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|pronunciation = bɔ́ˑkɑ fɑlɑ́ˑmʊ
|pronunciation = bɔ́ˑkɑ fɑlɑ́ˑmʊ
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|region = East Africa
|state = East Africa
<!--
<!--
|states =  
|states =  
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|iso2 =  
|iso2 =  
|iso3 = -->
|iso3 = -->
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|script1      = Latn
<!--
<!--
|agency        = -->
|agency        = -->
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|}
|}
The consonants ''m, n, l, g, r, d, b'' can be geminated between vowels, which is indicated by doubling them.
The consonants ''m, n, l, g, r, d, b'' can be geminated between vowels, which is indicated by doubling them.
 
<!--
The consonants ''dh'' and ''nh'' are always geminated when between vowels.
The consonants ''dh'' and ''nh'' are always geminated when between vowels.-->


The voiceless stops ''t, k'' are always aspirated.
The voiceless stops ''t, k'' are always aspirated.
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*Monophthong vowels in word-final syllables;
*Monophthong vowels in word-final syllables;
*Word-final diphthong vowels.
*Word-final diphthong vowels.
There are also true long vowels indicated by doubling the vowel letter of a monophthong (e.g. ''aa'') or the nucleus of a diphthong (e.g. ''aay''). If a word contains a true long vowel, an other accented short vowel in the same word is not lengthened.
There are also true long vowels indicated by doubling the vowel letter of a monophthong (e.g. ''aa'') or the nucleus of a diphthong (e.g. ''aay''). If a word contains a true long vowel, any other accented short vowel in the same word is not lengthened.


A word cannot begin in a vowel. Instead, a word written with an initial vowel is pronounced with a preceding glottal stop.
A word cannot begin in a vowel. Instead, a word written with an initial vowel is pronounced with a preceding glottal stop.
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In this article, a circumflex accent is used for accented "front" vowels, while an acute accent is used for accented "back" vowels. Accented vowels of indeterminate frontness/backness are represented with a grave accent.
In this article, a circumflex accent is used for accented "front" vowels, while an acute accent is used for accented "back" vowels. Accented vowels of indeterminate frontness/backness are represented with a grave accent.
====Etymological script====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonants
! Regular script !! ES equivalent !! Remarks
|-
| ' || ' ||
|-
| b || b; p ||
|-
| d || d ||
|-
| dh || dh ||
|-
| f || f ||
|-
| g || g ||
|-
| gw || gu ||
|-
| h || h ||
|-
| j || ch; dj; dg¹ ||
|-
| k || c; qu¹ ||
|-
| kuw || qu ||
|-
| l || l ||
|-
| m || m ||
|-
| n || n; m² ||
|-
| nh || nh ||
|-
| q || k ||
|-
| r || r ||
|-
| s || s; ss; z; c¹; sc¹; sç ||
|-
| t || t ||
|-
| w || u ||
|-
| x || x; j; g¹ ||
|-
| y || y; i; ∅ || Written ''i'' after vowels except when after another ''i'' or before a stressed ''i'', in which case it is not written. Otherwise written ''y''.
|-
| CVrV || CVrV; CrV || rowspan="2" | When an "echo vowel" is inserted to break a consonant cluster ending in a liquid, the "echo vowel" is not written. The first vowel may also be dropped in writing in some words, even when etymological, provided that it is identical to the second vowel.
|-
| CVlV || CVlV; ClV
|}
'''Notes:'''
¹ Before front vowels
² Word-finally
Vowels are the same as the regular script, except diphthongs end in ''i'' and ''u'' instead of ''y'' and ''w'' respectively.


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
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====Intonation====
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ti || Sometimes maintained as ''t(i)''.
| ti || Sometimes maintained as ''t(i)''.
|-
|-
| x || all as /ʃ/ || rowspan="3" | x ||
| x || as /ʃ/ || rowspan="3" | x ||
|-
|-
| j || after vowels ||
| j || after vowels ||
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'''Examples:'''
'''Examples:'''
*''Kôs éki bu tá komê?'' / ''Kosêbu tá komê?'' "What are you eating?"
*''Kôs éki bu tá komê?'' / ''Kosêbu tá komê?'' "What are you eating?"
*''Kén éki li bêba?'' / ''Kenhéli bêba?'' "Who did (s)he see?"
*''Kén éki li mirába?'' / ''Kenhéli mirába?'' "Who did (s)he see?"
*''Wêskê éki lis bîn?'' / ''Weskêlis bîn?'' "When are they coming?"
*''Wêskê éki lis bîn?'' / ''Weskêlis bîn?'' "When are they coming?"
*''Úndi éki lis nu bêba?'' / ''Undélis nu bêba?'' "Where did they see us?"
*''Úndi éki lis nu mirába?'' / ''Undélis nu mirába?'' "Where did they see us?"


