Häskä/Wordlist: Difference between revisions

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==Orthography==
==Orthography==
:''See also: [[Wiobian/Script]].''
:''See also: [[Wiobian/Script]].''
[[File:Wiobian alphabet.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The Wiobian alphabet]]
Wiobian is written in a native alphabet named ''Trabe&Galster'' after the first two letters ''Trabe'' and ''Galst'', also used to write other languages such as [[Trây]]. The spelling rules reflect Classical Wiobian pronunciation; subsequent sound changes have made the relationship between orthography and pronunciation more opaque. (Think Tibetan, English or French spelling.)The transliteration of Wiobian used in this article attempts to reflect the Wiobian orthographical spelling standardized near the end of the Classical Wiobian period and re-standardized in the modern period in 1811 v.C. using classical texts and internal reconstruction from Wiobian topolects (especially utilizing Whetmerish, known for its conservatism in unstressed prefixes). Another factor in the orthography is that literacy was limited to the upper class. Thus often the elites spoke one language while writing in a fossilized form of the language, so that e.g. case endings were still written even after most of them dropped out in the spoken language. The Classical Wiobian they wrote was, however, written in the stricter syntax of the vernacular.
Modern Standard Wiobian employs consonant alternations triggered by originally unstressed prefixes. One difficulty is that originally unstressed prefixes often don't change a word's pronunciation anymore, because the particular initial consonant is immune to the mutation caused by the prefix:
*''mezz'' - 'wait'
*''bemezz'' - 'long for'
are both pronounced /məi̯k˥/. The homophony was solved by compounding nouns and verbs with other words to disambiguate them, creating a wealth of compounds, as in [[w:Chinese language|Chinese]].
===Letter names===
Most letter names for consonants are derived from Proto-Netagin. Vowels, on the other hand, use the vowel itself as the name.
*'''T''': ''Trabe'' < *tenābōˀ 'jaws'
*'''G''': ''Galst'' < *gałṭon 'ground'
*'''K''': ''Kohl'' < *kōllon 'bird'
*'''I'''
*'''W''': ''Wier'' < *wiˀron 'head'
*'''N''': ''Nark'' < *nāraqon 'cascade'
*'''U'''
*'''Ü'''
*'''Q''': ''Krit'' < *qarītis 'coast'
*'''L''': ''Lecken'' < *leqnon 'river'
*'''P''': ''Put'' < *pūton 'ox'
*'''Þ''': ''Þesch'' < *þełkon 'tongue'
*'''Ḥ''': ''Ang'' < *ˀangon 'face'
*'''C''': ''Engarms-Ang'' 'emphasizing Ang'
*'''E'''
*'''Z''': ''Zeib'' < *ƛeybon 'harp'
*'''J''': ''Jamm'' < *yanpon 'house' (Netagin ''ˀáb'')
*'''F''': ''Fitt'' 'worm'
*'''O'''
*'''Ö'''
*'''M''': ''Mespul'' < *mezpūlos 'bridge'
*'''D''': ''Dachel'' < *dakl 'tree'
*'''Ɉ''': ''Ɉruke'' <  *λirūkōs 'lips'
*'''R''': ''Rift'' < *ripṭon 'throat'
*'''S''': ''Schnade'' < *łinādōs 'gates'
*'''H''': ''Hammel'' < *hamlon 'flower'
*'''Ƕ''': ''Ƕieg'' < *huyegon 'wall'
*'''B''': ''Bruog'' < *barōgon 'knot'
*'''ẞ''': ''ẞicht'' < *siqdon 'road'
*'''A'''
*'''Ä'''
*'''Å'''
*'''Y''': ''Jaḥ'' < *yaqqon 'arm'
*'''V''': ''Weim'' < *waymon 'lightning'
===Capitalization===
Wiobian orthography has capital and lowercase letters. Wiobian capitalizes all nouns, but not necessarily words that are in the beginning of the sentence; this is reflected in the Romanization.
===Punctuation===
The ''Lusk-Frann'' ("binding mark") is a hyphen-like symbol used to link genitive nouns to their heads. It is transcribed with a hyphen (-).
The ''Je-Huy'' ("''je''-space"), also called the ''serializer'' in English, is used to link coordinated components in compounds and serial verbs. As its name suggests, it also indicates a missing ''je'' ('and') in poetry. The serializer is transcribed with an ampersand (&).


==Phonology==
==Phonology==

Revision as of 19:39, 28 September 2015

Modern Standard Wiobian
Wiob-Muts; Reber-Muts
Created byIlL
Native speakers70 million (2200 v.C.)
Gamedan
Language codes
ISO 639-3qwb
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Sandbox
Lexicon
Wiobian verse
About Wiobian music
engunn&fiungs mieh Wäls tur Wiob-Hien! ("View this page in Wiobian!")
Diese Seite auf Deutsch ansehen

Häskä/Wordlist (Wiobian: Reber-Wiob-Muts [żai4ziou6my5] 'Courtly Wiobian') or Rzaimy (Reber-Muts [żai4my5] 'the courtly language') is the standard variety of Modern Wiobian.

Todo

  • Pei-käh-kiob, in gerbänk-klers iete! (bi-ga-dźu, yn fạng-dlái ed!)
  • Mäßtes riet! - Greetings!
  • Wiob-Schriof-Ahm-Hölsch "Wiobian-style collection-piece" - Wiobian Suites

Notes on notation

  • i - denotes i-umlaut of the root.
  • u - denotes u-umlaut of the root.

Orthography

See also: Wiobian/Script.

Phonology

Phonotactics

(C)V(C)T

Words are mainly monosyllabic, occasionally trochees.

Compounds are left-headed and trochaic.

