User:Nicolasstraccia/afghanisketch: Difference between revisions
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==Morphology and syntax== | ==Morphology and syntax== | ||
===Morphology=== | |||
Split ergativity. In the present tense or future tense, the subject is marked as nominative, and the object is marked as accusative. In the past tense, however, the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique, and the verb agrees with the object. | |||
====Nouns==== | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
!Case | |||
! colspan="2"|Marker | |||
|- | |||
!Nominative | |||
|colspan="2" align="center" | ∅ | |||
|- | |||
!Accusative | |||
| -NA | |||
| -në, -na, -ϑë, -ϑa, -të, -da, -xwe, -ṇwe, -ϑe-, -ṣe-, -te-, -se | |||
|- | |||
!Genitive | |||
| -NEK | |||
| -nëk, -niǵ, -ϑëk, -ϑik, -tëk, -diǵ, -nek, -neǵ, -ϑek, -ϑeǵ, -tek, -teǵ | |||
|-\ | |||
!Dative | |||
| -KA | |||
| -ka, -xwa, -ge, -xwe, -ko, -xo, -kä, -xwä | |||
|- | |||
!Locative | |||
| -TA | |||
| -ta, -te, -da, -de, -to, -tä, -do, -dä | |||
|- | |||
!Ablative | |||
| -TAn | |||
| -tan, -ton, -dan, -don, -ϑон, -ϑän, -tun, -ϑun | |||
|- | |||
!Oblique | |||
| -SuN | |||
| -sū, -ṣun, -zum, -ẓō, -son | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Verbs==== | |||
Verbs are conjugated for singular and plural number and first, second, and third persons. There are 11 verb tenses: present comprehensive (long and short form), present perfect (regular and negative), future certain, future indefinite, conditional, past definite, obligatory, imperative, and intentional. | |||
There are two types of verbs distinguished by their infinitive forms: those ending in the suffix [...1] and those ending in [...2]. | |||
=====Evidentiality===== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|- | |||
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|‹ › || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|// || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|[] || style="background:LightSteelBlue"| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3"| ∅ || Unmarked | |||
|- | |||
| -dir || -dir || -diʐ || direct evidence | |||
|- | |||
| -ëp-dir || -əp-dir || -əp-ɖiʐ || hearsay | |||
|- | |||
| -dir-më-näm || -dir-mə-næm || -diɾ-mə-næm || indirect evidence | |||
|- | |||
| -mëṣ || -məʃ || -məʧ || rumour | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Negation==== | |||
One way to express negation is with the negative verb [...]. This verb does not inflect for person or number. | |||
The phonetically similar suffix [...1] is another option: it attaches to the verb which it negates. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to [...1] there is another suffix [...2a] or [...2b]. It appears [...2] is used when dealing with one event, [...1] for more habitual or lasting states: | |||
===Syntax=== | |||
The normal word order is subject–object–verb. | |||
Revision as of 10:54, 19 November 2015
- This is Sketch C, based on the premises stated in the description of commission N°271 in the LCS's Jobs Board. This should probably furthermore be seen primarily as a sketching exercise, since I'm not very likely to be able to meet the stated deadline.
| Premise as stated in the job description: |
|---|
| "Vaguely Afghan — mountain primitives and coastal dwellers (depending) — we only meet the mountain primitives — with a territory-raiding and cross-breeding relationship to (A)." |
Phonology and orthography
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||
| Close | 
| |||||
| Near‑close | ||||||
| Close‑mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open‑mid | ||||||
| Near‑open | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
Consonants
| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Labiovelar | Laryngeal | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palatoalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | [ʈ] | [ɖ] | k | g | [q] | [ɢ] | ʔ | ||||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | [ɳ] | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | |||||||||||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Tap/flap | ɾ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Fricative | ɸ | β | [f] | [v] | θ | [ð] | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | [ʂ] | [ʐ] | [ç] | [ʝ] | x | ɣ | xʷ | h | |||
| Africate | ʦ | ʣ | ʧ | ʤ | |||||||||||||||||
| Approximant | ɹ | j | w | ||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Appr. | l | ||||||||||||||||||||
Phonotaxis
Syllable structure
Syllables may be structured as (C)(S)V(S)(C(C)), consisting of an optional syllable onset, one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, a vowel optionally preceded by and/or followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, one or two consonants. The following restrictions apply:
- Onset
- Consonant (C): can be any consonant. (composed only of one consonant; consonant clusters are only found in loanwords, sometimes an epenthetic /ə/ is inserted between consonants.)
