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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image = Cumbraekflag.png | |||
|imagesize = 200px | |||
|imagecaption = Flag of Cumbraek | |||
|name = Cumbraek | |name = Cumbraek | ||
|nativename = Cumbraek | |nativename = Cumbraek | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = kʌmˈbɾaːɡ | ||
| | |creator = Neil Whalley | ||
|setting = Great Britain | |||
|states = England, Scotland | |states = England, Scotland | ||
|familycolor = Indo-European | |familycolor = Indo-European | ||
|fam2=[[Celtic languages|Celtic]] | |fam2= [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] | ||
|fam3=[[Insular Celtic]] | |fam3= [[Insular Celtic]] | ||
|fam4=[[Brythonic]] | |fam4= [[Brythonic]] | ||
|ancestor=[[Common Brythonic]] | |ancestor= [[Common Brythonic]] | ||
| | |script1 = Latn | ||
|iso3 = qck | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Cumbraek''' /kʌmˈbɾaːg/ is a modern reconstruction of the lost medieval language of Cumbric, a Brythonic Celtic tongue once spoken in parts of southern Scotland and northern England. | '''Cumbraek''' {{IPA|/kʌmˈbɾaːg/}} is a modern reconstruction of the lost medieval language of Cumbric, a Brythonic Celtic tongue once spoken in parts of southern Scotland and northern England. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
| Line 730: | Line 735: | ||
| ''yohwav'' | | ''yohwav'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Numerals=== | |||
====Cardinals==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:left;" | |||
! style="width: 90px; " | | |||
! style="width: 250px; text-align:center;" |Masculine | |||
! style="width: 250px; text-align:center;" |Feminine | |||
|- | |||
! 1 | |||
| ''oun'' ___ | |||
| ''oun<small><sup>L</sup></small>'' ___ | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| ''dow<small><sup>L</sup></small>'' ___ | |||
| ''duw<small><sup>L</sup></small>'' ___ | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
| ''tri<small><sup>S</sup></small>'' ___ | |||
| ''teyr<small><sup>L</sup></small>'' ___ | |||
|- | |||
! 4 | |||
| ''pedwar'' ___ | |||
| ''peder'' ___ | |||
|- | |||
! 5 | |||
| colspan="2;" | ''pimp'' ___ | |||
|- | |||
! 6 | |||
| colspan="2;" | ''hwech'' ___ | |||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| colspan="2;" | ''seyth<small><sup>N</sup></small>'' ___ | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| colspan="2;" | ''ooth'' ___ | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| colspan="2;" | ''naw<small><sup>N</sup></small>'' ___ | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| colspan="2;" | ''dek<small><sup>N</sup></small>'' ___ | |||
|- | |||
! 11 | |||
| ''oun'' ___ ''ar dhek'' | |||
| ''oun<small><sup>L</sup></small> ___ ar dhek'' | |||
|- | |||
! 12 | |||
| colspan="2;" | ''dowdhek<small><sup>N</sup></small>'' ___ | |||
|- | |||
! 13 | |||
| ''tri<small><sup>S</sup></small> ___ ar dhek'' | |||
| ''teyr<small><sup>L</sup></small> ___ ar dhek'' | |||
|- | |||
! 14 | |||
| ''pedwar'' ___ ''ar dhek'' | |||
| ''peder'' ___ ''ar dhek'' | |||
|- | |||
! 15 | |||
| colspan="2;" | ''pimthek'' ___ | |||
|- | |||
! 16 | |||
| ''oun'' ___ ''ar bimthek'' | |||
| ''oun<small><sup>L</sup></small> ___ ar bimthek'' | |||
|- | |||
! 17 | |||
| ''dow<small><sup>L</sup></small>___ ar bimthek'' | |||
| ''duw<small><sup>L</sup></small> ___ ar bimthek'' | |||
|- | |||
! 18 | |||
| ''tri<small><sup>S</sup></small> ___ ar bimthek'' | |||
| ''teyr<small><sup>L</sup></small> ___ ar bimthek'' | |||
|- | |||
! 19 | |||
| ''pedwar'' ___ ''ar bimthek'' | |||
| ''peder'' ___ ''ar bimthek'' | |||
|- | |||