Initials

The following 'Wiobian pinyin' could be used to represent Modern Greater Wiobian words phonetically:

Tones: Cantonese tones, numbered as in Cantonese

Initials:
labials: ƀ /ɓ/ b /p/ p /pʰ/ m /m/ f /f/ pf /pf/
dentals: đ /ɗ/ d /t/ t /tʰ/ n /n/ s /s/ z /z/
laterals: dź /tɬ/ ć /tɬʰ/ ś /ɬ/ l /l/ ł /ɫ/
retroflexes: dż /tʂ/ cz /tʂʰ/ sz /ʂ/ ż /ʐ/ nz /ɳ/
co-articulated: gq /!/ q /!ʰ/ sj /ɧ/ zj /ɧ̬/ nq /ŋ!/
palatals: dzi /tɕ/ ci /tɕʰ/ si /ɕ/ zi /ʑ/ ni /ɲ/ j /j/
velars: g /k/ k /kʰ/ ch /x/ ng /ŋ/
laryngeals: (null) /ʔ/ h /h/

Vowels: a /a/ e /ɛ/ i /i/ o /ɔ/ u /u/ y /ɨ/ ơ /œ/ ư /y/

Finals: -p /p/ -t /t/ -k /k/ -m /m/ -n /n/ -ng /ŋ/ -i /j/ -u /w/

Modern Standard Wiobian initials
Labial Alveolar Lateral Retroflex Coarticulated Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal /m/ /n/ /ɳ/ /ŋ!/ /ɲ/ /ŋ/
Plosive plain /p/ /t/ /!/ /k/ /ʔ/
aspirated /pʰ/ /tʰ/ /!ʰ/ /kʰ/
implosive /ɓ/ /ɗ/
Affricate plain /pf/ /tɬ/ /ʈʂ/ /tɕ/
aspirated /tɬʰ/ /ʈʂʰ/ /tɕʰ/
Fricative plain /f/ /s/ /ɬ/ /ʂ/ /ɧ/ /ɕ/ /x/ /h/
voiced /v/ /z/ /ʐ/ /ɧ̬/ /ʑ/
Approximant /l/, /ɫ/ /j/

Rimes

A whole rime dictionary would be necessary to describe all the rimes, since the rules are so complex/irregular. Sorry

Nucleus

Modern Standard Wiobian monophthongs
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close /i/ /y/ [ɨ]1 /u/
Mid /e/ /ø/ /o/
Open /a/

1 Allophone of /i/ and /y/ after dental and retroflex initials.
2 Allophone of /æ/ after retroflex consonants.

Short vowels (which only occured in closed syllables) are fairly stably preserved.

Umlaut

  • short u /u/ i-umlauts to short ü /y/
  • io /y/? i-umlauts to ie /i/?
  • ia /jæ/ i-umlauts to ie /i/?
  • short o /o/ i-umlauts to short ö /e/
  • short a /æ/ i-umlauts to short ä /e/
  • short e /ə/ i-umlauts to short i /i/
  • uo i-umlauts to üö
  • short a /æ/ u-umlauts to short å /o/

Coda consonants

Only the following coda consonants may occur: [p t k m n ŋ j w].


Tones

Stressed syllables may have one of 6 tones.

  1. high level tone (˥) (high falling (˥˩) in pausa) < LMW high modal
  2. mid rising tone (˧˥) < LMW high breathy
  3. mid level tone (˧) < LMW high glottalized
  4. low falling tone (˨˩) < LMW low modal
  5. low rising tone (˩˧) < LMW low breathy
  6. low level tone (˨) < LMW low glottalized

Example syllable: /maj/ mai

  1. /maj˥/ (mai1) Schmörr: liver
  2. /maj˧˥/ (mai2) Kmas: border/edge
  3. /maj˧/ (mai3) schmeig: lie
  4. /maj˨˩/ (mai4) Meder: valley
  5. /maj˩˧/ (mai5) Mels: lightning
  6. /maj˨/ (mai6) enbelt: provoke

Grammar

Derivational morphology

Some suffixes are pronounced differently depending on the final consonant of the root.

  • U(-n): nominalization, patient
    • Þiem 'deed' < þiom 'do'
  • be-: intensive/applicative/denominal verb prefix; common like in German
    • berast 'make powerful, strengthen' < Rast 'power'
  • deß-: detransitivizing/valency-decreasing
  • em-/(w)en-: perfective; causative/valency-incrementing
  • U-em: adjectival/attributive/place noun suffix
    • Jündemruoger 'tapestry of life'
  • -er: collective, augmentative, place noun, resultative
    • Puoger 'throne' < Puog 'chair'
    • Ruoger 'statue' < ruog, rieg, Ruogs 'carve'
    • Jenger 'ocean, sea' < Jeng 'water'
  • ger-: inceptive, dynamic
    • gerzißt: 'initiate' < zißt 'run' (intransitive)
  • i- (< PWio *ī < PGam *hiz): negative
    • ibiul 'not straight, unjust' < biul 'straight, just'
  • -li agent noun, someone associated with [NOUN]
    • Winkli 'mortal' < wink- 'die' + -li
  • -mack: resultative, ability
  • -null: prototypical member of a set, Ur-
  • -ung: singulative/some singular nouns
  • -s (< PGam *λ ~ Thm. supine -dh): verbal nouns, nominalization
  • -zi: abstract noun, -ness/-hood
  • uo- (< PWio *ā- < PGam *ʔāz-): augmentative
    • Uores, Uors 'wolf, predatory beast' < euphemistically derived from Rüös 'dog'
  • wech-: perfective/telic
  • -zim: characterized by [noun]

Phrasebook

  • Woi2 szan6! - Hello.
  • ta2 hung2 - thank you.
Related pages with more information
Talk:
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