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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Proto-Rugic
|name = Proto-Rugic
|nativename = *þiudiskaz
|nativename = *þaudiskaz
|pronunciation = ˈθɪuðiskɑz
|pronunciation = ˈθɑuðiskɑz
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|region = Europe
|region = Europe
Line 36: Line 36:


The Balto-Slavic base of Proto-Rugic (known as Pre-Proto-Rugic, or PPR for short) had the following features:
The Balto-Slavic base of Proto-Rugic (known as Pre-Proto-Rugic, or PPR for short) had the following features:
*PPR lack the ''*eu'' to *''jau'' sound change that affected all known Balto-Slavic languages. Alternatively, if this sound change did happen, it was reversed.
*PPR lacked the ''*eu'' to *''jau'' sound change that affected all known Balto-Slavic languages. Alternatively, if this sound change did happen, it was reversed.
<!--
<!--
*PPR lacked the merger of Proto-Italic /θ, xʷ, f/ that occurred in all attested Italic languages. Instead, each of these merged with its voiced counterpart, as did /x/.  
*PPR lacked the merger of Proto-Italic /θ, xʷ, f/ that occurred in all attested Italic languages. Instead, each of these merged with its voiced counterpart, as did /x/.  
Line 132: Line 132:
| *wilh'''ai'''
| *wilh'''ai'''
| *wilh'''ōu'''
| *wilh'''ōu'''
| *wilh'''aisu'''
| *wilh'''aizu'''
| *jūk'''ai'''
| *jūk'''ai'''
| *jūk'''ōu'''
| *jūk'''ōu'''
| *jūk'''aisu'''
| *jūk'''aizu'''
|}
 
There was a rare class of ''a''-stems with contractions (from earlier stems ending in ''aj'') known as ''ā''-stems.<!--, ''ê''-stems, and ''ô'' stems (e.g. ''hrôz'')-->. They decline as below:
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="3"| *pāz ''m.'' "battle" || colspan="3"| *twą̄ ''n.'' "pair"
|-
! Nominative
| *p'''āz'''
| rowspan="3"| *p'''ô'''
| rowspan="2"| *p'''āi'''
| rowspan="3"| *tw'''ą̄'''
| rowspan="3"| *tw'''āi'''
| rowspan="3"| *tw'''ô'''
|-
! Vocative
| *p'''ai'''
|-
! Accusative
| *p'''ą̄'''
| *p'''ônz'''
|-
! Genitive
| *p'''ô'''
| *p'''ôu'''
| *p'''ǫ̂'''
| *tw'''ô'''
| *tw'''ôu'''
| *tw'''ǫ̂'''
|-
! Dative
| *p'''ôi'''
| *p'''āmō'''
| *p'''āmaz'''
| *tw'''ôi'''
| *tw'''āmō'''
| *tw'''āmaz'''
|-
! Instrumental
| *p'''āi'''
| *p'''āmō'''
| *p'''ôiz'''
| *tw'''āi'''
| *tw'''āmō'''
| *tw'''ôiz'''
|-
! Locative
| *p'''āi'''
| *p'''ôu'''
| *p'''āizu'''
| *tw'''āi'''
| *tw'''ôu'''
| *tw'''āizu'''
|}
|}


====''ō''-stems====
====''ō''-stems====
Usually feminine (but sometimes masculine).
Feminine.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| *þaudō ''f.'' "people"
! !! colspan="3"| *þaudō ''f.'' "people"
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| *þaud'''ō'''
| rowspan="2"| *þaud'''ō'''
| rowspan="3"| *þaud'''ōi'''
| rowspan="2"| *þaud'''ōz'''
| rowspan="2"| *þaud'''ōz'''
|-
|-
Line 155: Line 209:
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *þaud'''ōz'''
| *þaud'''ōz'''
| *þaud'''ōsą'''
| *þaud'''ōu'''
| *þaud'''ǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *þaud'''ōi'''
| *þaud'''ōi'''
| *þaud'''ōbiz, -ōiz'''
| *þaud'''ōmō'''
| *þaud'''ōmaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *þaud'''ô'''
| *þaud'''ǭ'''
| *þaud'''ōbaz, -ōiz'''
| *þaud'''ōmō'''
| *þaud'''ōmīz'''
|-
|-
! Locative
| *þaud'''ōi'''
| *þaud'''ōu'''
| *þaud'''ōzu'''
|}
|}


Additionally, there was a rare subclass of ''ō''-stem nouns known as ''ī/jō''-stems. These nouns took the ending *''-ī'' in the nominative singular. All other case and number combinations took the regular ''ō''-stem endings preceded by *''-(i)j-'' (according to Siever's Law).
Additionally, there was a rare subclass of ''ō''-stem nouns known as ''ī/jō''-stems. These nouns took the ending *''-ī'' in the nominative singular. All other case and number combinations took the regular ''ō''-stem endings preceded by *''-(i)j-'' (according to Siever's Law).


