Vesenian

Vesenian (native: vesenesko /veseˈnesko/) is a Slavic language.

Introduction

Vesenian is an attempt to create a "Spanish-sounding" Slavic language.

Phonology

Consonants

Vesenian consonant phonemes

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar/ Palatal	Velar/ Guttural
Nasal		m		n	ɲ	(ŋ)
Stop	voiceless	p	t		c ~ tʃ	k
	voiced	b	d			ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	θ	s		x
	voiced	v	ð	z	ʝ
Approximant		(β̞)	(ð̞)		(j)	(w), (ɣ˕)
Lateral				l	ʎ
Trill				r
Tap				ɾ

Phonological history

From Proto-Slavic (with original vowel length preserved) to Proto-Vesenian

Vowels

• *oRC > *oRъC
• *eRC > *eRьC
• *ъRC > *ъRъC
• *ьRC > *ьRьC
• Weakening of yers:
  • Yers were considered weak (and were likely shortened to some extent but were not completely dropped) when final, and when followed by a syllable in the same word that did not contain a weak yer.
  • Yers followed by a syllable containing a weak yer were considered strong.
  • Weak yers could not carry an accent. Therefore, any accent they had was shifted to the previous vowel, resulting in the neoacute.
• All final-syllable accents were shifted to the previous syllable (or the syllable before that if the penultimate syllable contained a weak yer), forming more cases of the neoacute.
• Neoacute vowels (including yers) were lengthened.

Consonants

• *šč > *sc / adjacent to front vowels
• *č > *c / adjacent to front vowels
• *č > *ť / otherwise
• *ždž > *zdz / adjacent to front vowels
• *ždž > *žď / otherwise
• *ž > *z / adjacent to front vowels
• *š > *s / adjacent to front vowels
• *ś > *s / everywhere

Proto-Venesian prounciation notes

• Preserved *š = /ç/
• Preserved *ž = /ʝ/
• *ť = /c/
• *ď = /ɟ/
• *ь = /ɪ/
• *ъ = /ʊ/

From Proto-Vesenian to Early Old Vesenian

Vowels

• Reformulation of strong and weak yers (only applies to short yers):
  • The earlier distinction between strong and weak yers was lost.
  • Final yers were preserved except when part of a polysyllabic inflectional ending and in some other exceptional cases.
  • Elsewhere, yers were dropped whenever phonotactically feasible (with the second of a sequence of two yers being dropped when possible), lengthening the preceding vowel. This process was highly susceptible to analogy.
  • Yers were also added to break impermissible consonant clusters. The quality of the yer was in accordance with the vowel of the syllable that it split.
  • A front yer was also added word-initially before clusters of a sibilant + consonant.
• *ь̄ > e
• *ъ̄ > o
• *e > ь / before palatal consonants (j, ž, š, ť, ď)
• *o > vъ / before j initially or after velars
• *o > ъ / before j otherwise

From Early Old Vesenian to Late Old Vesenian

Vowels

• ь, ъ > i / adjacent to j, ž, š
• ь, ъ > e / adjacent to ť, ď
• ь > e / otherwise
• ъ > o / otherwise
• ě > ē
• ę > ēN / before a consonant (N = homorganic nasal to following consonant)
• ę > ē / otherwise
• ǫ > ōN / before a consonant
• ǫ > ō / otherwise

Consonants

• šť > ť / initially
• šť > jť / otherwise
• žď > ď / initially
• žď > jď / otherwise
• ť > č /c/ (purely transcription change)
• ď > ž /ʝ/
• j > ∅ / #_i

Transcription Notes

• Long vowels are consistently marked with macrons.

From Late Old Vesenian to Modern Vesenian

Vowels (vowel length marked)

• Non-final posttonic short vowels were often dropped where phonotactically feasible.
• Posttonic long vowels were shortened.
• ē > ië (note: ë = /ə/)
• ō > uë
• ā > a
• ī > i
• ū > u
• ȳ > ë
• ë > e
• CjV, CijV > CiV (i.e. became an opening diphthong)
• uej > ui /u̯i/
  • This occurred after gC > jC and resulted in Old Vesenian ōgC becoming uiC.
• uie > Cui
  • This (and the change below) occurred after CvV > CuV
• ui > uj / before non-front vowels
• ue > u / _CiV
• ie > i / _CiV

Consonants

• š /ç/ > x
• c > ť /θ/
• j > j /ʝ/ / except when before a consonant (i.e. in a closing diphthong) or after /i/, in which case it is pronounced /j/
• ž > j /ʝ/
• dz > ď /ð/
• dl > gl
• tl > kl
• g > j / before consonants
• x > f / before consonants
• fv > f
• v > u /w/ / adjacent to consonants and word-finally
• r > r /ɾ/
• ř > ř /r/
• m > n / word-finally

Morphology

Pronouns

Vesenian personal pronouns

Person/ Number	Subject	Object	Oblique	Approximative	Clitic object		Possessive
					Direct	Indirect	Weak	Strong
1S	ja	mene	menen	meneh	me	mi	mi	mije
2S	te	tebe	teben	tebeh	te	ti	ti	tije
3SM	ono	niego	niegon	niegoh	go	gi	gi	jego
3SF	ona	nijo	nijon	nijoh	jo	ji	ji	ije
3R	—	sebe	seben	sebeh	se	si	si	sije
1P	ne	namo	namon	namoh	ne	nas	nas	naso
2P	ve	vamo	vamon	vamoh	ve	vas	vas	vaso
3PM	oni	niho	nihon	nihoh	ho	hi	hi	iho
3PF	one	niho	nihon	nihoh	ho	hi	hi	iho

Strong possessives decline as adjectives.