! 20 | |||
| colspan="2;" | ''ougent'' ___ | |||
|} | |||
Notes: | |||
* Numerals 1-4 have both masculine and feminine forms that must agree with the following noun (e.g. ''dow wur'' "two men", ''duw wrek'' "two women"). | |||
* Most nouns follow the numeral in the singular form, except singulatives in ''-inn, -enn'' which lose this ending (e.g. ''naw ngolow'' "nine lights"). | |||
* The line ___ indicates the position of the noun in each case. Numerals above 11 are generally formed by compounds and the noun always follows the first element (e.g. ''teyr chath ar dhek'' "13 cats"). | |||
* Numerals 21-29 are formed from the unit + ''ar hougent'' (e.g. ''pimp ci ar hougent'' "25 dogs"). | |||
* The decades are ''trigunt'' "30", ''dowgent'' "40", ''pimpunt'' "50", ''triwgent'' "60", ''seythunt'' "70", ''pedwargent'' "80", ''nawunt'' "90", ''cant'' "100". | |||
* Above 30 units follow the pattern unit + ''a<sup><small>S</small></sup>'' + decade (e.g. ''teyr chastell a thrigunt'' "33 castles"). | |||
====Ordinals==== | |||
The ordinals from 1-10 are ''centav, él<sup><small>L</small></sup>, tredidh'' (m.)/''trededh'' (f.), ''pedweridh'' (m.)/''pedwaredh'' (f.), ''pimpet, hwechet, seythvet, oothvet, nawvet, degvet''. These are placed before the noun with only ''él'' causing lenition.* The numerals for "3rd" and "4th" have masculine and feminine forms, which must agree with the following noun (e.g. ''er pedweridh gur'' "the fourth man", er bedwaredh gath. ''Centav'' is an ordinary superlative adjective and may also follow the noun in the normal order (undergoing any mutations as necessary) meaning "earliest, soonest". As an ordinal is generally precedes. | |||
<small>*NB: under certain circumstances, such as following the feminine singular article or in construction with the number "2", both the ordinal and the following noun will undergo lenition (e.g. ''er bimpet verch'' "the fifth girl", ''er gentav dhow wur'' "the first two men").</small> | |||
For ordinals 11 and above, the pattern follows that for cardinals replacing the unit with the equivalent ordinal. In these compound ordinals, ''centav'' "first" is replaced by ''ounvet'' (e.g. ''ounvet ar dhek'' "11th"). As with the cardinals any noun must follow the first element (e.g. ''er pedweridh ti ar dhek'' "the 14th house"). Special forms to note are ''dowdhegvet'' "12th" and ''pimthegvet'' "15th". The decades are formed from the cardinal plus the suffix ''-vet'' (e.g. ''ougentvet'' "20th", ''triwgentvet'' "60th"). | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
| Line 1,016: | Line 1,115: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | follows a focussed subject or object | | style="text-align:left;" | follows a focussed subject or object | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | '' | | style="text-align:left;" | ''Mi ath gar'' ''''I''' love you' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''ru''<small><sup><small>SL</small></sup></small> | ! ''ru''<small><sup><small>SL</small></sup></small> | ||
| Line 1,295: | Line 1,394: | ||
===Subordination=== | ===Subordination=== | ||
====Relative Clauses==== | |||
Relative clauses are formed in much the same way as focussed sentences, with the particles ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> or ''e(dh)''. | |||
Where the antecedent to the relative clause is the '''subject''' of the sentence, the word order is [Antecedent] + ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> + [3sg Verb] + [Rest of Sentence]. The clause that follows the relative particle is in the normal word order and must begin with a 3sg verb. | |||
