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User:Ceige/Khazling: Difference between revisions
Made an attempt or three at verbs.
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{{construction}} | {{construction}} | ||
This is an ambiguous daughter/sister/auntie language to Billy's Khaz. Everything below this point stolen from the actual [[Khaz|Khaz | This is an ambiguous daughter/sister/auntie language to Billy's Khaz. Everything below this point stolen and then subsequently modified from the actual [[Khaz|Khaz article]]. | ||
==Phonetics and phonology== | ==Phonetics and phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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====Finite verbs==== | ====Finite verbs==== | ||
Firstly, to construct the verb, the appropriate stem has to be derived from the root. The indicative stem is formed by lengthening the root vowel (CVC- → CVːC-) whereas the optative mood is formed by aspirating the final consonant (CVC- → CVCʰ-). After this step has been performed, if the verb is desired to be passive, an ''a-'' will be prefixed. Finally, the relevant person prefixes are added together with the appropriate tense suffix. | <!--Firstly, to construct the verb, the appropriate stem has to be derived from the root. The indicative stem is formed by lengthening the root vowel (CVC- → CVːC-) whereas the optative mood is formed by aspirating the final consonant (CVC- → CVCʰ-). After this step has been performed, if the verb is desired to be passive, an ''a-'' will be prefixed. Finally, the relevant person prefixes are added together with the appropriate tense suffix.--> | ||
The person prefixes are the same across all categories save the imperative and are given in this table. | <!--The person prefixes and circumfixes are the same across all categories save the imperative and passive, and are given in this table. | ||
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!{{sc|1}} | !{{sc|1}} | ||
| | | ǫ-__ | ||
| | | ǫ-__-nǫ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{sc|2}} | ! {{sc|2}} | ||
| | | yu-__ | ||
| | | yu-__-nǫ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{sc|2}} before vowels | |||
| vi-__ | |||
| vi-__-nǫ | |||
| | |||
! {{sc|3}} | ! {{sc|3}} | ||
| | | e-__ | ||
| | | e-__-nǫ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
The tense suffixes are invariable. For the present ({{sc|pres}}) add '''-ún''', the future ({{sc|fut}}) '''-án''' | |||
'''Passive Affixes''' | |||
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! person || singular || plural | |||
|- | |||
!{{sc|1}} | |||
| nǫ-__ | |||
| nǫ-__-nǫ | |||
|- | |||
! {{sc|2}} | |||
| v(i)ǫ-__ | |||
| v(i)ǫ-__-nǫ | |||
|- | |||
! {{sc|3}} | |||
| yǫ-__ | |||
| yǫ-__-nǫ | |||
|- | |||
|}--> | |||
<!--The tense suffixes are invariable. For the present-progressive ({{sc|pres}}) add '''-ún''', the future ({{sc|fut}}) '''-án''' and for the past ({{sc|past}}) '''-át'''.--> | |||
<!--The only suffixed tense markers are -ða. Thus, nǫbaknǫða hé | |||
The imperative mood is marked by prefixing ''tar-'' for the second person singular and '''kar-''' for the plural to the optative mood stem. No tense markers are added. | The imperative mood is marked by prefixing ''tar-'' for the second person singular and '''kar-''' for the plural to the optative mood stem. No tense markers are added. | ||
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Thus, a fully inflected or finite verb may look like this: | Thus, a fully inflected or finite verb may look like this: | ||
: ''azabakhún'' ‘I wish to be seen’ from {{sc|'''√bak-'''}} | : ''azabakhún'' ‘I wish to be seen’ from {{sc|'''√bak-'''}} | ||
: ''tarmah'' ‘Know!’ from {{sc|'''√mah-'''}} | : ''tarmah'' ‘Know!’ from {{sc|'''√mah-'''}}--> | ||
Verbs are marked for plurality with the pronominal plural suffix nong. Tense markers include past (lah < *-átV), present-progressive (''wu'', the emphatic particle < *-u-), and non-past/future (''ang'' < *-án). The tense markers ''wu'' and ''ang'' habitually are prefixed with an onset consonant. Historically, this consonant matched the final consonant of the verb; in modern times, the phonological connection between the verb and this prefix has been largely lost due to prosody, and so the system is becoming more grammaticalised. This will be covered in a later section. | |||
The imperative modal verb is tài (< *tar-ya), while the optative modal is hai (< *ha-ya, or *hə with further modifications by analogy with tài). The optative modal comes ''after'' the verb. | |||
Person is marked by placing the relevant pronoun before the verb. For example: | |||
: ''ai bà hai (yu) nong'' (rough equivalent to Khaz ''kar.az.a.bakh.ún'', from {{sc|'''√bak-'''}}) ‘We wish to be seen’. | |||