====''i''-stems====
There were also contracted ''ō''-stems known as ''ô''-stems. They were declined by replacing the ''-ō-'' in endings with ''-ô-'' (and ''-ǭ'' with ''-ǫ̂''). For example, ''*skwô'' "needle (botany)".
Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.
 
====''ē''-stems====
Feminine.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| *minþiz ''f.'' "mind" || colspan="2"| *mari ''n.'' "sea"
! !! colspan="3"| *demē ''f.'' "earth"
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| *minþ'''iz'''
| rowspan="2"| *dem'''ē'''
| rowspan="2"| *minþ'''ēz'''
| rowspan="3"| *dem'''ēi'''
| rowspan="3"| *mar'''i'''
| rowspan="2"| *dem'''ēz'''
| rowspan="3"| *mar'''jō'''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *minþ'''į'''
| *dem'''ǭ'''
| *minþ'''inz'''
| *dem'''ēnz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *minþ'''īz'''
| *dem'''ēz'''
| *minþ'''ijǭ'''
| *dem'''ēu'''
| *mar'''īz'''
| *dem'''ǭ'''
| *mar'''jǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *minþ'''ī'''
| *dem'''ēi'''
| *minþ'''ibiz'''
| *dem'''ēmō'''
| *mar'''ī'''
| *dem'''ēmaz'''
| *mar'''ibiz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *minþ'''ī'''
| *dem'''ǭ'''
| *minþ'''ibaz'''
| *dem'''ēmō'''
| *mar'''ī'''
| *dem'''ēmīz'''
| *mar'''ibaz'''
|-
|-
! Locative
| *dem'''ēi'''
| *dem'''ēu'''
| *dem'''ēzu'''
|}
|}


'''Note:''' The genitive plural and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative plural are subject to [[w:Siever's_law|Siever's law]].
====''i''-stems====
 
====''u''-stems====
Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.
Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| *farþuz ''m.'' "port" || colspan="2"| *harnu ''n.'' "horn"
! !! colspan="3"| *ankliz ''f.'' "coal" || colspan="3"| *mari ''n.'' "sea"
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| *farþ'''uz'''
| *ankl'''iz'''
| rowspan="2"| *farþ'''awiz'''
| rowspan="3"| *ankl'''ī'''
| rowspan="3"| *harn'''u'''
| rowspan="2"| *ankl'''īz'''
| rowspan="3"| *harn'''uwō'''
| rowspan="3"| *mar'''i'''
| rowspan="3"| *mar'''ī'''
| rowspan="3"| *mar'''ī'''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| *ankl'''ī'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *farþ'''ų'''
| *ankl'''į'''
| *farþ'''unz'''
| *ankl'''inz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *farþ'''auz'''
| *ankl'''īz'''
| *farþ'''uwǭ'''
| *ankl'''ijau'''
| *harn'''auz'''
| *ankl'''ijǭ'''
| *harn'''uwǭ'''
| *mar'''īz'''
| *mar'''jau'''
| *mar'''jǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *farþ'''awī'''
| *ankl'''ī'''
| *farþ'''ubiz'''
| *ankl'''imō'''
| *harn'''awī'''
| *ankl'''imaz'''
| *harn'''ubiz'''
| *mar'''ī'''
| *mar'''imō'''
| *mar'''imaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *farþ'''ū'''
| *ankl'''imi'''
| *farþ'''ubaz'''
| *ankl'''imō'''
| *harn'''ū'''
| *ankl'''imīz'''
| *harn'''ubaz'''
| *mar'''imi'''
| *mar'''imō'''
| *mar'''imīz'''
|-
! Locative
| *ankl'''ēi'''
| *ankl'''ijau'''
| *ankl'''izu'''
| *mar'''ēi'''
| *mar'''jau'''
| *mar'''izu'''
|-
|-
|}
|}


====''an''-stems====
'''Note:''' The genitive/locative dual and genutive plural are subject to [[w:Siever's_law|Siever's law]].
Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.<!-- Feminine ''n''-stems were rare, since most original cases were reformed to ''ōn''-stems.-->
 