* ''Hunn iw er din a warot er ci'' <br /> "This is the man who saved the dog" | |||
* ''Mi adoynav rewoun a lavur Goodhelek'' <br /> "I know someone who speaks Irish" | |||
If the antecedent is the '''direct object''' of the verb, the word order is [Antecedent] + ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> + [Personal Verb] + [Rest of Sentence]. Here the verb expresses or agrees with the subject. | |||
* ''Honn iw er wrek a dhewedhies'' <br /> "This is the woman (whom) I married" | |||
* ''Yoan iw er ci a warot er din'' <br /> "The dog that the man saved is fine" | |||
As with focussed sentences, there may be some ambiguity where both the object and subject are nouns or 3rd person pronouns. The last example might also be interpreted as "The dog that saved the man is fine". This ambiguity can be resolved by using an infixed object pronoun agreeing with a preceding object: | |||
*''Yoan iw er ci ay gwarot er din'' <br /> "The dog that the man saved is fine" | |||
Where the antecedent is an ''indirect object'', governed by a preposition, Cumbraek uses a normal object relative sentence then uses a personal preposition to refer back to the antecedent. The word order is therefore [Antecedent] + ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> + [Personal Verb] + [Rest of Sentence] + [Personal Pronoun]. | |||
* ''Hunn iw er ti a duvun indho'' <br /> "This is the house in which I grew up" (lit. "This is the house which I grew up in it") | |||
* ''Hi gwelas er wrek a rodhas-hi er get dudhy'' <br /> "She saw the woman to whom she gave the present" (lit. "She saw the woman who she gave the present to her") | |||
Again there is potential for ambiguity in the last example. The most basic sentence ''Hi gwelas er wrek a rodhas er get dudhy'' could mean either "She saw the woman who gave the present to her" or "She saw the woman to whom she gave the present". The use of auxiliary ''-hi'' is the only means to signal that the "she" is the subject of the relative clause. | |||
Cumbraek does not have a specific '''possessive relative''' akin to English "whose", so sentences of this type are constructed with an object relative sentence, followed by a possessive pronoun referring back to the antecedent and the relevant object of possession. The word order is [Antecedent] + ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> + [Personal Verb] + [Possessive Pronoun] + [Object of Possession]. | |||
* ''Hunn iw er din a dhewedhies i verch'' <br /> "This is the man whose daughter I married" (lit. "This is the man who I married his daughter") | |||
* ''E carav er wrek a gahas-ev i h'archenn o widir'' <br /> "He loves the woman whose glass slipper he found" (lit. "He loves the woman who he found her glass slipper") | |||
All of these types of relative clause may be '''negated''' by replacing ''a''<small><sup>L</sup></small> with ''ne''<small><sup>SL</sup></small>. | |||
* ''Mi adoynav rewoun ne lavur Goodhelek'' <br /> "I know someone who does not speak Irish" | |||
* ''Honn iw er wrek ne dhewedhies'' <br /> "This is the woman I did not marry" | |||
* ''Hi trige gant din n'ankas o'r Nazis i dat'' <br /> "She lived with a man whose father did not escape from the Nazis" | |||
====Indirect Clauses==== | |||
==Derivation== | ==Derivation== | ||
| Line 1,368: | Line 1,503: | ||
===Suffixes=== | ===Suffixes=== | ||
====Nouns==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Suffix | |||
! style="width: 300px;" | Meaning | |||
! style="width: 70px;" | Gender | |||
! style="width: 90px;" | Plural | |||
! style="width: 200px;" | Examples | |||
|- | |||
