640
edits
(Added section on antipassive voice) |
(Superordinate voice) |
||
Line 3,102: | Line 3,102: | ||
*yuenpiloy /jɨɴpilɔi/ - employee, ergative | *yuenpiloy /jɨɴpilɔi/ - employee, ergative | ||
*sowdla - /sɨudɮ/ - soldier, absolutive | *sowdla - /sɨudɮ/ - soldier, absolutive | ||
* | *damasùe - /damas#616;ɦ/ - to scam / swindle, noun-focus | ||
yuenpiloy | yuenpiloy damasùe sowdla | ||
employee-ERG scam-NFCS soldier-ABS | employee-ERG scam-NFCS soldier-ABS | ||
Line 3,115: | Line 3,115: | ||
yuenpiluoy | yuenpiluoy daesamasùe | ||
employee-ABS <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam | employee-ABS <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam-NFCS | ||
An employee scammed us (including you) | An employee scammed us (including you) | ||
Line 3,125: | Line 3,125: | ||
daesamasùe yuenpiluoy | |||
<1PS.INC.OBJ>scam employee-ABS | <1PS.INC.OBJ>scam-NFCS employee-ABS | ||
An employee scammed us (including you) | An employee scammed us (including you) | ||
Line 3,143: | Line 3,143: | ||
duetamasùe yuenpiluoy | |||
<PFV.AP>scam employee-ABS | <PFV.AP>scam-NFCS employee-ABS | ||
An employee scammed / will scam (someone who does not need to be mentioned here). | An employee scammed / will scam (someone who does not need to be mentioned here). | ||
Line 3,155: | Line 3,155: | ||
This is used for ongoing, habitual and repeated action (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfective_aspect). | This is used for ongoing, habitual and repeated action (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfective_aspect). | ||
damamasùe yuenpiluoy | |||
<IMPV.AP>scam employee-ABS | <IMPV.AP>scam-NFCS employee-ABS | ||
An employee is / was / will be scamming (someone who does not need to be mentioned here). | An employee is / was / will be scamming (someone who does not need to be mentioned here). | ||
<h4>Superordinate Voice</h4> | |||
Like the antipassive, this also reduces a transitive verb's valency (the number of arguments it has, see here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)) by one, and requires that its subject take the absolutive case. However, it requires some other verb to come afterwards to be subordinate to it e.g. | |||
*wuonnyie /woɴɲe/ - to want (something), verb-focus | |||
*wátuonnyie /waʔtoɴɲe/ - to want (to do something / something to happen), verb-focus | |||
*chiqiin /ciʔiːɴ/ - to fear (something), verb-focus | |||
*cháetliqiin /cɛtɬiʔiːɴ/ - to fear (that something will happen), verb-focus | |||
So using the nouns below: | |||
*yuenpiluoy - /jɨɴpiloi/ - employee, absolutive | |||
*yuenpiloy /jɨɴpilɔi/ - employee, ergative | |||
*sowdla - /sɨudɮ/ - soldier, absolutive | |||
*sowdlan - /sɨudɮɴ/ - soldier, ergative | |||
*nayba /naiba/ - neighbour, absolutive | |||
*nayban /naibaɴ/ - neighbour, ergative | |||
*ton /tɔɴ/ - change (as in coins, money), absolutive | |||
*taon /tɒɴ/ - change, ergative | |||
We can say: | |||
yuenpiloy wuonnyie ton | |||
employee-ERG want-VFCS change-ABS | |||
An employee wants change | |||
yuenpiluoy wátuonnyie sowdla damasùe | |||
employee-ABS <SPR>want-VFCS soldier-ABS scam-NFCS | |||
An employee wants to scam a soldier. | |||
Note that in the second sentence, the case for the word "employee" has changed from ergative to absolutive. And since Antarctican allows nouns in the absolutive case to also come after the verb, the following sentences would also be grammatical, and all mean roughly the same thing: | |||
wátuonnyie yuenpiluoy sowdla damasùe | |||
yuenpiluoy wátuonnyie damasùe sowdla | |||
wátuonnyie yuenpiluoy damasùe sowdla | |||
Similarly, using the verb meaning "to fear", we can say: | |||
yuenpiluoy chiqiin sowdla | |||
employee-ERG fear-VFCS soldier-ABS | |||
The employee fears the soldier | |||
yuenpiluoy cháetliqiin sowdla damasùe | |||
employee-ERG <SPR>fear-VFCS soldier-ABS scam-NFCS | |||
The employee fears he will scam / has scammed the soldier. | |||
The words in this sentence can be ordered in the same fashion as before. | |||
yuenpiluoy cháetliqiin sowdlan damasùe | |||
employee-ERG <SPR>fear-VFCS soldier-ERG scam-NFCS | |||
The employee fears the soldier will scam / has scammed him. | |||
Here, while the word for "employee" can come after the verb meaning "to fear", the word for "soldier", cannot, since it takes the ergative case (as it is the subject of the transitive verb meaning damasù "to scam"). | |||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]] |
edits