Nillíno: Difference between revisions

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| pronunciation = niˈjiɲo
| pronunciation = niˈjiɲo
| speakers = 391,000
| speakers = 391,000
| state = Nillíno Islands
| date = 2014
| date = 2014
| created = 2024
| created = 2024
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| ancestor1 = [[Proto-Sinatolean]]
| ancestor1 = [[Proto-Sinatolean]]
| ancestor2 = Proto-Naéllang
| ancestor2 = Proto-Naéllang
| nation = Sinatolean Federation
}}
}}
'''Nillíno'''(''nillíño'', <small>Nillíno:</small> [[Help:IPA|[niˈjiɲo]]], [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''lengua nillína'', ''lengua de San Miguel'') is a [[Sinatolean languages|Sinatolean]] language spoken in the Nillíno Islands(<small>Nillíno:</small> ''nillíndólu''), an archipelago historically colonised by the Spanish and dubbed ''Islas de San Miguel de la Mancha''(Spanish for "Islands of Saint Michael of [[w:La Mancha|La Mancha]]"). Because of this history, Nillíno's orthography is primarily based on the [[w:Spanish orthography|Spanish alphabet]], leading to the existence of letters such as ⟨ñ⟩ and digraphs such as ⟨ll⟩. Additionally, Nillíno also has many Spanish loanwords which have in turn influenced other neighbouring languages, such as ''mesa'' "table" or ''silla'' "chair", which became ''mesa'' and ''siya'' in [[Sinatolean]]. By number of native speakers, it is the 3rd most spoken Sinatolean language with 391,000 speakers, after [[Mowinda-Moyeng]] with 765,000 speakers.
'''Nillíno'''(''nillíño'', <small>Nillíno:</small> [[Help:IPA|[niˈjiɲo]]], [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''lengua nillína'', ''lengua de San Miguel'') is a [[Sinatolean languages|Sinatolean]] language spoken in the Nillíno Islands(<small>Nillíno:</small> ''nillíntalu''), an archipelago historically colonised by the Spanish and dubbed ''Islas de San Miguel de la Mancha''(Spanish for "Islands of Saint Michael of [[w:La Mancha|La Mancha]]"). Because of this history, Nillíno's orthography is primarily based on the [[w:Spanish orthography|Spanish alphabet]], leading to the existence of letters such as ⟨ñ⟩ and digraphs such as ⟨ll⟩. Additionally, Nillíno also has many Spanish loanwords which have in turn influenced other neighbouring languages, such as ''mesa'' "table" or ''silla'' "chair", which became ''mesa'' and ''siya'' in [[Sinatolean]]. By number of native speakers, it is the 3rd most spoken Sinatolean language with 391,000 speakers, after [[Mowinda-Moyeng]] with 765,000 speakers.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar
|-
! Stop
| p b || t || || k
|-
! Nasal
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ
|-
! Fricative
| || s z || ç || x
|-
! Semivowel
| w || || j ||
|-
! Lateral
| || l || ||
|}
/j/ is written as ⟨ll⟩, /x/ is written as ⟨j⟩, /ŋ/ is written as ⟨ng⟩ and /ɲ/ is written as ⟨ñ⟩. /k/ is written as both ⟨c⟩ and ⟨k⟩, though ⟨k⟩ is used before and /i/ or /e/, as ⟨ci⟩ or ⟨ce⟩ would be pronounced /çi/ or /çe/ respectively.
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
Line 30: Line 52:
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress is marked with acute accents on vowels, ⟨á é í ó ú⟩. Because ⟨ü⟩ /ɯ/ already has a diacritic, the stress is not marked, but is still phonologically present, such as in ''san'''ü'''n'' [saˈnɯn] "northern wind" and ''n'''ü'''cmaí'' [nɯkmaˈi]  "in the thread"
Stress is marked with acute accents on vowels, ⟨á é í ó ú⟩. Because ⟨ü⟩ /ɯ/ already has a diacritic, the stress is not marked on ⟨ü⟩, but is still phonologically present, such as in ''san'''ü'''n'' [saˈnɯn] "northern wind" and ''n'''ü'''cmaí'' [nɯkmaˈi]  "in the thread"
==Morphology==
===Ablaut===
Like most Naéllang languages, Nillíno retains grammatical ablaut from [[Proto-Sinatolean]], and, like in [[Proto-Sinatolean]], ablaut is primarily used for three purposes: '''grammatical number''', '''possession''' and '''negation'''. Nillíno words are primarily categorised in a-grade, i-grade and o-grade words.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Ablaut declensions for ''sana''(wind), ''sen''(person) and ''tolo''(triggerfish)
! !! Number !! Possession !! Negation
|-
! A-grade
| ''sona''<br>(''plural'') || ''sane''<br>(''singular genitive'') || ''sano''<br>("not the wind")
|-
! I-grade
| ''sün''<br>(''plural'') || ''sun''<br>("their") || ''son''<br>("not the person", "not that guy")
|-
! O-grade
| ''telo''<br>(''plural'') || ''tele''<br>(''singular genitive'') || ''tulu''<br>("not the triggerfish")
|}