| ''-adour'' || agent, tool ← noun, verb || masc. || ''-adouron'' || ''marchadour'' "merchant" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-an'' || diminutive ← noun || masc/fem. || ''-anot'' || ''maban'' "baby" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ant'' || abstract noun ← verb || masc. || ''-antow'' || ''gadant'' "permission" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-as'' || abstract noun ← noun || fem. || ''-assow'' || ''poblas'' "republic" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-at'' || abstract noun ← verb || masc. || ''-adow'' || ''provat'' "test" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-der'' || abstract noun ← adjective || masc. || || ''ouchelder'' "height" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-dot'' || abstract noun ← adjective || masc. || ''-dodow'' || ''oundot'' "union" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-dy'' || place, building ← noun, adjective, verb || masc. || ''-dei'' || ''cofidy'' "café" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ek'' || language name ← people, place || fem. || || ''Cumbraek'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ell'' || tool ← noun || fem. || ''-ellow'' || ''padell'' "pan" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-es'' || "-ess" || fem. || ''-essow'' || ''mayles'' "princess" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-et'' || "-ful" || masc/fem. || ''-ededh'' || ''genowet'' "mouthful" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-eth'' || "-logy, -ism", abstract noun ← noun || fem. || || ''Marxeth'' "Marxism" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-he'' || agent, seeker of ← noun || masc. || ''-heyon'' || ''anterhe'' "adventurer" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-idh'' || agent, "-ist", "-er" ← noun, verb || masc. || ''-idhon'' || ''reolidh'' "ruler" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ik'' || diminutive ← noun || fem. || ''-igot'' || ''skovernik'' "tab, label" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-le'' || place ← noun, adjective || masc. || ''-leedh'' || ''cedle'' "junction" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ny'' || abstract noun ← noun, adjective || masc. || || ''fougny'' "forgery" | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2;" | ''-ok'' || title, position ← noun, verb || masc/fem. || ''-ogyon'' || ''marchok'' "knight" | |||
|- | |||
| diminutive ← adjective || masc. || ''-ogyon'' || ''draenok'' "hedgehog" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-olgeth'' || "-ology" || fem. || || ''biwolgeth'' "biology" | |||
|- | |||
| ''olgidh'' || "-ologist" || masc/fem. || ''-olgidhon'' || ''biwolgidh'' "biologist" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-or'' || agent ← noun || masc/fem. || ''-oryon'' || ''porthor'' "janitor" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ret'' || abstract noun ← verb, noun || masc. || || ''gweythret'' "activity" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ur'' || "-man", "-er", agent ← noun, verb || masc. || ''-wir'' || ''caredhur'' "criminal" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-us'' || inhabitants of ← place || plural || || ''Eftus'' "Egyptians" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-va'' || place, verb noun ← verb || fem. || ''-vei'' || ''devodva'' "entrance" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-wrek'' || "-woman" ← noun, verb || fem. || ''-wragedh'' || ''magwrek'' "nanny" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-yat'' || agent ← verb || masc. || ''-yet'' || ''goolyat'' "guard" | |||
|} | |||
====Adjectives==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Suffix | |||