====''u''-stems====
Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| *gamǭ ''m.'' "man" || colspan="2"| *ardijō ''m./f.'' "skilled person" || colspan="2"| *namǭ ''n.'' "name" || colspan="2"| *ankwǭ ''n.'' "fat, grease"
! !! colspan="3"| *sūnuz ''f.'' "son" || colspan="3"| *metu ''n.'' "honey"
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| *gam'''ǭ'''
| *sūn'''uz'''
| rowspan="2"| *gam'''aniz'''
| rowspan="3"| *sūn'''ū'''
| rowspan="2"| *ard'''ijǭ'''
| rowspan="2"| *sūn'''awiz'''
| rowspan="2"| *ard'''īniz'''
| rowspan="3"| *met'''u'''
| rowspan="3"| *nam'''ǭ'''
| rowspan="3"| *met'''ū'''
| rowspan="3"| *nam'''nō'''
| rowspan="3"| *met'''ū'''
| rowspan="3"| *ankw'''ǭ'''
| rowspan="3"| *ankw'''anō'''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| *sūn'''au'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *gam'''anį'''
| *sūn'''ų'''
| *gam'''aninz'''
| *sūn'''unz'''
| *ard'''īnį'''
| *ard'''īninz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *gam'''aniz'''
| *sūn'''auz'''
| *gam'''anǭ'''
| *sūn'''awau'''
| *ard'''īniz'''
| *sūn'''awǭ'''
| *ard'''īnǭ'''
| *met'''auz'''
| *nam'''niz'''
| *met'''awau'''
| *nam'''nǭ'''
| *met'''awǭ'''
| *ankw'''aniz'''
| *ankw'''anǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *gam'''anī'''
| *sūn'''awī'''
| *gam'''ambiz'''
| *sūn'''umō'''
| *ard'''īnī'''
| *sūn'''umaz'''
| *ard'''īmbiz'''
| *met'''awī'''
| *nam'''nī'''
| *met'''umō'''
| *nam'''nibiz'''
| *met'''umaz'''
| *ankw'''anī'''
| *ankw'''ambiz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *gam'''ani'''
| *sūn'''umi'''
| *gam'''ambaz'''
| *sūn'''umō'''
| *ard'''īni'''
| *sūn'''umīz'''
| *ard'''īmbaz'''
| *met'''umi'''
| *nam'''ni'''
| *met'''umō'''
| *nam'''nibaz'''
| *met'''umīz'''
| *ankw'''ani'''
|-
| *ankw'''ambiz'''
! Locative
| *sūn'''awī'''
| *sūn'''awau'''
| *sūn'''uzu'''
| *met'''awī'''
| *met'''awau'''
| *met'''uzu'''
|-
|-
|}
|}


'''Note:'''  
====''n''-stems====
#As shown in the case of *''namǭ'', the expected *''-an-'' in endings was reduced to *''-n-'' in some nouns. In some other nouns, it was instead replaced with *''-in-''. <!--Generally, neuter nouns ending in *''-mô'' follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.-->
Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.<!-- Feminine ''n''-stems were rare, since most original cases were reformed to ''ōn''-stems.-->
#''*ardijǭ'' is an example of a heavy ''j''-suffixed ''an''-stem, where expected **''-ijan/ijin-'' was contracted to *''-īn-''. Similarly, in light ''j''-suffixed ''an''-stems, expected **''-jan/jin-'' was contracted to *''-in-''.
#Some ''an''-stems had an irregular nominative singular ending (or, in the case of neuter nouns, nominative-vocative-accusative singular ending). An example of this is neuter ''r/n''-stems, which had a nominative-vocative-accusative in *''-ar''.<!--
#''an''-stems whose nominative singular ended in *''-ijǭ'' or ''-jǭ'' had *''-īn-'' and *''-in-'' respectively instead of expected **''-ijan-'' or **''-jan-''.-->
 
====''ōn''-stems====
Masculine or feminine (usually feminine).
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| *fihtijǭ ''f.'' "the act of combing"
! !! colspan="3"| *hamô ''m.'' "stone" !! colspan="3"| *immô ''n.'' "name"
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| *fihtij'''ǭ'''
| rowspan="2"| *ham'''ô'''
| rowspan="2"| *fihtij'''ōniz'''
| rowspan="3"| *ham'''inī'''
| rowspan="2"| *ham'''iniz'''
| rowspan="3"| *imm'''ô'''
| rowspan="3"| *imm'''inī'''
| rowspan="3"| *imm'''inō'''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *fihtij'''ōnį'''
| *ham'''inį'''
| *fihtij'''ōninz'''
| *ham'''ininz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *fihtij'''ōniz'''
| *ham'''iniz'''
| *fihtij'''ōnǭ'''
| *ham'''inau'''
| *ham'''inǭ'''
| *imm'''iniz'''
| *imm'''inau'''
| *imm'''inǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *fihtij'''ōnī'''
| *ham'''inī'''
| *fihtij'''ōmbiz'''
| *ham'''immō'''
| *ham'''immaz'''
| *imm'''inī'''
| *imm'''immō'''
| *imm'''immaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *fihtij'''ōni'''
| *ham'''immi'''
| *fihtij'''ōmbaz'''
| *ham'''immō'''
| *ham'''immīz'''
| *imm'''immi'''
| *imm'''immō'''
| *imm'''immīz'''
|-
! Locative
| *ham'''inī'''
| *ham'''inau'''
| *ham'''inzu'''
| *imm'''inī'''
| *imm'''inau'''
| *imm'''inzu'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
====''īn''-stems====
'''Note:'''
Feminine.
<!--
#As shown in the case of *''namǭ'', the expected *''-an-'' in endings was reduced to *''-n-'' in some nouns. In some other nouns, it was instead replaced with *''-in-''. <!--Generally, neuter nouns ending in *''-mô'' follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.-->
#In heavy ''j''-suffixed ''n''-stems, expected **''-ijin-'' was contracted to *''-īn-''. Similarly, in light ''j''-suffixed ''n''-stems, expected **''-jin-'' was contracted to *''-in-''.
<!--
#Some ''an''-stems had an irregular nominative singular ending (or, in the case of neuter nouns, nominative-vocative-accusative singular ending). An example of this is neuter ''r/n''-stems, which had a nominative-vocative-accusative in *''-ar''.<!--
#''an''-stems whose nominative singular ended in *''-ijǭ'' or ''-jǭ'' had *''-īn-'' and *''-in-'' respectively instead of expected **''-ijan-'' or **''-jan-''.-->
 