====Demonstrative pronouns====
====Demonstrative pronouns====
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*''kêl'': "that/those" (far)
*''kêl'': "that/those" (far)
**Explicit plural: ''kêlis'' "those"
**Explicit plural: ''kêlis'' "those"
*''kulá'': "that/those over there" (very far)
*''kulá'': "that/those over there" (far emphatic)
**Explicit plural: ''kulás'' "those over there"
**Explicit plural: ''kulás'' "those over there"
**Used in opposition to ''kêl''.
**Used in opposition to ''kêl''.
====Definite pronouns====
====Definite pronouns====
*''ki'': "that, the one"
*''ki'': "that, the one"
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! Infinitive !! Present stem !! Past stem !! Meaning !! Remarks
! Infinitive !! Present stem !! Past stem !! Meaning !! Remarks
|-
|-
| sê || é ~ sê || éra || "to be" || When ''é'' is used as the present in main clauses, it falls before the complement and no clitic subject pronouns or focus particles are used. <br /> E.g. ''él é muyêr.'' ≈ ''muyêr éki li sê.'' ≈ ''kôs li sê muyêr.'' "she is a woman." <br /> When ''é'' is used adjectivally, it behaves as any other verb.<br /> E.g. ''muyêr awtór é'' "a woman who is an author''
| sê || é ~ sê || éra || "to be" || When ''é'' is used as the present in main clauses, it falls before the complement and no clitic subject pronouns or focus particles are used. <br /> E.g. ''él é muyêr.'' ≈ ''muyêr éki li sê.'' ≈ ''kôs li sê muyêr.'' "she is a woman." <br /> When used adjectivally, ''sê'' is used.<br /> E.g. ''muyêr awtór sê'' "a woman who is an author''
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
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|-->
|-->
|}
|}
Additionally, there are a class of verbs (many of which end in ''-u'') that form their past in ''-èra''. These generally correspond to adjectives in other languages - e.g. ''altú'' "to be tall"; ''áltu'' "(is) tall"; ''altéra'' "was tall".
Additionally, there are a class of verbs (many of which end in ''-u'') that form their past in ''-èra''. These generally correspond to adjectives in other languages - e.g. ''altú'' "to be high"; ''áltu'' "(is) high"; ''altéra'' "was high".


====Verb tenses====
====Verb tenses====
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| Present 1 || Present stem || ''é li fála'' "(s)he speaks"; ''fála!'' "speak!"; ''bisów fála'' "a person who speaks" || Used for present simple affirmative (which may have a habitual or stative meaning depending on the verb), adjectival present simple affirmative, and imperative affirmative.
| Present 1 || Present stem || ''é li fála'' "(s)he speaks"; ''fála!'' "speak!"; ''bisów fála'' "a person who speaks" || Used for present simple affirmative (which may have a habitual or stative meaning depending on the verb), adjectival present simple affirmative, and imperative affirmative.
|-
|-
| Present 2 || Infinitive || ''é mi falá'' "I'll speak"; ''ki mi falá'' "that I speak"; ''ná mi falá'' "I do not speak"; ''ná falá!'' "do not speak!" || Used for present prospective, present subordinate (but not adjectival), present negative and imperative negative.
| Present 2 || Infinitive || ''é mi falá'' "I'll speak"; ''ba mi falá'' "that I speak"; ''ná mi falá'' "I do not speak"; ''ná falá!'' "do not speak!" || Used for present prospective, present subordinate (but not adjectival), present negative and imperative negative.
|-
|-
| Present progressive || tá + infinitive || ''é bu tá falá'' "you (sg.) are speaking" ||
| Present progressive || tá + infinitive || ''é bu tá falá'' "you (sg.) are speaking" ||
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#As the table shows, ''keré'' "to want" + infinitive is used to form the future. In order to express a desire, a subjunctive phrase is used. For example:
#As the table shows, ''keré'' "to want" + infinitive is used to form the future. In order to express a desire, a subjunctive phrase is used. For example:
#* ''é mi falá kére'' "I will speak" (lit. "I want speak") , versus
#* ''é mi falá kére'' "I will speak" (lit. "I want speak") , versus
#* ''ki mi falá é mi kére'' or ''kôs mi kére ki mi falá'' "I want to speak" (lit. "I want that I speak")-->
#* ''ba mi falá é mi kére'' or ''kôs mi kére ba mi falá'' "I want to speak" (lit. "I want that I speak")-->
<!--
<!--
====Auxiliary verbs====
====Auxiliary verbs====
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**This can be combined with the middle to form ''-(d)dase''.
**This can be combined with the middle to form ''-(d)dase''.
*'''Inchoative:''' add ''-eya'' to the stem (minus any final vowel).
*'''Inchoative:''' add ''-eya'' to the stem (minus any final vowel).
**This is mostly used with verbs that form their past in ''-èra'' (other than ''sê'', which instead becomes ''fiká'') - e.g. ''altú'' "to be tall/long" (past: ''altéra'') -> ''alteyá'' "to become tall/long". It may also be added directly to nouns - e.g. ''bôs'' "voice, vote" -> ''boseyâ'' "to vote".
**This is mostly used with verbs that form their past in ''-èra'' (other than ''sê'', which instead becomes ''fiká'') - e.g. ''altú'' "to be high" (past: ''altéra'') -> ''alteyá'' "to become high". It may also be added directly to nouns - e.g. ''bôs'' "voice, vote" -> ''boseyâ'' "to vote".
**Other verbal suffixes can be added on top of it, in which case the final ''-a'' is dropped - e.g. ''alteyá'' "to become tall/long" -> ''alteyfá'' "to make tall/long". Note that, depending on the verb, adding the middle suffix on its own may not always change the meaning - e.g. ''alteyá'' "to become tall/long" -> ''alteysé'' "to become tall/long"
**Other verbal suffixes can be added on top of it, in which case the final ''-a'' is dropped - e.g. ''alteyá'' "to become high" -> ''alteyfá'' "to make high". Note that, depending on the verb, adding the middle suffix on its own may not always change the meaning - e.g. ''alteyá'' "to become high" -> ''alteysé'' "to become high"