! style="width: 300px;" | Meaning | |||
! style="width: 200px;" | Examples | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ediw'' || "-able", "-ible", "-worthy" ← verb || ''covyediw'' "memorable" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ik'' || ← noun, adjective || ''ounik'' "only" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-in'' || made of, like (material) ← noun || ''prennin'' "wooden" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-lit'' || covered with ← noun || ''goydlit'' "bloody" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-lon'' || "-ful" ← noun || ''fidhlon'' "faithful" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ok'' || ← noun, adjective || ''argelok'' "hidden" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ol'' || ← noun, adjective, verb || ''gohanol'' "separate" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ot'' || past participle ← verb || ''pobot'' "baked" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ous'' || ← noun, verb || ''periglous'' "dangerous" | |||
|} | |||
====Verbs==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Suffix | |||
! style="width: 300px;" | Meaning | |||
! style="width: 200px;" | Examples | |||
|- | |||
| ''-et'' || verb noun ← verb stem || ''cusket'' "sleep" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-hei'' || making, becoming ← adjective (stem ''-ha-'') || ''moyhei'' "increase" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-i'' || verb noun ← verb stem || ''pebi'' "bake" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-o'' || verb noun ← verb stem || ''talo'' "pay" | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ya'' || verb noun ← noun || ''hoolya'' "sail" | |||
|} | |||
===Compounds=== | ===Compounds=== | ||
==Example Texts== | ==Example Texts== | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights=== | |||
''Is ganot pop din en ridh a gant barch a chuvreythyow custadhul. Ema resun a dirbooll dudho a gli poap emdhoon du'y gilidh in spirit brodoreth.'' | |||
"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." | |||
===The Tower of Babel=== | |||
('''Genesis 11: 1-9''') | |||
# ''A lavre er oll vit oun yeth ag er oun lavrant.'' <br> And the whole earth was of one language and of one speech. | |||
# ''A pann deythyent dhiamm er dooren, oo cassant wostat in tir Shinar a thrigent enayth.'' <br> And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. | |||
# ''A gwoat poap du'y gilidh "Dowit, gwraem bridhveyn ag ow pebi in tan". Ag aidh pridhveyn in'le meyn a fik in'le morhtell.'' <br /> And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. | |||
# ''A gwedent "Dowit, adeylem dhin a thur a estinn i benn du'r nev; a chuhaitthem an anuw rak an skaro truw oll diredh er bit.'' <br /> And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. | |||
# ''A diskennas er Reen du welet er dhin a'r tur a adeylent vebyon Adhav.'' <br /> And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men built. | |||
# ''A gwoat "Sleman! Edh int oun bobul ag ema oun yeth dudhou; a ru chuhwinnsant i wreyth a ne difegyant ow emchen cuhit e cuwlheir ow gweyth."'' <br /> And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. | |||
# '' "Dowit, diskennen ag adrisso ow yeth mal nar jalht poap lavrant i gilidh."'' <br /> Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech. | |||
# ''Mal hunn es skaras er Reen o'r le hunnedh truw oll diredh er bit; a difegsant adeylet er dhin.'' <br /> So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. | |||
# ''Mal hunn edh aidh Babel i hanuw, in'edrip edh adrissas er Reen yeth er oll vit ag o'r le hunnedh es skaras er Reen troas enep pop wladedh.'' <br> Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth. | |||
===Comparison of the Brythonic Languages=== | |||