<!--====''ōn''-stems====
Masculine or feminine (usually feminine).
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| *sirį̄ ''f.'' "sequence, week"
! !! colspan="2"| *fihtijǭ ''f.'' "the act of combing"
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| *sir'''į̄'''
| rowspan="2"| *fihtij'''ǭ'''
| rowspan="2"| *sir'''īniz'''
| rowspan="2"| *fihtij'''ōniz'''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *sir'''īnį'''
| *fihtij'''ōnį'''
| *sir'''īninz'''
| *fihtij'''ōninz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *sir'''īniz'''
| *fihtij'''ōniz'''
| *sir'''īnǭ'''
| *fihtij'''ōnǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *sir'''īnī'''
| *fihtij'''ōnī'''
| *sir'''īmbiz'''
| *fihtij'''ōmbiz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *sir'''īni'''
| *fihtij'''ōni'''
| *sir'''īmbaz'''
| *fihtij'''ōmbaz'''
|-
|-
|}
|}-->


====''r''-stems====
<!--====''īn''-stems====
Masculine or feminine.
Feminine.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| *mōþēr ''f.'' "mother" || colspan="2"| *hanþōr ''m.'' "singer"
! !! colspan="2"| *sirį̄ ''f.'' "sequence, week"
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| *mōþ'''ēr'''
| rowspan="2"| *sir'''į̄'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōþ'''riz'''
| rowspan="2"| *sir'''īniz'''
| rowspan="2"| *hanþ'''ōr'''
| rowspan="2"| *hanþ'''riz'''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *mōþ'''rį'''
| *sir'''īnį'''
| *mōþ'''rinz'''
| *sir'''īninz'''
| *hanþ'''rį'''
| *hanþ'''rinz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *mōþ'''riz'''
| *sir'''īniz'''
| *mōþ'''rǭ'''
| *sir'''īnǭ'''
| *hanþ'''riz'''
| *hanþ'''rǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *mōþ'''rī'''
| *sir'''īnī'''
| *mōþ'''ribiz'''
| *sir'''īmbiz'''
| *hanþ'''rī'''
| *hanþ'''ribiz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *mōþ'''ri'''
| *sir'''īni'''
| *mōþ'''ribaz'''
| *sir'''īmbaz'''
| *hanþ'''ri'''
| *hanþ'''ribaz'''
|-
|-
|}
|}-->
'''Note:''' The nominative singular ended in either *''-ēr'' or *''-ōr''. Otherwise, the vowel *''-ē-'' or *''-ō-'' was dropped (as shown above) or, in the case of some nouns, shortened to *''-e-'' or *''-a-'' respectively.
 
