Tigol/Proto-Tigol

Diese Seite auf Deutsch

Tigol/Proto-Tigol
thensarimar
Pronunciation	[/θensarimar/]
Created by	IlL
Extinct	220 v.T.
Language family	Pfeuno-K'aitian Raxo-Talmic? Talmic Tigol/Proto-Tigol
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qth

Tigol/Proto-Tigol is my first constructed language, intended to be a head-initial, head-marking language with a plausible development from an erstwhile dependent-marking language. The grammar, syntax and phonology of Tigol/Proto-Tigol is based on Hebrew, Latin, Germanic, Greek and Celtic. The morphology is an experiment with grammatical non-concatenative morphology: as Celtic grammaticalizes initial consonant mutations, and Semitic vowel patterns, Tigol/Proto-Tigol does so with tone patterns. The grammar is also an experiment on using inflections and agreement to show grammatical relations without case, hence the use of switch-reference on verbs and borderline polysynthesis. So I guess it ends up a tad more like some Native American languages. Other purposes of my language include mixing in some less-English constructions, such as the use of optatives in subordinate clauses, and using principally non-finite subordinate clauses in the indicative, and some topic and focus syntactic operations.

Lexicon

See the Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon (needs updating).

Notes on notation

Glossary

• ^CLF: classifier tone pattern (non-desinential or desinential)
• H: vowel hiatus with next syllable
• N: denotes a homorganic nasal
• Z: denotes r before a vowel or voiced C, s before a voiceless C, null before z
• ~: cognate to

Background

See also: Tigol/Proto-Tigol/Sound changes from Proto-Talmic.

The Tigol/Proto-Tigol (/θɛmˈsɑɹiən/) language (Tigol/Proto-Tigol: gáthvar thensárimar [gáθʋàr θè̞nsárimàr] "the Tigol/Proto-Tigol throat") is a language classified into an isolated subbranch of the Raxo-Talmic language family, along with other para-Tigol/Proto-Tigol languages which are/were natively spoken in the peninsula of Tálsym in the northwestern part of the Gameda subcontinent. The language remains clearly related to its continental relatives such as Naquian (It is often said that Tigol/Proto-Tigol uses the same affixes as Raxic with different meanings); however, due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence (the substrate is sometimes speculated to have been a head-initial polysynthetic language), Tigol/Proto-Tigol was a typological and lexical outlier in the larger family, within which it was distinguished by its heavily head-marking inflection in both clauses and possessive NPs as well as its strongly head-initial syntax and and its verb system approaching polysynthetic languages in complexity. The name of the Tigol/Proto-Tigol language comes from the Thensár region, from whose dialect arose the prestige language of the Andaegṓr Empire. This elevated register/lect existed in a state of diglossia with the vernacular "dialects", diverse and often mutually unintelligible but still quite similar at this time. The prestige language described in this article, called Noble Tigol/Proto-Tigol (themsárimar ħéntar), was used as a living language by the ruling class for a period spanning 600 years until its demise in the year ca. 220 v.c., and was continued to be used as an important literary, academic and religious language on the peninsula and surrounding mainland areas.

In keeping with the greater Talmic and Raxo-Talmic milieu Tigol/Proto-Tigol employs a mixed fusional and agglutinative inflectional morphology, notably doing so by using a combination of tone changes and affixes, and the use of a 3-gender system. The language is unusual for using a number system based on a generic-specific opposition.

Diachronics

1. u ū > y ȳ, iu, īu > y ȳ
2. o > u in selected places
3. ou, ōu > u ū
4. ei > ī, ēi > ē
5. oi > ū, ōi > ō
6. eu > io, ēu > eū > iō
7. ui, ūi > u ū

Phonology

Consonants

Classical Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 22 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives.

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Radical	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			n [ŋ]
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/			c /k/	ȝ /ʡ/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
Fricative	voiceless	f /f/	th /θ/	s /s/		ch /x/	ħ /ħ~ʜ/	h /h~ɦ/
	voiced	v /v~ʋ~w/	dh /ð/	z /z/		gh /ɣ/	ȝ [ʕ~ʢ]
Trill				r /r/
Approximant			l /l/		j /j/

Geminate /x/ and /θ/ are Romanized cch and tth respectively.

Conditioned allophony

Allophony in Tigol/Proto-Tigol is limited.

Phoneme	Allophone	Condition(s)
/ʡ/	[ʡ]	#_, C[+voiceless]_, V_V
	[ʕ~ʢ]	C[+voiced]_
/h/	[ɦ]	V_V
/n/	[ŋ]	_C[+velar, +plosive]
	[ɱ]	_C[+labiodental]
C[+obstruent, ±voiced]	C[+obstruent, ∓voiced]	_C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]

Vowels

Classical Tigol/Proto-Tigol has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic i/y which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ī /iː/	y /ʉ̜/	ȳ /ʉ̜ː/	u /u/	ū /uː/
Mid	e /e̞/	ē /e̞ː/			o /o̞/	ō /o̞ː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/

y ȳ is a close central half-rounded vowel.

Diphthongs

ae ao ay éa óa ýa

Phonotactics

The maximal syllable structure is CCVCC, where V is any vowel or diphthong, and the second element in a complex coda must be an obstruent. /h/ cannot occur in clusters or coda; radicals are prohibited word-finally. Up to CCC medial clusters are permitted.

Permitted initial CC- clusters:

• [any obstruent except v] + {l, r}
• cm, cn, tm, tn
• [non-labial obstruent] + {v, m}
• m + {l, r, n}

Permitted medial clusters are, roughly, those which begin like final clusters, may or may not have an "intersection" segment and end like initial clusters.