'''The Lord's Prayer''' | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; width:100%" | |||
! style="width: 20%" | Cumbraek | |||
! style="width: 20%" | Welsh | |||
! style="width: 20%" | Cornish | |||
! style="width: 20%" | Breton | |||
! style="width: 20%" | English | |||
|- | |||
| <small>An Tat essidh in er Nev <br /> Bit seyth de anuw <br /> Dowet de diarnas <br /> Bit gwrayth de vodh <br /> War dhaer mal in er Nev <br /> Ridh an bara pownidhol dun hedhiw <br /> A madhow an gleedow <br /> Mal e madhowen an gleedwir <br /> A na thuwis ni du dentot <br /> Eythir gwaret ni rak maloonder <br /> Is tow er Diarnas <br /> Er cuvoyth ag er gogonyant <br /> In ais aissow <br /> Amen</small> | |||
| <small>Ein Tad, yn y nefoedd <br /> Sancteiddier dy Enw <br /> Deled dy deyrnas <br /> Gwneler dy ewyllys <br /> Ar y Ddaear, fel yn y nef <br /> Dyro i ni heddiw ein bara beunyddiol <br /> A maddau i ni ein troseddau <br /> Fel maddeuwn rhai a droseddwyd yn ein herbyn <br /> A phaid a’n dwyn y brawf <br /> Ond gwared ni rhag drwg <br /> Oherwydd eiddo ti yw’r deyrnas <br /> Y nerth a’r gogoniant <br /> Am fyth ac am fyth <br /> Amen</small> | |||
| <small>Agan Tas ni, usi y’n nev <br /> Bennigys re bo dha Hanow <br /> Re dheffo dha Wlaskor <br /> Dha vodh re bo gwrys <br /> Y’n nor kepar hag y’n nev <br /> Ro dhyn ni hedhyw agan bara pub dydh oll <br /> Ha gav dhyn agan kammweyth <br /> Kepar dell avyn nyni <br /> Dhe’n re na usi ow kammwul er agan pynn ni <br /> Ha na wra agan gorra yn temptyans <br /> Mes deliver ni a-dhiworth drog <br /> Rag dhiso jy yw an wlaskor <br /> Ha’n galloes ha’n gordhyans <br /> Bys vykken ha bynari <br /> Amen</small> | |||
| <small>Hon tad a zo en neñv <br /> Hoc’h anv bezet santelaet <br /> Ho rouantelezh deuet dimp <br /> Ho polontez bezet graet <br /> War an douar evel en Neñv <br /> Roit dimp hiziv hor bara pemdeziek <br /> Pardonit dimp hor pec’hedoù <br /> Evel ma pardonomp d’ar re <br /> O deu manket ouzhimp <br /> Ha n’hon lezit ket da gouezhañ en tempadur <br /> Met hon diwallit diouzh an droug <br /> Evel-se bezet graet! <br /> Amen</small> | |||
| <small>Our Father who art in Heaven <br /> Hallowed be thy name <br /> Thy kingdom come <br /> Thy will be done <br /> On Earth as it is in Heaven <br /> Give us this day our daily bread <br /> And forgive us our trespasses <br /> As we forgive those who trespass against us <br /> Lead us not into temptation <br /> But deliver us from evil <br /> Thine is the kingdom <br /> The power and the glory <br /> Forever and ever <br /> Amen </small> | |||
|} | |||
==Vocabulary== | |||
{{swadesh | |||
|nativename = Cumbraek | |||
|language = Cumbric | |||
|I = mi | |||
|you (singular) = ti | |||
|he = ev | |||
|we = ni | |||
|you (plural) = hwi | |||
|they = oo | |||
|this = hunn, honn | |||
|that = hunnedh, honnedh | |||
|here = eman | |||
|there = enayth | |||
|who = puw | |||
|what = peth | |||
|where = cu | |||
|when = p'oar | |||
|how = pe dhel' | |||
|not = ne | |||
|all = oll | |||
|many = lawer | |||
|some = rew | |||
|few = buchot | |||
|other = arall | |||
|one = oun | |||
|two = dow, duw | |||
|three = tri, teyr | |||
|four = pedwar, peder | |||
|five = pimp | |||
|big = moar | |||
|long = hir | |||
|wide = ledan | |||
|thick = tew | |||
|heavy = trumm | |||
|small = bechan | |||
|short = berr | |||
|narrow = coul | |||
|thin = tenow | |||
|woman = gwrek | |||
|man (adult male) = gur | |||
|man (human being) = din | |||