====''z''-stems====
====''r''-stems====
Any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.
Masculine and feminine were declined the same. <!--Declension patterns are shown below:-->
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| *amōz ''m.'' "love" !! colspan="2"| *þimfaz ''n.'' "time"
! !! colspan="3"| *prōþê ''m.'' "brother"
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| *am'''ōz'''
| *prōþ'''ê'''
| rowspan="2"| *am'''aziz'''
| rowspan="3"| *prōþ'''rī'''
| rowspan="3"| *þimf'''az'''
| rowspan="2"| *prōþ'''riz'''
| rowspan="3"| *þimf'''izō'''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| *prōþ'''er'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *am'''azį'''
| *prōþ'''rį'''
| *am'''azinz'''
| *prōþ'''rinz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *am'''aziz'''
| *prōþ'''riz'''
| *am'''azǭ'''
| *prōþ'''rau'''
| *þimf'''iziz'''
| *prōþ'''rǭ'''
| *þimf'''izǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *am'''azī'''
| *prōþ'''rī'''
| *am'''azibiz'''
| *prōþ'''rimō'''
| *þimf'''izī'''
| *prōþ'''rimaz'''
| *þimf'''izibiz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *am'''azi'''
| *prōþ'''rimi'''
| *am'''azibaz'''
| *prōþ'''rimō'''
| *þimf'''izi'''
| *prōþ'''rimīz'''
| *þimf'''izibaz'''
|-
! Locative
| *prōþ'''rī'''
| *prōþ'''rau'''
| *prōþ'''rizu'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
<!--
<!--
====''r/n''-stems====
'''Note:'''
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
<!--
! !! colspan="2"| *jehar ''n.'' "liver"
#As shown in the case of *''namǭ'', the expected *''-an-'' in endings was reduced to *''-n-'' in some nouns. In some other nouns, it was instead replaced with *''-in-''. <!--Generally, neuter nouns ending in *''-mô'' follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.
#In heavy ''j''-suffixed ''n''-stems, expected **''-ijin-'' was contracted to *''-īn-''. Similarly, in light ''j''-suffixed ''n''-stems, expected **''-jin-'' was contracted to *''-in-''.
<!--
#Some ''an''-stems had an irregular nominative singular ending (or, in the case of neuter nouns, nominative-vocative-accusative singular ending). An example of this is neuter ''r/n''-stems, which had a nominative-vocative-accusative in *''-ar''.<!--
#''an''-stems whose nominative singular ended in *''-ijǭ'' or ''-jǭ'' had *''-īn-'' and *''-in-'' respectively instead of expected **''-ijan-'' or **''-jan-''.-->
<!--
Masculine or feminine.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| *mōþēr ''f.'' "mother" || colspan="2"| *hanþōr ''m.'' "singer"
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| rowspan="3"| *jeh'''ar'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōþ'''ēr'''
| rowspan="3"| *jih'''inō'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōþ'''riz'''
| rowspan="2"| *hanþ'''ōr'''
| rowspan="2"| *hanþ'''riz'''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *mōþ'''rį'''
| *mōþ'''rinz'''
| *hanþ'''rį'''
| *hanþ'''rinz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *jih'''iniz'''
| *mōþ'''riz'''
| *jih'''inǭ'''
| *mōþ'''rǭ'''
| *hanþ'''riz'''
| *hanþ'''rǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *jih'''inī'''
| *mōþ'''rī'''
| rowspan="2"| *jih'''imbiz'''
| *mōþ'''ribiz'''
| *hanþ'''rī'''
| *hanþ'''ribiz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *jih'''ini'''
| *mōþ'''ri'''
| *mōþ'''ribaz'''
| *hanþ'''ri'''
| *hanþ'''ribaz'''
|-
|-
|}-->
|}
'''Note:''' The nominative singular ended in either *''-ēr'' or *''-ōr''. Otherwise, the vowel *''-ē-'' or *''-ō-'' was dropped (as shown above) or, in the case of some nouns, shortened to *''-e-'' or *''-a-'' respectively.-->


====Consonant stems====
====''z''-stems====
Neuter.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| *feþs ''m.'' "foot" || colspan="2"| *hafud ''n.'' "head"
! !! colspan="3"| *nepaz ''n.'' "cloud"
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| *feþ'''s'''
| rowspan="3"| *nep'''az'''
| rowspan="2"| *fiþ'''iz'''
| rowspan="3"| *nip'''izī'''
| rowspan="3"| *hafud
| rowspan="3"| *nip'''izō'''
| rowspan="3"| *hafud'''ō'''
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *fiþ'''į'''
| *fiþ'''inz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *fiþ'''iz'''
| *nip'''iziz'''
| *feþ'''ǭ'''
| *nip'''izau'''
| *hafud'''iz'''
| *nip'''izǭ'''
| *hafud'''ǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *fiþ'''ī'''
| *nip'''izī'''
| *fiþ'''ibiz'''
| *nip'''immō'''
| *hafud'''ī'''
| *nip'''immaz'''
| *hafud'''ibiz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *fiþ'''i'''
| *nip'''immi'''
| *fiþ'''ibaz
| *nip'''immō'''
| *hafud'''i'''
| *nip'''immīz'''
| *hafud'''ibaz'''
|-
! Locative
| *nip'''izi'''
| *nip'''izau'''
| *nip'''issu'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
 
<!--
'''Note:''' The usual ending for the masculine/feminine nominative-vocative singular was *''-s'' (after unvoiced consonants) or *''-z'' (after voiced consonants)<!-- (which often led to minor stem changes)-->, and in the neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular there was usually no suffix. However, there were many nouns that were irregular in those forms.
====''r/n''-stems====
 
