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Plevian: Difference between revisions
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*Falling: ''ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou'' | *Falling: ''ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou'' | ||
Note that the glide in | Note that the glide in rising diphthongs is usually realized as palatalization (in the case of ''-i-'') or labialization (in the case of ''-u-''). | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
*''a'' "to" + ''America'' > ''ad America'' | *''a'' "to" + ''America'' > ''ad America'' | ||
*''da'' "away from, out | *''da'' "away from, out of" + ''America'' > ''dab America'' | ||
*''femna'' "woman" + ''alta'' "tall" > ''femnan alta'' | *''femna'' "woman" + ''alta'' "tall" > ''femnan alta'' | ||
*''ama'' "(s)he loves" + ''arbrex'' "trees" > ''amad arbrex'' | *''ama'' "(s)he loves" + ''arbrex'' "trees" > ''amad arbrex'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 19 | ! 19 | ||
| | | noghence(n) || noghendiacmo(n), -a(n) || noghendecmante(n) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 20 | ! 20 | ||
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! Agent noun | ! Agent noun | ||
| Formed by adding ''-ore(n)'' (m.)/''-(t)rice(n)'' (f.) to the supine stem. | | Formed by adding ''-ore(n)'' (m.)/''-(t)rice(n)'' (f.) to the supine stem. | ||
| ''-(t)-'' is added in the feminine when it is not already present at the end of the | | ''-(t)-'' is added in the feminine when it is not already present at the end of the supine stem. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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**This happens in both types of breaking verbs when the unstressed stem begins in a vowel. In such verbs, ''e-'' and ''o-'' become ''gia-'' and ''gua-'' respectively when stressed. | **This happens in both types of breaking verbs when the unstressed stem begins in a vowel. In such verbs, ''e-'' and ''o-'' become ''gia-'' and ''gua-'' respectively when stressed. | ||
*Delabialization of labialized consonants such as ''gu-, qu-, du-'', etc. in the stressed stem. | *Delabialization of labialized consonants such as ''gu-, qu-, du-'', etc. in the stressed stem. | ||
**This happens as a rule in ''e'' > ''ia'' verbs. | **This happens as a rule in ''e'' > ''ia'' verbs (e.g. unstressed ''gue-'' becomes stressed ''ghia-'' instead of ''*guia-''). | ||
**In ''o'' > ''ua'' verbs, the two labializations are merged (e.g. unstressed ''guo-'' becomes stressed ''gua-'' and not *''guua-''). | **In ''o'' > ''ua'' verbs, the two labializations are merged (e.g. unstressed ''guo-'' becomes stressed ''gua-'' and not *''guua-''). | ||
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=====Infinitive===== | =====Infinitive===== | ||
Class 3 and 4 verbs whose stems end in certain consonants assimilate the ''-r-'' of the infinitive into the final consonant. The assimilation has one of the following results depending on the stem structure: | Class 3 and 4 verbs whose stems end in certain consonants assimilate the ''-r-'' of the infinitive into the final consonant. The assimilation has one of the following results depending on the stem structure: | ||
*If the stem ends in a single ''-s, -r,'' or ''- | *If the stem ends in a single ''-s, -r,'' ''-l,'' or ''-n'' preceded by a vowel: ''-r-'' is merged with the consonant causing it to be doubled. | ||
*If the stem ends in ''-r'' or ''- | *If the stem ends in ''-r,'' ''-l,'' or ''-n'' that is double or preceded by a consonant: ''-r-'' is dropped. | ||