: ''tài ma'' (rough equivalent to Khaz ''tar.mah'', from {{sc|'''√mah-'''}}) ‘Know (it)!’. | |||
The optative and imperative can be combined, too: | |||
: ''tài hai!'' ‘Yearn for it!’ ''(but softer and less formal in tone than the English)''. | |||
====Infinitive verbs==== | ====Infinitive verbs==== | ||
The infinitive or non-finite verbs are characterised by not being inflected for either person or tense. Some of them however, do change to indicate things such as mood and voice. One analysis separates these infinitive verbs based on whether they show mood and voice or not. Another, does it on their morphological shape; the results however, are the same. They will be described using the morphological approach here, wherein they are divided into a ''simple'' and a ''complex'' group. | <!--The infinitive or non-finite verbs are characterised by not being inflected for either person or tense. Some of them however, do change to indicate things such as mood and voice. One analysis separates these infinitive verbs based on whether they show mood and voice or not. Another, does it on their morphological shape; the results however, are the same. They will be described using the morphological approach here, wherein they are divided into a ''simple'' and a ''complex'' group.--> | ||
Infinitive and non-finite verb forms were once quite separate from finite verbs, but this distinction has fallen away with resyllabication and subsequent relexification of the proto-language. Replacing this category is a system of clauses, confusingly referred to as "infinitive clauses" by Kà (or kào?) linguists. | |||
=====Simple===== | =====Simple===== | ||
The simple infinitives are as one might suspect, very simple in their form. They are identical to the voice-inflected stems, i.e., they look exactly the same as finite verbs stripped of their person and tense markers. Thus from the simple root {{sc|'''√bak-'''}} we can extract the infinitives ''bāk'' ‘to see’, ''bakh'' ‘wish to see’, ''abāk'' ‘to be seen’, and so on. | <!--The simple infinitives are as one might suspect, very simple in their form. They are identical to the voice-inflected stems, i.e., they look exactly the same as finite verbs stripped of their person and tense markers. Thus from the simple root {{sc|'''√bak-'''}} we can extract the infinitives ''bāk'' ‘to see’, ''bakh'' ‘wish to see’, ''abāk'' ‘to be seen’, and so on.--> | ||
The verb root is simply used with no other markers. | |||
=====Complex===== | =====Complex===== | ||
The complex infinitives are a jumbled group which all have in common their formation from the naked verb root. Luckily, their formation is readily memorable. | The complex infinitives clauses are a jumbled group which all have in common their formation from the naked verb root. Luckily, their formation is readily memorable. | ||
The '''verbal noun''' ({{sc|vnoun}}) is formed by adding '' | The '''verbal noun''' ({{sc|vnoun}}) is formed by adding ''yin'' (or ''ying'' in dialects which merge all final nasals, or by analogy with ''ai ying'', below) to the end of the clause. It denotes the action pure and simple and does not engage in verb syntax. <!--As it readily exposes the root, it is also used as the lemma form for all regular verbs and together with the optative present first person for the irregular ones.--> | ||
:''bakín'' ‘the act of seeing’ | :''bà yin ~ bà qin'' (cf. ''bakín'') ‘the act of seeing’) | ||
:''yi bà hai nong ying'' ‘the thing about them wanting to see’ | |||
The '''infinitive of purpose''' ({{sc|prps}}) is formed by adding ''-áyim'' to the | The '''infinitive of purpose''' ({{sc|prps}}) is formed by adding ''ai ying'' or ''yeng'' (both from different analyses of the Proto form of Khaz ''-áyim'') to the clause. This form is used in conjunction with other verbs, primarily verbs of motion, to indicate purpose. | ||
:''zirakáyim azfârún êbuyâkhrôm'' ‘I travel to the fortress to explore’ | :''di là (k)ai ying, ai wà lu (yòu-yà-lòng? yie-bu-ya-kròng??)'' (cf. ''zirakáyim azfârún êbuyâkhrôm'') ‘I travel to the fortress to explore’. | ||
The '''verbal participle''' ({{sc|ptcp}}), a kind of adverbial, denotes an ongoing action of the verb. It is formed by | The '''verbal participle''' ({{sc|ptcp}}), a kind of adverbial, denotes an ongoing action of the verb. It is formed by adding (lu? - change current lu? or maybe ''lu-kai'' (t(ʰ)-k-u > -ðu-kə > merge with lu + kai?) ''-šku''). | ||
:''azalušku'' (‘away-dwindling’) from '''√LUH-''' (‘diminish’). | :''azalušku'' (‘away-dwindling’) from '''√LUH-''' (‘diminish’). | ||
:''da-lù lu-kai''? | |||
===Nominal morphology=== | ===Nominal morphology=== | ||