br/> | ||
датшй | |||
====The Infinite Particle==== | ====The Infinite Particle==== | ||
| Line 148: | Line 171: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1st Person | ! 1st Person | ||
| - | | -и | ||
| - | | -иаш | ||
| - | | -ри | ||
| - | | -риш | ||
| - | | -ни | ||
| - | | -ниш | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd Person | ! 2nd Person | ||
| - | | -из | ||
| - | | -ита | ||
| - | | -риз | ||
| - | | -рита | ||
| - | | -низ | ||
| - | | -низа | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd Person | ! 3rd Person | ||
| - | | -иза | ||
| - | | -изев | ||
| - | | -ризе | ||
| - | | -рив | ||
| - | | -низе | ||
| - | | -нив | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1st Person | ! 1st Person | ||
| - | | -у | ||
| - | | -уйш | ||
| - | | -ру | ||
| - | | -руш | ||
| - | | -ну | ||
| - | | -нуш | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd Person | ! 2nd Person | ||
| - | | -уз | ||
| - | | -утй | ||
| - | | -руз | ||
| - | | -рут | ||
| - | | -нуз | ||
| - | | -нут | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd Person | ! 3rd Person | ||
| - | | -узй | ||
| - | | -узйв | ||
| - | | -рузй | ||
| - | | -рув | ||
| - | | -нузй | ||
| - | | -нув | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1st Person | ! 1st Person | ||
| - | | -й | ||
| - | | -йш | ||
| - | | -рй | ||
| - | | -рйш | ||
| - | | -нй | ||
| - | | -нйш | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd Person | ! 2nd Person | ||
| - | | -йз | ||
| - | | -йт | ||
| - | | -рйз | ||
| - | | -рйт | ||
| - | | -нйз | ||
| - | | -нйт | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd Person | ! 3rd Person | ||
| - | | -йзе | ||
| - | | -йв | ||
| - | | -рйзе | ||
| - | | -рйв | ||
| - | | -нйзе | ||
| - | | -нйв | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1st Person | ! 1st Person | ||
| - | | -е | ||
| - | | -eш | ||
| - | | -рe | ||
| - | | -рeш | ||
| - | | -нe | ||
| - | | -нeш | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2nd Person | ! 2nd Person | ||
| - | | -eз | ||
| - | | -eта | ||
| - | | -рeз | ||
| - | | -рeт | ||
| - | | -нeз | ||
| - | | -нeт | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3rd Person | ! 3rd Person | ||
| - | | -eзe | ||
| - | | -eзeв | ||
| - | | -рeзe | ||
| - | | -рeв | ||
| - | | -нeзe | ||
| - | | -нeв | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
===Pronominal Open Class Words=== | |||
Dzetcavu doesn't have any official pronouns. Instead, titles or a person's name are used to refer to who is being spoken to or about. The person that each title is under doesn't have to be used strictly in that person. | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
! Title !! Formality !! Notes | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"|First Person | |||
|- | |||
|хес || general || "speaker" used when one doesn't know the person or is speaking hypothetically | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"|Second Person | |||
|- | |||
|баи || general || "audience" used when one doesn't know the person or is speaking hypothetically | |||
|- | |||
|инес || informal || "acquaintance" | |||
|- | |||
|бвйртош || private || "female-mate" used to refer to a female companion that the speaker would or has reproduced with | |||
|- | |||
|аджутош || private || "male-mate" used to refer to a male companion that the speaker would or has reproduced with | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"|Third Person | |||
|- | |||
|тушт || general || "person" used when one doesn't know the person or is speaking hypothetically | |||
|- | |||
|гоис || general || "thing" best approximation of "it" and is used to anything without a consciousness including objects, and ideas | |||
|- | |||
|йска || general || "thing" used to refer to anything with a consciousness such as people and animals | |||
|- | |||
|епсй || general || "object" used to refer to some physical object | |||
|} | |||
=Sample Texts= | =Sample Texts= | ||
==Sentences== | ==Sentences== | ||
Tezu pcak. '' | Tezu pcak.<br/>Тезу пшак.<br/>''“I see [the] sky.”''<br/><br/> | ||
Vakri datcī bai | |||
Tezu xes. '' | Vakri datcī bai.<br/>Вакри датшй баи.<br/>''“I love you.” (declaration)''<br/><br/> | ||
Vakri nosītc xesdev bai | |||
Vakri xesov. '' | Tezu xes.<br/>Тезу хес.<br/>''“I see myself.”''<br/><br/> | ||
Tezu lubzīr xesdev. '' | |||
Modkrī tezuj bai. '' | Vakri nosītc xesdev bai.<br/>Вакри носйтш хесдев баи.<br/>''“I love you with my heart.”''<br/><br/> | ||
Adric tceks. '' | |||
Vakri xesov.<br/>Вакри хесов.<br/>''“I love us.”''<br/><br/> | |||
Tezu lubzīr xesdev.<br/>Тезу лубзйр хесдев.<br/>''“I see my nose.”''<br/><br/> | |||
Modkrī tezuj bai.<br/>Модкрй тезуж баи.<br/>''“I am wishing to see you”.''<br/><br/> | |||
Adric tceks.<br/>Адриш тшекс.<br/>''“We are drinking water.”''<br/><br/> | |||