Note that ''-r-'' is neither dropped nor assimilated when it occurs after ''-s'' when it is doubled or occurs after a consonant. | Note that ''-r-'' is neither dropped nor assimilated when it occurs after ''-s'' when it is doubled or occurs after a consonant. | ||
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=====Past participle===== | =====Past participle===== | ||
In regular past participles of Class 3 & 4 verbs: | In regular past participles of Class 3 & 4 verbs: | ||
*A voiced stop is devoiced before ''-t-''. Voiced fricatives are also devoiced, but this | *A voiced stop is devoiced (in both pronunciation and writing) before ''-t-''. Voiced fricatives are also devoiced in this position, but this is not reflected in the orthography except in the case of ''-v-'', which becomes ''-f-''. | ||
=====Finite forms===== | =====Finite forms===== | ||
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| then || ton | | then || ton | ||
|- | |- | ||
| recently, a short time ago || nupre(d/G), nupriox, nuperme(d/G) | | recently, a short time ago || nupre(d/G), nupriox, nuperme(d/G); dudo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| earlier || pre(d/G), priox, prime(d/G) | | earlier || pre(d/G), priox, prime(d/G) | ||
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| two nights ago || prexiare nnuapte(n) | | two nights ago || prexiare nnuapte(n) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| after tomorrow || | | after tomorrow || periandze(d/G) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| this week || xe xxiabma(n) | | this week || xe xxiabma(n) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| last week || sa xiabma | | last week || sa xiabma noghesma(n) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| next week || sa xiabma | | next week || sa xiabma guentura(n) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| this year || horno(d/G) | |||
|- | |||
| last year || son anno noghesmo(n) | |||
|- | |||
| next year || son anno guenturo(n) | |||
|} | |} | ||
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<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | <!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ||
====Modern Plevian==== | |||
Guabrix xiamnex grascon luebrox ed equox en degretaten e ggiorex. Son dotatox de razonen e cconscianza, e ddevent agre enter se seco ffratrex. | |||
'''IPA (broad):''' /ˈɡwabriʃ ˈʃamneʃ ˈɡraskon ˈlwebroʃ ed ekwoʃ en ˌdeɡreˈtaten e ˈdʒːoreʃ ‖ son doˈtatoʃ de raˈtsonen e kːonˈstʃantsa | e ˈdːevent ˈaɡre ˈenter se ˈseko ˈfːratreʃ/ | |||
'''IPA (narrow, with lenition):''' [ˈɡʷaː.βriʃ ˈʃam.neʒ ˈɡɾaː.skon ˈlʷeː.βro.ʒ‿eˈð‿eː.xʷo.ʒ‿en ˌde.ɣɾe.ˈθaː.θe.n‿e‿ʒ.ˈʒoː.reʃ ‖ ˈson do.ˈθaː.θoʒ de ra.ˈsoː.ne.n‿e‿k.kon.ˈʃːan.tsa | e‿d.ˈdeː.ven.ˈt‿aː.ɣɾe ˈen.ter ˈseː ˈzeː.xo‿f.ˈfɾaː.θɾeʃ] | |||
'''IPA ( | '''IPA (narrow, without lenition):''' [ˈɡʷaː.briʃ ˈʃam.neʒ ˈɡɾaː.skon ˈlʷeː.bro.ʒ‿eˈd‿eː.kʷo.ʒ‿en ˌde.ɡɾe.ˈtaː.te.n‿e‿dʒ.ˈʒoː.reʃ ‖ ˈson do.ˈtaː.toʒ de ra.ˈtsoː.ne.n‿e‿k.kon.ˈʃːan.tsa | e‿d.ˈdeː.ven.ˈt‿aː.ɡɾe ˈen.ter ˈseː ˈseː.ko‿f.ˈfɾaː.tɾeʃ] | ||
all-PL people they_are_born free-PL and equal-PL in dignity and rights. they_are endowed of reason and conscience, and they_must act among themselves like brothers. | |||
====Old Plevian==== | |||
Obnēs hemones loeberē et aequē in degnetāte et jōribos gnāscuntor. Dōtātē dē rātiōne et conscientiae sunt, et sēcut frātres inter sē agere dēbent. | |||
'''IPA:''' /ˈɔbneːs ˈxɛmɔnɛs ˈloe̯bɛreː ɛt ˈae̯kʷeː ɪn ˌdɛɡnɛˈtaːte ɛt ˈjoːrɪbɔs ɡnaːˈskʊntɔr ‖ doːtaːteː deː raːtiˈoːne ɛt kɔnskiˈɛntiae̯ sʊnt | ɛt seːkʊt fraːtrɛs ˈɪntɛr seː ˈaɡɛre ˈdeːbɛnt/ | |||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||