===Particles===
===Particles===
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**Used when the independent object or emphasized subject is placed before the verb.
**Used when the independent object or emphasized subject is placed before the verb.
**Comes after the relevant object/subject. Note that when used with a subject, it places the verb into its subordinate form - e.g. ''kumîda éki mi kôme.'' "I eat food./Food [is what] I eat."; ''Úmar éki kumîda komê.'' "[It is] Omar [who] eats food."
**Comes after the relevant object/subject. Note that when used with a subject, it places the verb into its subordinate form - e.g. ''kumîda éki mi kôme.'' "I eat food./Food [is what] I eat."; ''Úmar éki kumîda komê.'' "[It is] Omar [who] eats food."
**''éki'' can contract with a following subject pronoun (if applicable), in which case the ''-ki-'' is dropped and ''e-'' takes the frontness/backness of the verb - e.g. ''kumîda émi kôme.'' "I eat food."<br /> Note that this is identical to the contraction of ''é''.
**''éki'' can contract with a following subject pronoun (if applicable), in which case the ''-ki-'' is dropped and ''e-'' takes the frontness/backness of the verb - e.g. ''kumîda êmi kôme.'' "I eat food."<br /> Note that this is identical to the contraction of ''é''.
**''éki'' is usually not used in negative sentences - e.g. ''kumîda ná mi komê.'' "I do not eat food.".<br />However, it may be used for extra emphasis - e.g. ''Úmar éki kumîda ná komê.'' "[It is] Omar [who] does not eat food."
**''éki'' is usually not used in negative sentences - e.g. ''kumîda ná mi komê.'' "I do not eat food.".<br />However, it may be used for extra emphasis - e.g. ''Úmar éki kumîda ná komê.'' "[It is] Omar [who] does not eat food."
*''kôs'': used to form main clauses.
*''kôs'': used to form main clauses.
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====Conjunctions====
====Conjunctions====
*''i'': "and" (within a clause)
*''i'': "and" (within a clause)
*''tamên'': "and" (connects clauses)
*''tabên'': "and" (connects clauses)
*''bos'': "or"
*''bos'': "or"
*''nón'': "or" (in questions)
*''nón'': "or" (in questions)
*''kán'': "while, when"
*''kán'': "while, when"
*''mâs'': "but"
*''mâs'': "but"
*''ò'': connects modified with modifier.
*''ê'': connects modified with modifier.
**Follows modified.
**Follows modified.
**Used for disambiguation (i.e. when its absence can lead to potential ambiguity).
**Used for disambiguation (i.e. when its absence can lead to potential ambiguity).
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===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''Têmbuki - Têmpu-qui''===
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Hijri Months - ''Los mesos hijrís''
! English !! Essanian
|-
| Muharram || muhárram
|-
| Safar || sáfar
|-
| Rabi' al-Awwal || rabigh primer
|-
| Rabi' ath-Thani || rabigh second
|-
| Jumada al-Ula || jumada primera
|-
| Jumada al-Akhirah || jumada seconda
|-
| Rajab || rájab
|-
| Sha'ban || xaghbán
|-
| Ramadan || ramadán
|-
| Shawwal || xawal
|-
| Dhu'l-Qa'dah || zulcaghda
|-
| Dhu'l-Hijjah || zulhaja
|-
|}-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Greogorian months - ''Mêsiski milâdiki - Mêsis-qui milâdi-qui''
! English !! colspan="2"| Falamu
|-
| January || jenêru || djenêru