[[Category: Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Dzetcavu Language]][[Category:Ergative-absolutive languages]] | |||
Latest revision as of 18:13, 25 August 2024
| Dzetcavu | |
|---|---|
| 'Dzetcavu | |
| Pronunciation | [dze.tʃa.vu] |
| Created by | iancgil |
Proto-Dzetavu
| |
Introduction
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post Alveolar | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voicless | п /p/ | т /t/ | к /k/ | ||
| voiced | б /b/ | д /d/ | г /g/ | |||
| Nasal | м /m/ | н /n/ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | ф /f/ | с /s/ | ш /ʃ/ | x /x/ | |
| voiced | в /v/ | з /z/ | ж /ʒ/ | я /ɣ/ | ||
| Trill | р /r/ | |||||
| Lateral Approximant | л /l/ | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | пс /ps/ пш /pʃ/ пф /pf/ |
тс /ts/ тш /tʃ/ |
кс /ks/ кш /kʃ/ | ||
| voiced | бз /bz/ бж /bʒ/ бв /bv/ |
дз /dz/ дж /dʒ/ |
гз /gz/ гж /gʒ/ | |||
Vowels
| Front | Back | Diphthongs | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | и /i/ | у /u/ | уи /ui/ |
| Near-Close | й /ɪ/ | ||
| Close-Mid | e /e/ | o /o/ | eи /ei/ |
| Open | a /a/ | aи /ai/ |
Orthography
Romanized Alphabet
Dzetcavu Alphabetical Order
p b t d k g m n r f v s z c j x ğ l i u ī e o a
Cyrillic Alphabet
п б т д к г м н р ф в с з ш ж х я л и у й е о а
Syntax
Word Order
- VOS/VPA
- Modifier second
Morphology
Morphosyntactic Alignment
- Ergative-Absolutive
Verbs
Tense
Tenses in Дзетшаву are indicated by tense particles proceeding the verb except for the present tense, indicated by the lack of tense particles . There are five tense particles: past, near past, future, near future, and the infinite.
Past
псио
Near Past
сега
Future
дегз
Near Future
шодз
Infinite
датшй
The Infinite Particle
The infinite "tense" particle is not so much a tense marker as a lack-of-tense marker. The infinite tense is used most often when stating facts or making promises and oaths. Any other situation where tense is not a factor, the infinite tense is used. It can also be used to make emphasize a declaration of some sort such as a declaration of faith, love, or guilt.
Imperative Mood
-ij Verbs
| Simple | Progressive | Perfect | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st Person | -и | -иаш | -ри | -риш | -ни | -ниш |
| 2nd Person | -из | -ита | -риз | -рита | -низ | -низа |
| 3rd Person | -иза | -изев | -ризе | -рив | -низе | -нив |
-uj Verbs
| Simple | Progressive | Perfect | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st Person | -у | -уйш | -ру | -руш | -ну | -нуш |
| 2nd Person | -уз | -утй | -руз | -рут | -нуз | -нут |
| 3rd Person | -узй | -узйв | -рузй | -рув | -нузй | -нув |
-īj Verbs
| Simple | Progressive | Perfect | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st Person | -й | -йш | -рй | -рйш | -нй | -нйш |
| 2nd Person | -йз | -йт | -рйз | -рйт | -нйз | -нйт |
| 3rd Person | -йзе | -йв | -рйзе | -рйв | -нйзе | -нйв |
-ej Verbs
| Simple | Progressive | Perfect | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st Person | -е | -eш | -рe | -рeш | -нe | -нeш |
| 2nd Person | -eз | -eта | -рeз | -рeт | -нeз | -нeт |
| 3rd Person | -eзe | -eзeв | -рeзe | -рeв | -нeзe | -нeв |
Nouns
Pronominal Open Class Words
Dzetcavu doesn't have any official pronouns. Instead, titles or a person's name are used to refer to who is being spoken to or about. The person that each title is under doesn't have to be used strictly in that person.
| Title | Formality | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| First Person | ||
| хес | general | "speaker" used when one doesn't know the person or is speaking hypothetically |
| Second Person | ||
| баи | general | "audience" used when one doesn't know the person or is speaking hypothetically |
| инес | informal | "acquaintance" |
| бвйртош | private | "female-mate" used to refer to a female companion that the speaker would or has reproduced with |
| аджутош | private | "male-mate" used to refer to a male companion that the speaker would or has reproduced with |
| Third Person | ||
| тушт | general | "person" used when one doesn't know the person or is speaking hypothetically |
| гоис | general | "thing" best approximation of "it" and is used to anything without a consciousness including objects, and ideas |
| йска | general | "thing" used to refer to anything with a consciousness such as people and animals |
| епсй | general | "object" used to refer to some physical object |
Sample Texts
Sentences
Tezu pcak.
Тезу пшак.
“I see [the] sky.”
Vakri datcī bai.
Вакри датшй баи.
“I love you.” (declaration)
Tezu xes.
Тезу хес.
“I see myself.”
Vakri nosītc xesdev bai.
Вакри носйтш хесдев баи.
“I love you with my heart.”
Vakri xesov.
Вакри хесов.
“I love us.”
Tezu lubzīr xesdev.
Тезу лубзйр хесдев.
“I see my nose.”
Modkrī tezuj bai.
Модкрй тезуж баи.
“I am wishing to see you”.
Adric tceks.
Адриш тшекс.
“We are drinking water.”