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User:Nicolasstraccia/afghanisketch: Difference between revisions

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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɾ
| [ɾ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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| [ʝ]
| [ʝ]
| x
| x
| ɣ
| [ɣ]
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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'''''Syllable structure'''''
'''''Syllable structure'''''


Syllables may be structured as (C)(S)V(S)(C(C)), consisting of an optional syllable onset, one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, a vowel optionally preceded by and/or followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, one or two consonants. The following restrictions apply:
Syllables may be structured as (C)(C)V(S)(C(C)), consisting of an optional syllable onset, one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, consisting of a vowel optionally followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, one or two consonants.
* Onset
* Onset
** Consonant (C): can be any consonant. (composed only of one consonant; consonant clusters are only found in loanwords, sometimes an epenthetic /ə/ is inserted between consonants.)
** Consonant (C): can be any consonant or semivowel. Composed of either one consonant or a C+continuant cluster (other clusters, which are only found in loanwords, are broke with an epenthetic /ə/ between the consonants.)
* Nucleus
* Nucleus
** Semivowel (S)
** Vowel or diphthong V
** Vowel (V)
** Semivowel (S)
** Semivowel (S)
* Coda
* Coda
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:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
! style="allign-text:center"|Phoneme !! Allophone/Coarticulation !! Rule !! Description
! style="text-align:center"|Phoneme !! Allophone/Coarticulation !! Rule !! Description
|-
! style="text-align:left" colspan="4"| Consonants
|-
|-
| /t/ /k/ /p/ /ʦ/ || /tʰ/ /kʰ/ /pʰ/ /ʦʰ/ || P→Pʰ /%_ || ''word initial''
| /t/ /k/ /p/ /ʦ/ || /tʰ/ /kʰ/ /pʰ/ /ʦʰ/ || P→Pʰ /%_ || ''word initial''
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|-
|-
| /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || [ç] [ʝ] || ʃ,ʒ→ç,ʝ /V_% [w,u(ː),o(ː)] || ''word final''
| /ʃ/ /ʒ/ || [ç] [ʝ] || ʃ,ʒ→ç,ʝ /V_% [w,u(ː),o(ː)] || ''word final''
|-
! style="text-align:left" colspan="4"| Vowels
|-
| /ɒ/ || [ä] || ɒ→ä /C_V̯, _j || ''diphthongs -which happen after a consonant- and before /j/''
|-
|-
|}
|}
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Case
! Case
! colspan="2" | Marker
! colspan="3" | Marker
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|Nominative {{sc|nom}}
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|Nominative {{sc|nom}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | ∅
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ∅
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Accusative {{sc|acc}}
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Accusative {{sc|acc}}
| rowspan="2" | -NA
| rowspan="2" | -NA
| -në, -ϑë, -të, -xwe, -ϑe, -te
| dialect 1 || -në, -ϑë, -të, -xwe, -ϑe, -te
|-
|-
| -na, -ϑa, -da, -ṇwe, -ṣe, -se
| dialect 2 || -na, -ϑa, -da, -ṇwe, -ṣe, -se
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Genitive {{sc|gen}}
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Genitive {{sc|gen}}
| rowspan="2" | -NEK
| rowspan="2" | -NEK
| -nëk, -ϑëk, -tëk, -nek, -ϑek, -tek
| dialect 1 || -nëk, -ϑëk, -tëk, -nek, -ϑek, -tek
|-
|-
| -niǵ, -ϑik, -diǵ -neǵ, -ϑeǵ, -teǵ
| dialect 2 || -niǵ, -ϑik, -diǵ -neǵ, -ϑeǵ, -teǵ
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Dative {{sc|dat}}
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Dative {{sc|dat}}
| rowspan="2" | -KA
| rowspan="2" | -KA
| -ka, -ge, -ko, -kä
| dialect 1 || -ka, -ge, -ko, -kä
|-
|-
| -xwa, -xwe, -xo, -xwä
| dialect 2 || -xwa, -xwe, -xo, -xwä
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Locative {{sc|loc}}
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Locative {{sc|loc}}
| rowspan="2" | -TA
| rowspan="2" | -TA
| -ta, -da, -to, -do
| dialect 1 || -ta, -da, -to, -do
|-
|-
| -te, -de, -tä, -dä
| dialect 2 || -te, -de, -tä, -dä
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Ablative {{sc|abl}}
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Ablative {{sc|abl}}
| rowspan="2" | -TAn
| rowspan="2" | -TAn
| -tan, -dan, -ϑon, -tun
| dialect 1 || -tan, -dan, -ϑon, -tun
|-
|-
| -ton, -don, -ϑän, -ϑun
| dialect 2 || -ton, -don, -ϑän, -ϑun
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Oblique {{sc|obl}}
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" rowspan="2" | Oblique {{sc|obl}}
| rowspan="2" | -SuN
| rowspan="2" | -SuN
| -sū, -ṣun, -son
| dialect 1 || -sū, -ṣun, -son
|-
|-
| -zum, -ẓō, -zon
| dialect 2 || -zum, -ẓō, -zon
|}
|}