|-
| February || colspan="2"| febrêru
|-
| March || mársu || márçu
|-
| April || colspan="2"| abrílu
|-
| May || máyu || máiu
|-
| June || júnhu || djúnhu
|-
| July || júdhu || djúdhu
|-
| August || colspan="2"| agôstu
|-
| September || colspan="2"|setêbru
|-
| October ||colspan="2"| otôbru
|-
| November || colspan="2"|nobêbru
|-
| December || desêbru || decêbru
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Dîyaski simánaki - Dîas-qui simána-qui''
! English !! colspan="2"| Falamu
|-
| Sunday || colspan="2"|dimíngu
|-
| Monday || colspan="2"|sugúnda
|-
| Tuesday || térsa || térça
|-
| Wednesday || kuwárta || quárta
|-
| Thursday || kínta || quínta
|-
| Friday || júm'a || djúm'a
|-
| Saturday || colspan="2"|sábtu
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Bártiski dîyaki - Pártis-qui dîa-qui''
! English !! colspan="2"|Falamu
|-
| day || dîya || dîa
|-
| dawn || manhasé || manhacé
|-
| morning || manhasîn || manhacîm
|-
| noon || meydîya || mei-dîa
|-
| afternoon || colspan="2"|tárdi
|-
| evening || serán || serám
|-
| dusk || notisê || noticê
|-
| night || colspan="2"|nôti
|-
| midnight || meynôti || mei-nôti
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Bártiski têmbuki - Pártis-qui têmpu-qui''
! English !! colspan="2"|Falamu
|-
| second || colspan="2"|sugúndu
|-
| minute || colspan="2"|minútu
|-
| hour || colspan="2"|óra
|-
| day || dîya || dîa
|-
| week || colspan="2"|simána
|-
| month || colspan="2"|mês
|-
| year || colspan="2"|ánhu
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - '' ''
! English !! colspan="2"| Falamu
|-
| now || colspan="2"| agóra
|-
| then || entôn || entôm
|-
| recently, a short time ago || resén || recém
|-
| earlier || colspan="2"| ántis
|-
| soon, shortly ||  ||
|-
| later || colspan="2"| lôg
|-
| always || sémber || sémper
|-
| often || wês jéy || uêz chéi
|-
| sometimes || wês-wês || uêz-uêz
|-
| rarely || ||
|-
| never || núnka || núnca
|-
| ever || núnka || núnca
|-
| still, yet || colspan="2"| înda
|-
| already || já || djá
|-
| today || ôxi || ôji
|-
| tonight || notîn || notîm
|-
| yesterday || colspan="2"| ónti
|-
| last night ||  ||
|-
| tomorrow || colspan="2"| manhá
|-
| before yesterday || ||
|-
| two nights ago || ||
|-
| after tomorrow || ||
|-
| this week || ||
|-
| last week || ||
|-
| next week || ||
|-
|}
===Colours - ''Kôriski - Côris-qui''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Kôriski - Côris-que''
! English !! colspan="2"|Falamu
|-
| white || baránku || bráncu
|-
| grey || sinsêntu || cinzêntu
|-
| black || colspan="2"|nêgru
|-
| red || werméyu || uerméiu
|-
| orange || laránja || larándja
|-
| brown || kastán || castám
|-
| yellow || colspan="2"| marêl
|-
| green || wêrdi || uêrdi
|-
| blue || asúl || azúl
|-
| pink || colspan="2"|rósa
|-
| purple || colspan="2"|rôx
|-
| golden || colspan="2"|dorád
|-
|}
==Sample Texts==
==Sample Texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
'''Regular:'''
'''Regular:'''
Aadamiki todkisu kos li nase el o hor e nibradu tamen na orra i deretis. Ilaahi kos daba menti i damir, e tamen ba bisowki si we bisowki otu kuli modi irman li axi.
Aadamiki todkisu kos li nase el e hor se nibradu taben na orra i deretis. Ilaahi kos daba menti i damiir, taben e ba bisowki si we bisowki otu kuli modi irman li axi.