Nouns

Original Proto-Slavic case forms were mostly lost, with some relics.

Possessive adjectives, equivalent to -'s in English, are formed with the suffixes -vo (added after the final vowel of masculine nouns ending in -o or -e) and -ino (added to non-masculine nouns, replacing the final vowel). When formed from a plural noun, the suffix is -sevo (added after the final vowel of the plural).

The plural is regularly formed by changing the final vowel to -i (masculine) or -e (feminine). However, if this would result in the word ending in -iji, the final vowel instead becomes -a (yielding -ija). Many nouns have irregular plurals, often co-occurring with regular plurals.

An emphatic plural can be formed with the suffix -s added after the vowel of the regular plural. However, the emphatic plural is often used colloquially as the default plural.

The oblique is formed by adding a final nasal (-n) to a noun in the singular or plural.

The approximative (meaning "around X", "in the area of X", "approximately X") is formed by adding a final (-h) to the plural form of the noun.

Verbs

Features

• Lexical aspect is vestigal.
  • Most verbs regularly form the perfective and habitual from the imperfective (via the prefix po- and the suffix -va- respectively).
  • Verbs that are inherently perfective form the imperfective via the -va- suffix appended to the perfective form. This applies to most prefixed verbs.
  • Note: The -va- suffix is appended after the theme vowel, but a preceding -a- becomes -e-.
  • Aspectual counterparts essentially behave as tense/aspect counterparts of a single verb.

a-stems

Conjugation of dielati "to be doing" (impf.)

Person/Number	Present	Past	Imperative
1S	dieló	dielaho
2S	dielás	dielases	dielaj
3S	dielá	dielase
1P	dielamo	dielasmo	dielajmo
2P	dielate	dielaste	dielajte
3P	dielán	dielasen

ie-stems

Conjugation of bilieti "to be whitening" (impf.)

Person/Number	Present	Past	Imperative
1S	bilijo	bilieho
2S	bilijes	bilieses	bilí
3S	bilije	biliese
1P	bilimo	biliesmo	bilimo
2P	bilite	bilieste	bilite
3P	bilijon	biliesen

i-stems

Conjugation of voditi "to be leading" (impf.)

Person/Number	Present	Past	Imperative
1S	vodio	vodiho
2S	vodis	vodises	vodi
3S	vodi	vodise
1P	vodimo	vodismo	vodimo
2P	vodite	vosiste	vodite
3P	vodien	vodisen

u-stems

Conjugation of tolkuati "to be interpreting" (impf.)

Person/Number	Present	Past	Imperative
1S	tolkujo	tolkuaho
2S	tolkujes	tolkuases	tolkuj
3S	tolkuje	tolkuase
1P	tolkujmo	tolkuasmo tolkuahmo	tolkujmo
2P	tolkujte	tolkuaste	tolkujte
3P	tolkujon	tolkuasen tolkuahon

Consonant stems

Conjugation of nereti/nierti "to be diving" (impf.)

Person/Number	Present	Past	Imperative
1S	nero	nereho neriaho nierho
2S	neres	nereses neriases nierses	neri
3S	nere	nerese neriase nierse
1P	neremo nermo	neresmo nerehmo neriasmo neriahmo nierhomo	neriemo
2P	nerete nerte	nereste neriaste	neriete
3P	neron	neresen nerehon neriasen neriahon nierhon

Example of a regular verb

Conjugation of dielati "to be doing" (impf.)

Person/Number	Present	Past	Imperative
1S	dieló	dielaho
2S	dielás	dielases	dielaj
3S	dielá	dielase
1P	dielamo	dielasmo	dielajmo
2P	dielate	dielaste	dielajte
3P	dielán	dielasen

Conjugation of podielati "to have done" (perf.)

Person/Number	Present	Past	Imperative
1S	podieló	podielaho
2S	podielás	podielases	podielaj
3S	podielá	podielase
1P	podielamo	podielasmo	podielajmo
2P	podielate	podielaste	podielajte
3P	podielán	podielasen

Conjugation of dielevati "to do" (hab.)

Person/Number	Present	Past	Imperative
1S	dielevó	dielevaho
2S	dielevás	dielevases	dielevaj
3S	dielevá	dielevase
1P	dielevamo	dielevasmo	dielevajmo
2P	dielevate	dielaste	dielevajte
3P	dieleván	dielevasen

Other resources

Swadesh list