Permitted -CC- clusters (of these only geminates and clusters ending in non-radical obstruents are permissible as final -CC):

• The following geminates: cc, cch, ff, ll, mm, nn, pp, rr, ss, tt, tth
• bl, br
• cl, cm, cn, cr, cs, ct (only in nct), cv
• chl, chm, chn, chr, cht, chv
• dm, dn, dr, dv
• dhm, dhn, dhr, dhv
• fl, fr, fs
• gl, gm, gn, gr, gv
• ghl, ghm, ghn, ghr, ghv
• ħl, ħm, ħn, ħr, ħs, ħt, ħv
• lb, lc, lch, ld, ldh, lf, lg, lgh, lħ, lm, ln, lp, lq, ls, lt, lth, lv, lz
• mb, ml, mn, mp
• nc, nch, nd, ndh, nf, ng, ngh, nħ, nl, nq, ns, nt, nth, nv, nz
• pl, pr, ps
• ql, qr, qv
• rb, rc, rch, rd, rdh, rf, rg, rgh, rħ, rm, rn, rp, rq, rs, rt, rth, rv, rz
• sc, sch, sf, sħ, sq, st, sth, sv
• thm, thn, thr, thv
• tm, tn, tr, tv

Permitted clusters can be organized as follows:

• Terminating in -t:
  • cht < {*p, *b, *f, *ƛ, *ł, *k, *g, *x} + t
  • ħt < {*q, *ʁ, *χ} + t
  • lt < {*l} + t
  • nt < {*m, *n} + t
  • rt < {*r} + t
  • st < {*s, *z} + t

Syllable structure and morphophonology

1st Consonant	Last Consonant
	m	n	p	t	k	b	d	g	s	š	tl	ts	tš	h	x	w	ǧ	y	l	r
m	mm	mb	mb	nd	ng	mb	nd	ng	ss	šš	ndr	ns	nš	mm	nǧ	mm	nǧ	ny	lm	ndr
n	nd	nn	mb	nd	ng	mb	nd	ng	ss	šš	ndr	ns	nš	nn	nǧ	mm	nǧ	nn	lm	ndr
p
t
k
b
d
g
s
š
tl
ts
tš
h
x
w
y
l
r

Phonological diachronics

Simple consonant correspondences

PTal	*m	*p	*b	*ɸ	*n	*t	*d	*s	*z	*r	*θ	*ł	*λ	*l	*j	*k	*g	*x	*kʷ	*gʷ	*xʷ	*w	*q	*χ	*ʁ	*ʔ	*h
Thm.	m	p	b	f	n	t	d	s	z, -r-	r	th	th	dh	l	j	c	g	ch	c	v	f	v	q	ħ	gh	0-	h-

Consonant clusters

• *sm, *sn, *sl, *sr > mm, nn, ll, rr
• *mʔ, *nʔ, *lʔ, *rʔ > mm, nn, ll, rr OR mp, nt, lt, rt
• *mh, *nh, *lh, *rh > nf, nth, lth, rth
• coronal obstruent + sibilant_i > sibilant_isibilant_i
• CC[+resonant]{C, #} > CyC[+resonant]{C, #}
  • Cyj{C, #} > Ci{C, #}
• CC[-resonant]C > CiC[-resonant]C
• jy[ː] > i[ː]
• z > r / V_C[-semivowel, +voiced, ~{/z/}]
• h > [ː~] / _C[+fricative]
• *ʔ > [ː~] / _C
• c > ch / _{d, t}
• *tk/*łt/*pt/*kt/*łk, *tx > cht, cth
• q
  • > ħ / _{t}
• nr > ndr, lr > ldr
• e > a / ʔ_#
• ds ts ths zs ts > ss
• dz tz thz tz zz > z
• *λ > l, *λλ > ld
• *ḽ > dh, *ḽḽ > ldh

Orthography

Tigol/Proto-Tigol script in the tā́thimā́ style.

The standardized Tigol/Proto-Tigol alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length and tones. It has developed from a runic alphabet. In the earliest texts vowel length and tone were not recorded; diacritics for these were first devised for religious and official purposes and gradually came to be universally mandatory. In texts meant to be sung (e.g. poetry or hymns) the tone marks are substituted with various cantillation marks that 'correspond' to the tone. Tone is generally not assigned when transcribing foreign words.

The alphabetical order is as follows:

1. R: raebe 'bud'
2. D: drāle 'wave'
3. Z: zungin 'banner'
4. I: īr 'island'
5. GH: ghel 'mouse'
6. A: ail 'heart'
7. Ħ: ħestūbir 'petals'
8. F: fantor 'wings'
9. M: merrī 'equanimity'
10. L: lucce 'pericarp'
11. G: gathue 'throat'
12. C: caro 'human'
13. H: hel 'voice'
14. B: būn 'fish'
15. S: saumo 'moon'
16. V: vāla 'gate'
17. O: osīna 'rill'
18. J: jādhe 'bird'
19. Ȝ: ȝēdo 'saw'
20. DH: dhorfas 'to pierce'
21. Y: yste 'air'
22. CH: chaustis 'to go down'
23. T: tīme 'hand'
24. N: nuss 'to go up'
25. TH: thrāpa 'combat'
26. P: paur 'pond'
27. E: era 'upright'
28. U: umīse 'tent'

Morphology

Verbs

Present

• 1sg -īn
• 2sg -r
• 3sg.m -mi
• 3sg.s -si
• 1dl.ex -unt? -ynt? -ant?
• 1dl.in -nar
• 2dl -lar
• 3pl -ing
• 1ex -maech
• 1in -nis
• 2pl -lis
• 3pl -ti

Preterite

• -mer
• -ser
• -ter

Jussive

• -mior
• -sior
• -tior