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=====Evidentiality=====
=====Evidentiality=====
The {{sc|direct.evidence}} marker ''-dir'' and the {{sc|rumour}} marker ''-mëṣ'' appear to coalesce as part of the {{sc|indirect.evidence}} marker ''-dirmë[ṣ]näm'', but the etymological evidence is not yet conclusive.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" colspan="2"|Marker || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|‹ › || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|// || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|[]
| style="background:LightSteelBlue" colspan="2"|Marker || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|⟨ ⟩ || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|// || style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center"|[]
|-
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" colspan="2"| unmarked for evidentiality || colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| ∅
| style="background:LightBlue" colspan="2"| unmarked for evidentiality || colspan="3" style="text-align:center"| ∅
|-
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| direct evidence || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dir || -dir || -diʐ
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|direct.evidence}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dir || -dir || -diʐ
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -dir || -dir || -ɖiʒ
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -dir || -dir || -ɖiʒ
|-
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| hearsay || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -ëpdir || -əp.dir || -əp.ɖiʐ
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|hearsay}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -ëpdir || -əp.dir || -əp.ɖiʐ
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -etfir || -əftir || -ef.ʈiʒ
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -eftir || -ef.tir || -ef.ʈiʒ
|-
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| indirect evidence || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dirmënäm || -dir.mə.næm || -diɾ.mə.næm
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|indirect.evidence}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -dirmënäm || -dir.mə.næm || -diɾ.mə.næm
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -diṛënäm || -di.rə.næm || -di.rə.næm
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -diṛenäm || -di.re.næm || -di.re.næm
|-
|-
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| rumour || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -mëṣ || -məʃ || -məʧ
| style="background:LightBlue" rowspan="2"| {{sc|rumour}} || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 1 || -mëṣ || -məʃ || -məç
|-
|-
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -mëṣ || -məʃ || -məʧ
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|dialect 2 || -meṣ || -meʃ || -meʂ
|-
|-
|}
|}
Dialect 2 needs revision


====Negation====
====Negation====


Negative verb:  ‹ϑīwṣ› /ˈθiːwʃ/ [ˈθiːwç]. It doesn’t inflect for person or number.
Negative verb:  ⟨ϑīwṣ⟩ /ˈθiːwʃ/ [ˈθiːwç]. It doesn’t inflect for person or number.


Negative suffix: ‹-yūṣ› /jūʃ/ [juːç]. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to -yūṣ there is another suffix ‹-kyem› /kjem/ or ‹-kuom› /ku.om/ [kʷom]. It appears ‹-kyem› is used when dealing with one event, ‹-yūṣ› for more habitual or lasting states.
Negative suffix: ⟨-yūṣ⟩ /jūʃ/ [juːç]. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to -yūṣ there is another suffix ⟨-kyem⟩ /kjem/ or ⟨-kuom⟩ /ku.om/ [kʷom]. It appears ⟨-kyem⟩ is used when dealing with one event, ⟨-yūṣ⟩ for more habitual or lasting states.


===Syntax===
===Syntax===
N/A
V/Adv
Posessed/Posessor


The normal word order is subject–object–verb.
The normal word order is subject–object–verb.
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