- Nucleus
- Semivowel (S)
- Vowel (V)
- Semivowel (S)
- Coda
- First consonant (C): can be any consonant.
- Second consonant (C): can also be any consonant (mostly /d/, /k/, /s/, /t/, & /z/).
Allophony
Phoneme Allophone Rule Description /t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/ /ʈ/ /ɖ/ /ɳ/ /ʂ/ /ʐ/ word final /k/ /g/ /q/ /ɢ/ word final /ɸ/ /β/ /f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/ /r/ /ɾ/ /r/ /ɹ/ r→ɹ /V_N after vowels and before nasals /r/ /ʐ/ word final /tu/ /nu/ /ku/ /gu/ /xu/ /ŋu/ /tʷ/ /nʷ/ /kʷ/ /gʷ/ /xʷ/ /ŋʷ/ u.V→ʷV. /C_.V C=[+velar]{ɣ}, [t, n]
Orthography
Latin transcription Vowels IPA i iː e eː o oː u uː ɒ äː æ ə Romanization i ī e ē o ō u ū a ā ä ë Alternative romanization i î e ê o ô u û a â á é Consonants IPA p b t d k g ʔ m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ r ɹ l j w Romanization p b t d k g ' m n ń ṇ ṇw ŕ r l y w Alternative romanization p b t d k g ' m n ny ng ngw r rh l y w ɸ β θ s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ xʷ h ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ f v ϑ s z ṣ ẓ x ǵ xw h ts dz ĉ ĵ f v th s z sh zh x gh xw h ts dz ch dj Morphology and syntax
Morphology
Split ergativity. In the present tense or future tense, the subject is marked as nominative, and the object is marked as accusative. In the past tense, however, the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique, and the verb agrees with the object.
Nouns
Case Marker Nominative ∅ Accusative -NA -në, -na, -ϑë, -ϑa, -të, -da, -xwe, -ṇwe, -ϑe-, -ṣe-, -te-, -se Genitive -NEK -nëk, -niǵ, -ϑëk, -ϑik, -tëk, -diǵ, -nek, -neǵ, -ϑek, -ϑeǵ, -tek, -teǵ Dative -KA -ka, -xwa, -ge, -xwe, -ko, -xo, -kä, -xwä Locative -TA -ta, -te, -da, -de, -to, -tä, -do, -dä Ablative -TAn -tan, -ton, -dan, -don, -ϑон, -ϑän, -tun, -ϑun Oblique -SuN -sū, -ṣun, -zum, -ẓō, -son Verbs
Verbs are conjugated for singular and plural number and first, second, and third persons. There are 11 verb tenses: present comprehensive (long and short form), present perfect (regular and negative), future certain, future indefinite, conditional, past definite, obligatory, imperative, and intentional.
There are two types of verbs distinguished by their infinitive forms: those ending in the suffix [...1] and those ending in [...2].
Evidentiality
‹ › // [] ∅ Unmarked -dir -dir -diʐ direct evidence -ëp-dir -əp-dir -əp-ɖiʐ hearsay -dir-më-näm -dir-mə-næm -diɾ-mə-næm indirect evidence -mëṣ -məʃ -məʧ rumour Negation
One way to express negation is with the negative verb [...]. This verb does not inflect for person or number.
The phonetically similar suffix [...1] is another option: it attaches to the verb which it negates. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to [...1] there is another suffix [...2a] or [...2b]. It appears [...2] is used when dealing with one event, [...1] for more habitual or lasting states:
Syntax
The normal word order is subject–object–verb.