'''Phonetic:'''
'''Phonetic:'''
Aadâmiki tôdkisu kôs li náse êl ô hór é nibrádu tamên na órra i derêtis. Ilaâhi kôs dába mênti i damír, é tamên ba bisówki si wê bisówki ôtu kuli módi irmán li âxi.
Aadâmiki tôdkisu kôs li náse êl ê hór sê nibrádu tabên na órra i derêtis. Ilaâhi kôs dába mênti i damíir, tabên é ba bisówki si wê bisówki ôtu kuli módi irmán li âxi.


'''Portuguese-based:'''
'''Portuguese-based:'''
Aadâmi-qui tôd-qui-su côs li násce êl ô hór é nibrádu tamêm na órra i derêtis. Ilaâhi côs dába mênti i damír, é tamêm pa pissóu-qui si uê pissóu-qui ôtu culi módi irmã li âgi.
Aadâmi-qui tôd-qui-su côs li násce êl ê hór sê nibrádu tabêm na órra i drêtis. Ilaâhi côs dába mênti i damíir, tabêm é pa pissóu-qui si uê pissóu-qui ôtu culi módi irmám li âgi.


'''IPA:'''
'''IPA:'''
/æːdǽmiki tɞ́dkisʉ kɞ́s lɪ nɑ́sɛ él ɞ́ hɔ́r ɛ́ nɪbrɑ́dʊ tæméŋ nɑ ʔɔ́rːɑ i derétis || ilæ̌ːhi kɞ́s dɑ́bɑ ménti ɪ dɑmɪ́r | ʔɛ́ tæméŋ bɑ bɪsɔ́ʊkɪ si wé bɪsɔ́ʊkɪ ɞ́tʉ kʉli  mɔ́dɪ ʔɪrmɑ́ŋ li ʔǽʃi/
/æːdǽmiki tɞ́dkisʉ kɞ́s lɪ nɑ́sɛ él é hɔ́r sé nɪbrɑ́dʊ tæbéŋ nɑ ʔɔ́rːɑ i derétis || ilæ̌ːhi kɞ́s dɑ́bɑ ménti ɪ dɑmɪ̂ːr | tæbéŋ ʔɛ́ bɑ bɪsɔ́ʊkɪ si wé bɪsɔ́ʊkɪ ɞ́tʉ kʉli  mɔ́dɪ ʔɪrmɑ́ŋ li ʔǽʃi/


[æːðǽmiki tɞ́ˑdki sʉ kɞ́ˑs lɪ nɑ́ˑsɛ éˑl ɞ́ˑ hɔ́ˑr ɛ́ˑ nɪbrɑ́ˑðʊ tæméˑŋ nɑ ʔɔ́rːɑ i deréˑtis || ilæ̌ːhi kɞ́ˑs dɑ́ˑβɑ ménti ɪ dɑmɪ́ˑr | ʔɛ́ˑ tæméˑŋ bɑ bɪsɔ́ʊ̯kɪ si wéˑ bɪsɔ́ʊ̯kɪ ɞ́ːtʉ kʉli  mɔ́ˑðɪ ʔɪrmɑ́ˑŋ li ʔǽˑʃi]
[æːðǽmiki tɞ́ˑdkisʉ kɞ́ˑs lɪ nɑ́ˑsɛ éˑl éˑ hɔ́ˑr séˑ nɪbrɑ́ˑðʊ tæβéˑŋ nɑ ʔɔ́rːɑ i deréˑtis || ilæ̌ːhi kɞ́ˑs dɑ́ˑβɑ ménti ɪ dɑmɪ́ˑr | tæβéˑŋ ʔɛ́ˑ bɑ bɪsɔ́ʊ̯kɪ si wéˑ bɪsɔ́ʊ̯kɪ ɞ́ːtʉ kʉli  mɔ́ˑðɪ ʔɪrmɑ́ˑŋ li ʔǽˑʃi]


'''Gloss:'''
'''Gloss:'''
humanity-the all-the-3S.POSS FOC 3S.SUBJ be_born 3S.SUBJ ADJ free being being_equal and in dignity and rights. God FOC give-PST reason and conscience, is and that person-the IMP see person-the other with-3S like brother 3S.SUBJ act.PRES1.
humanity-the all-the-3S.POSS FOC 3S.SUBJ be_born 3S.SUBJ ADJ free being being_equal and in dignity and rights. God FOC give-PST reason and conscience, and is that person-the IMP see person-the other with-3S like brother 3S.SUBJ act.PRES1.


'''Translation:'''  
'''Translation:'''  
Line 543: Line 819:


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[[Falamu/Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]
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Shariifka
7,406

edits

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