|child = gweridh | |||
|wife = gwrek | |||
|husband = gur | |||
|mother = mamm | |||
|father = tat | |||
|animal = mil | |||
|fish = pisk | |||
|bird = edhin | |||
|dog = ci | |||
|louse = lowenn | |||
|snake = nedir | |||
|worm = priv | |||
|tree = gwidhenn | |||
|forest = cait | |||
|stick = lorr | |||
|fruit = frooth | |||
|seed = hedinn | |||
|leaf = delenn | |||
|root = gwredhinn | |||
|bark = risk | |||
|flower = blodinn | |||
|grass = gwelht | |||
|rope = lovan | |||
|skin = croyn | |||
|meat = cik | |||
|blood = goyt | |||
|bone = askurn | |||
|fat = blonek | |||
|egg = oy | |||
|horn = corn | |||
|tail = lost | |||
|feather = plouvenn | |||
|hair = gwalht | |||
|head = penn | |||
|ear = cloust | |||
|eye = lugat | |||
|nose = troon | |||
|mouth = genow | |||
|tooth = dent | |||
|tongue = tavot | |||
|fingernail = ewin | |||
|foot = troet | |||
|leg = coys | |||
|knee = glin | |||
|hand = loav | |||
|wing = aden | |||
|belly = boll | |||
|guts = coloudhyon | |||
|neck = gudhuw | |||
|back = cevin | |||
|breast = bronn | |||
|heart = calonn | |||
|liver = avou | |||
|drink = evet | |||
|eat = esset | |||
|bite = bratho | |||
|suck = sougno | |||
|spit = heliwi | |||
|vomit = hwedo | |||
|blow = hwetho- | |||
|breathe = anadhlo | |||
|laugh = hwerthin | |||
|see = gwelet | |||
|hear = cluwet | |||
|know = goobot | |||
|think = medhulya | |||
|smell = cluwet | |||
|fear = bot own war | |||
|sleep = cusget | |||
|live = aissi | |||
|die = maruw | |||
|kill = ladh | |||
|fight = emwano | |||
|hunt = hello | |||
|hit = tarwo | |||
|cut = trucho | |||
|split = helhti | |||
|stab = gwano | |||
|scratch = cravo | |||
|dig = clodhi | |||
|swim = novya | |||
|fly = echedek | |||
|walk = cerdhet | |||
|come = duvot | |||
|lie = gorwedh | |||
|sit = estedh | |||
|stand = sevil | |||
|turn = trei | |||
|fall = edi | |||
|give = redhi | |||
|hold = dall | |||
|squeeze = gwasko | |||
|rub = slipo | |||
|wash = gwalchet | |||
|wipe = secho | |||
|pull = tenno | |||
|push = hurdho | |||
|throw = tawlo | |||
|tie = culummya | |||
|sew = gwriet | |||
|count = erivo | |||
|say = gwedo | |||
|sing = cano | |||
|play = gware | |||
|float = novya | |||
|flow = bero | |||
|freeze = rewi | |||
|swell = hoodho | |||
|sun = howl | |||
|moon = loyr | |||
|star = serenn | |||
|water = duwr | |||
|rain = glaw | |||
|river = avon | |||
|lake = linn | |||
|sea = mor | |||
|salt = haloon | |||
|stone = mayn | |||
|sand = tewot | |||
|dust = pulur | |||
|earth = pridh | |||
|cloud = cummul | |||
|fog = niwl | |||
|sky = oobur | |||
|wind = gwint | |||
|snow = err | |||
|ice = ya | |||
|smoke = muk | |||
|fire = tan | |||
|ash = louduw | |||
|burn = leski | |||
|road = gat | |||
|mountain = munidh | |||
|red = roudh | |||
|green = glas | |||
|yellow = melin | |||
|white = gwinn | |||
|black = douv | |||
|night = nos | |||
|day = didh | |||
|year = bloodhin | |||
|warm = toomm | |||
|cold = yen | |||
|full = loan | |||
|new = newidh | |||
|old = hen | |||
|good = da | |||
|bad = druk | |||
|rotten = brayn | |||
|dirty = halok | |||
|straight = sith | |||
|round = crunn | |||
|sharp = egir | |||
|dull = pul | |||
|smooth = livin | |||
|wet = gwlip | |||
|dry = sich | |||
|correct = cuwir | |||
|near = agos | |||
|far = pell | |||
|right = dechow | |||
|left = cledh | |||
|at = wurth | |||
|in = in | |||
|with = gant | |||
|and = a | |||
|if = o | |||
|because = in'edrip e | |||
|name = anuw | |||
|languagecount = 1}} | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A posteriori]] [[Category:Celtic languages]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Brythonic Celtic languages]] | ||
edits