===Adjectives===
Most adjectives could be declined strong or weak. The class of an adjective was determined by its strong conjugation. The weak conjugation was originally derived from a combination of the adjective with a following emphatic particle (akin to Latin ''enim'') that was reanalyzed as an ''n''-stem ending.
<!--
'''Note:''' Like with ''ō''-stem nouns, the strong feminine genitive (both singular and plural) had alternative ''*s'' and ''*z'' forms (i.e. ''*-ōs'' or ''*-ōz'' in the singular, and ''*-ōsą'' or ''*-ōzą''). Only the ''*s'' forms are shown below for brevity. The ''*z'' forms can be derived simply by replacing the ''*s'' in the endings with ''*z''.-->
====''a/ō''-stem adjectives====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! colspan="7"| *twenaz "good"
! !! colspan="2"| *jehar ''n.'' "liver"
|-
|-
! colspan="7"| Strong
! Nominative
| rowspan="3"| *jeh'''ar'''
| rowspan="3"| *jih'''inō'''
|-
|-
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
! Vocative
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! Nominative/<br />Vocative
| *twen'''az'''
| *twen'''ai'''
| *twen'''ō'''
| *twen'''ōi'''
| rowspan="2"| *twen'''ą, -at'''
| rowspan="2"| *twen'''ō'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *twen'''an'''
| *twen'''anz'''
| *twen'''ǭ'''
| *twen'''ōnz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *twen'''as'''
| *jih'''iniz'''
| *twen'''ōsą''', *twen'''azjōsą'''
| *jih'''inǭ'''
| *twen'''ōz''', *twen'''azjōz'''
| *twen'''ōsą''', *twen'''azjōsą'''
| *twen'''as''', *twen'''azjas'''
| *twen'''ōsą''', *twen'''azjōsą'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *twen'''ammai'''
| *jih'''inī'''
| *twen'''abiz'''
| rowspan="2"| *jih'''imbiz'''
| *twen'''ōz'''
| *twen'''ōbiz'''
| *twen'''ammai'''
| *twen'''abiz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *twen'''ô'''
| *jih'''ini'''
| *twen'''abaz'''
| *twen'''ô'''
| *twen'''ōbaz'''
| *twen'''ô'''
| *twen'''abaz'''
|-
|-
! colspan="7"| Weak
|}-->
 
====Consonant stems====
Masculine and feminine were declined the same.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="3"| *ahmô ''m.'' "stone" !! colspan="3"| *immô ''n.'' "name"
|-
|-
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
! Nominative
| rowspan="2"| *ahm'''ô'''
| rowspan="3"| *ahm'''inī'''
| rowspan="2"| *ahm'''iniz'''
| rowspan="3"| *imm'''ô'''
| rowspan="3"| *imm'''inī'''
| rowspan="3"| *imm'''inō'''
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
! Vocative
|-
! Nominative/<br />Vocative
| *twen'''ǭ'''
| *twen'''aniz'''
| *twen'''ǭ'''
| *twen'''ōniz'''
| rowspan="2"| *twen'''ǭ'''
| rowspan="2"| *twen'''anō'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *twen'''anį'''
| *ahm'''inį'''
| *twen'''aninz'''
| *ahm'''ininz'''
| *twen'''ōnį'''
| *twen'''ōniz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *twen'''aniz'''
| *ahm'''iniz'''
| *twen'''anǭ'''
| *ahm'''inau'''
| *twen'''ōniz'''
| *ahm'''inǭ'''
| *twen'''ōnǭ'''
| *imm'''iniz'''
| *twen'''aniz'''
| *imm'''inau'''
| *twen'''anǭ'''
| *imm'''inǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *twen'''anī'''
| *ahm'''inī'''
| *twen'''ambiz'''
| *ahm'''immō'''
| *twen'''ōnī'''
| *ahm'''immaz'''
| *twen'''ōmbiz'''
| *imm'''inī'''
| *twen'''anī'''
| *imm'''immō'''
| *twen'''ambiz'''
| *imm'''immaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *twen'''ani'''
| *ahm'''immi'''
| *twen'''ambaz'''
| *ahm'''immō'''
| *twen'''ōni'''
| *ahm'''immīz'''
| *twen'''ōmbaz'''
| *imm'''immi'''
| *twen'''ani'''
| *imm'''immō'''
| *twen'''ambaz'''
| *imm'''immīz'''
|-
! Locative
| *ahm'''inī'''
| *ahm'''inau'''
| *ahm'''inzu'''
| *imm'''inī'''
| *imm'''inau'''
| *imm'''inzu'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
====''ja/jō''-stem adjectives====
These were a sub-type of ''a/ō''-stem adjectives with a *''-j-'' or *''-ij-'' (according to Siever's Law) before the ending and were declined as such. However, in the weak forms, expected **''-ija-'' became *''-ī-'' and **''-ja-'' became *''-i-''.
====''i''-stem adjectives====
These were declined identically to ''ja/jō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-iz'' and *''-į/it'' respectively instead of the expected **''-(i)jaz'' and **''-(i)ją/(i)jat''. Additionally, the masculine accusative singular could take the ending *''-in'' as an alternative to expected *''-(i)jan''.
The weak forms were identical to those of ''ja/jō''-stems.
====Consonant-stem adjectives====
These were declined identically to ''a/ō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-s/z'' and *''—'' respectively (or other irregular ending(s)) instead of the expected **''-az'' and **''-ą/at''.
The weak forms were identical to those of ''a/ō''-stems.
===Pronouns===
<!--
<!--
'''Note:''' As with adjectives, only the ''*s'' forms of the strong feminine genitive are given where applicable. The ''*z'' forms can be derived from these simply by replacing ''*s'' in the endings.-->
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
! !! colspan="2"| *feþs ''m.'' "foot" || colspan="2"| *hafud ''n.'' "head"
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology -->
====First person, second person, and reflexive pronouns====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! !! colspan="2"| First person !! colspan="2"| Second person !! rowspan="2"| Reflexive
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *ekō, *ikō
| rowspan="2"| *feþ'''s'''
| rowspan="2"| *nōs, *nōz
| rowspan="2"| *fiþ'''iz'''
| *þū
| rowspan="3"| *hafud
| rowspan="2"| *wōs, *wōz
| rowspan="3"| *hafud'''ō'''
| —
|-
! Vocative
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *mē
| *fiþ'''į'''
| *þē
| *fiþ'''inz'''
| *sē
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *mīz
| *fiþ'''iz'''
| *nasterą
| *feþ'''ǭ'''
| *þīz
| *hafud'''iz'''
| *wasterą
| *hafud'''ǭ'''
| *sīz
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *migī
| *fiþ'''ī'''
| *nōbiz
| *fiþ'''ibiz'''
| *þibī
| *hafud'''ī'''
| *wōbiz
| *hafud'''ibiz'''
| *sibī
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *met, *mit
| *fiþ'''i'''
| *nōbaz
| *fiþ'''ibaz
| *þet, *þit
| *hafud'''i'''
| *wōbaz
| *hafud'''ibaz'''
| *set, *sit
|-
|-
! Possessive adj.
|}-->
| *mijaz
| *nasteraz
| *þawaz
| *wasteraz
| *sawaz
|-
|}


