User:Chrysophylax/fd

1. merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar]

   *ḱléwos → *klewos ‘fame’

2. dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss

   *bʰreud-tós → *bʰreussós ‘broken’

3. metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT

   *h₂rtkos → *h₂rktos ‘bear’

4. loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style)

   *h₁e → *e~i

   *h₂e → *a

   *h₃e → *o

5. loss of laryngeal after vowel, same as above but lengthening

   *eh₁ → *ē

   *eh₂ → *ā

   *eh₃ → *ō

6. epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants

   *septṃ → *septəm ‘seven’

7. loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC)

   *H → *ə (except: #_R where *H → h)

8. CVHC → CV̄C
9. Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w
10. *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_

    *st, *sk → *ss

11. *m becomes *n before dentals and word finally.
12. nasal + velar → *nn
13. PT, KT join TT in → *ss

    *kh₂ptós → *kəssós ‘taken’

14. merger of *ə and short *a
15. fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l
16. stress is retracted one step
17. lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables
18. labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V

    *ákwā → *áwā ‘water’

19. raising of *o after *w

    *déywos → *déywus ‘god’

20. [-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V
21. lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. (active surface filter)
22. *s → *z / V_{V #}
23. *h → Ø / #_{l r}
24. innovation of future tense from desiderative -s- formation.

    *kā́psyeō ‘I will seize’ ( < *keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂)

25. loss of *w before *u

    *wī́wus → *wī́uz

26. secondary athematic endings are added to the imperfective present and future 1sg and replace 1pl, 2pl, 3pl.

    *kā́pyeōn < (*kh₂p-yé-oh₂-m); *kā́psyeōn ( < *keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m)

    *kāpyéme < (*kh₂p-ye-mé)

27. *ō → *ā

    *kā́psyeōn → *kā́psyeān

28. P K → f x / V_s

    *pā́ksyeān → *pā́xsyeān ‘I will fasten’ ( < *ph₂ḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m)

29. *e → *æ / C_aC

    *bʰóweyeān → *bʰówæyæān ‘I warn’ ( < *bʰogʷ-éye-oh₂-m)

30. Shift to strong initial expiratory stress
31. *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_

    *kā́pyæān → *kā́βyæān ‘I seize’

32. *z → *r / V_V, V_#

    *wī́uz → *wīur ‘alive’

33. merger of locative and instrumental cases
34. *x → *s / _s

    *péxsyæān → *péssyæān ‘I will slap’ ( < *peḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m)

35. breaking of stressed open *é → *yá

    *déyur → *dyáyur

36. end of *e → *æ lowering
37. new case endings: essive -ta, comitative -we
38. fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ

    *néβāt → *nébʰāt ‘nephew’

39. unstressed *ē → ai (operating during period of contraction)

    *pádʰēr → *pádʰair ‘father’

40. contraction

    *o + *e → *ē

    *e + *o → *ō

    *æ, *a + *a, *ā → *ā

41. medial -y- loss

    *dyáyusta → *dyáusta ‘like a god’

42. loss of initial h in clusters.

    *hrāra → *rāra ( < *Hroseh₂ )

43. shortening of long final vowels after a stressed syllable

    *wórān → *wóran ‘prepare’ ( < *gʷʰor-éy-oh₂-m)

44. vocalisation of semi-vowels / #C_V

    *dyáur → *diáur

45. V:, V:C and VCC become standard
46. : *wóran → *wṓrann
47. *ew → *u:

    *lewmana → *lūmana 'first light of the day' ( < *léwk-mn-eh₂)

break for ease of edit

1. *æ → *e
2. 1sg.fut is de-iotated by analogy with the 1sg.pres

   *kā́ssjan → *kā́ssan ‘I will seize’

3. loss of middle endings with -r, forms with secondary middle endings win out

   *bʰriágar → *bʰriága ‘I am brought to ruin’ ( < *bʰregh₂ér)

   *bʰriágror → *bʰriágandho ‘they are brought to ruin’

4. Verb raising (i.e. fronting) occurs more frequently. Transitive verbs also raise their argument after them.

   *kā́ssan paldháron niábhas diáusta lúmanai ‘(Truly!) I will seize the settlement (of my) nephew as a (living) god by the first light of day’ ( < *kh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m pḷth₂róm népōts deywós-?ta? léwk-mn-ey)

   *pā́rssat sān so ‘He is asking her’ vs. *so sān pā́rssat ‘he asks her’

5. A general trend of reanalysing collective nouns as singular feminines intensifies.

   *palla ‘several fortifications’ → *palla ‘city’ ( < *tpelHh₂)

   *walla ‘set of wheels’ → *walla ‘wagon’ ( < *kʷékʷlh₂)

6. syllable bounding *n is lengthened

   *kiasmanar → *kiasmannar ‘outriders, messengers’ ( < *kérs-mṇ-es through contamination with *kérs-mṇ-h₂ ‘group of messengers’)

7. loss of unstressed, word-final short vowels in words where n(s) => 3.

   *aliendhi → *aliendh ‘they feed’ ( < *h₂oléyenti)

   *bʰriágandho → *bʰriágandh ‘they are brought to ruin’