Latest revision as of 16:48, 17 October 2024

Nillíno
nillíño
Pronunciation[niˈjiɲo]
Created byJukethatbox
Date2024
Native toNillíno Islands
Native speakers391,000 (2014)
Sinatolean
  • Naéllang
    • Nillíno
Early forms
Proto-Sinatolean
  • Proto-Naéllang
Official status
Official language in
Sinatolean Federation

Nillíno(nillíño, Nillíno: [niˈjiɲo], Spanish: lengua nillína, lengua de San Miguel) is a Sinatolean language spoken in the Nillíno Islands(Nillíno: nillíntalu), an archipelago historically colonised by the Spanish and dubbed Islas de San Miguel de la Mancha(Spanish for "Islands of Saint Michael of La Mancha"). Because of this history, Nillíno's orthography is primarily based on the Spanish alphabet, leading to the existence of letters such as ⟨ñ⟩ and digraphs such as ⟨ll⟩. Additionally, Nillíno also has many Spanish loanwords which have in turn influenced other neighbouring languages, such as mesa "table" or silla "chair", which became mesa and siya in Sinatolean. By number of native speakers, it is the 3rd most spoken Sinatolean language with 391,000 speakers, after Mowinda-Moyeng with 765,000 speakers.

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Stop p b t k
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Fricative s z ç x
Semivowel w j
Lateral l

/j/ is written as ⟨ll⟩, /x/ is written as ⟨j⟩, /ŋ/ is written as ⟨ng⟩ and /ɲ/ is written as ⟨ñ⟩. /k/ is written as both ⟨c⟩ and ⟨k⟩, though ⟨k⟩ is used before and /i/ or /e/, as ⟨ci⟩ or ⟨ce⟩ would be pronounced /çi/ or /çe/ respectively.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i ɯ u
Close-mid e o
Front a

/ɯ/ is descended from Proto-Sinatolean *é and is written as ⟨ü⟩. /a/ is variably pronounced, from as far back as /ä̠/ to as far front as /æ/ from some speakers.

Prosody

Stress

Stress is marked with acute accents on vowels, ⟨á é í ó ú⟩. Because ⟨ü⟩ /ɯ/ already has a diacritic, the stress is not marked on ⟨ü⟩, but is still phonologically present, such as in sanün [saˈnɯn] "northern wind" and nücmaí [nɯkmaˈi] "in the thread"

Morphology

Ablaut

Like most Naéllang languages, Nillíno retains grammatical ablaut from Proto-Sinatolean, and, like in Proto-Sinatolean, ablaut is primarily used for three purposes: grammatical number, possession and negation. Nillíno words are primarily categorised in a-grade, i-grade and o-grade words.

Ablaut declensions for sana(wind), sen(person) and tolo(triggerfish)
Number Possession Negation
A-grade sona
(plural)		 sane
(singular genitive)		 sano
("not the wind")
I-grade sün
(plural)		 sun
("their")		 son
("not the person", "not that guy")
O-grade telo
(plural)		 tele
(singular genitive)		 tulu
("not the triggerfish")
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