'''Notes:'''  
'''Note:''' The usual ending for the masculine/feminine nominative-vocative singular was *''-s'' (after unvoiced consonants) or *''-z'' (after voiced consonants)<!-- (which often led to minor stem changes)-->, and in the neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular there was usually no suffix. However, there were many nouns that were irregular in those forms.
#When two forms are given, the first was the stressed form and the second was the unstressed form.
#Possessive adjectives were always strong.


====3rd person pronoun====
===Adjectives===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Most adjectives could be declined strong or weak. The class of an adjective was determined by its strong conjugation.<!-- The weak conjugation was originally derived from a combination of the adjective with a following emphatic particle (akin to Latin ''enim'') that was reanalyzed as an ''n''-stem ending.-->
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
<!--
'''Note:''' Like with ''ō''-stem nouns, the strong feminine genitive (both singular and plural) had alternative ''*s'' and ''*z'' forms (i.e. ''*-ōs'' or ''*-ōz'' in the singular, and ''*-ōsą'' or ''*-ōzą''). Only the ''*s'' forms are shown below for brevity. The ''*z'' forms can be derived simply by replacing the ''*s'' in the endings with ''*z''.-->
====''a/ō''-stem adjectives====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''mōlaz'' "small"
! colspan="10"| Strong
|-
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *iz
| *mōl'''az'''
| *ijai
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ō'''
| *ijō
| *mōl'''ai'''
| *ijōi
| *mōl'''ō'''
| rowspan="2"| *it
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōi'''
| rowspan="2"| *ijō
| *mōl'''ōz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''(a)'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ai'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ō'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *in
| *mōl'''an'''
| *ijanz
| *mōl'''ōnz'''
| *ijǭ
| *mōl'''ǭ'''
| *ijōnz
| *mōl'''ōnz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| <!--*es, -->*izjas
| *mōl'''as'''
| <!--*ijōsą, -->*izjōsą
| *mōl'''āu'''
| <!--*ijōz, -->*izjōz
| *mōl'''aizǭ'''
| <!--*ijōsą, -->*izjōsą
| *mōl'''azjōz'''
| <!--*es, -->*izjas
| *mōl'''ōu'''
| <!--*ijōsą, -->*izjōsą
| *mōl'''ōzǭ'''
| *mōl'''as'''
| *mōl'''āu'''
| *mōl'''aizǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *immai
| *mōl'''ammai'''
| *izjaiz, *izjabiz
| *mōl'''aimō'''
| *izjōi
| *mōl'''aimaz'''
| *izjōiz, *izjōbiz
| *mōl'''azjōi'''
| *immai
| *mōl'''ōmō'''
| *izjaiz, izjabiz
| *mōl'''ōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ammai'''
| *mōl'''aimō'''
| *mōl'''aimaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *izjō
| *mōl'''ammi'''
| *izjaiz, *izjabaz
| *mōl'''aimō'''
| *izjô
| *mōl'''aimīz'''
| *izjōiz, *izjōbiz
| *mōl'''ǭ'''
| *izjō
| *mōl'''ōmō'''
| *izjaiz, *izjabaz
| *mōl'''ōmīz'''
| *mōl'''ammi'''
| *mōl'''aimō'''
| *mōl'''aimīz'''
|-
|-
|}
! Locative
<!-- consider changing instrumental to *izô (with oblique stem renalyzed as iz) and genitive plural to sth based on eisom perhaps???-->
| *mōl'''ammi'''
 
| *mōl'''āu'''
====Reflexive/Intensive pronoun====
| *mōl'''aizu'''
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
| *mōl'''ōi'''
! colspan="7"| Strong
| *mōl'''ōu'''
| *mōl'''ōzu'''
| *mōl'''ammi'''
| *mōl'''āu'''
| *mōl'''aizu'''
|-
! colspan="10"| Weak
|-
|-
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *safsaz
| *mōl'''aziz'''
| *safsai
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ô'''
| *safsō
| *mōl'''aiz'''
| *safsōi
| *mōl'''ô'''
| rowspan="2"| *safsą, *safsat
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ôi'''
| rowspan="2"| *safsō
| *mōl'''ōzōz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ai'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''āi'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ô'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *safsan
| *mōl'''anį'''
| *safsanz
| *mōl'''aninz'''
| *safsǭ
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *safsōnz
| *mōl'''ōnōnz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *safsas, *safsazjas
| *mōl'''ôs'''
| *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
| *mōl'''awjau'''
| *safsōz, *safsazjōz
| *mōl'''anizǭ'''
| *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
| *mōl'''ōzizōz'''
| *safsas, *safsazjas
| *mōl'''awjōu'''
| *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
| *mōl'''ōnōzǭ'''
|-
| *mōl'''ôs'''
! Dative
| *mōl'''awjāu'''
| *safsammai
| *mōl'''anizǭ'''
| *safsabiz
|-
| *safsōi
! Dative
| *safsōbiz
| *mōl'''ajjammai'''
| *safsammai
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *safsabiz
| *mōl'''azimaz'''
| *mōl'''ōzōi'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''ōzōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ajjammai'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''azimaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *safsō
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *safsabaz
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *safsô
| *mōl'''azimīz'''
| *safsōbaz
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *safsō
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *safsabaz
| *mōl'''ōzōmīz'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''azimīz'''
|-
|-
! colspan="7"| Weak
! Locative
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''awjau'''
| *mōl'''anizu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōzu'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''awjau'''
| *mōl'''anizu'''
|-
|-
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
<!--
! colspan="10"| Weak
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
|-
|-
! Nominative
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
| *safsǭ
|-
| *safsaniz
!  Nominative
| *safsǭ
| *mōl'''aniz'''
| *safsōniz
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''anī'''
| rowspan="2"| *safsǭ
| *mōl'''aniz'''
| rowspan="2"| *safsanō
| *mōl'''ōnjō'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnjōi'''
| *mōl'''ōnjōz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ani'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''anī'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnō'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *safsanį
| *mōl'''anį'''
| *safsaninz
| *mōl'''aninz'''
| *safsōnį
| *mōl'''ōnjǭ'''
| *safsōniz
| *mōl'''ōnjōnz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *safsaniz
| *mōl'''aniz'''
| *safsanǭ
| *mōl'''anjōu'''
| *safsōniz
| *mōl'''anjǭ'''
| *safsōnǭ
| *mōl'''ōnjōz'''
| *safsaniz
| *mōl'''ōnjōu'''
| *safsanǭ
| *mōl'''ōnjǭ'''
| *mōl'''aniz'''
| *mōl'''anjōu'''
| *mōl'''anǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *safsanī
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *safsambiz
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *safsōnī
| *mōl'''anamaz'''
| *safsōmbiz
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *safsanī
| *mōl'''ōnōmō'''
| *safsambiz
| *mōl'''ōnōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *mōl'''anamaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *safsani
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *safsambaz
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *safsōni
| *mōl'''ōnōiz'''
| *safsōmbaz
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *safsani
| *mōl'''ōnōmō'''
| *safsambaz
| *mōl'''ōnōmīz'''
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *mōl'''ōnōiz'''
|-
|-
|}
! Locative
 
| *mōl'''anai'''
====Neutral demonstrative====
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
 
| *mōl'''anaizu'''
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōzu'''
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''anaizu'''
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
<!--
! colspan="10"| Weak
|-
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
|-
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *saz
| *mōl'''anaz'''
| *sai
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnō'''
| *sō
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *sōi
| *mōl'''ōnō'''
| rowspan="2"| *sat
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| rowspan="2"| *sō
| *mōl'''ōnōz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''aną'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''anai'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōnō'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *san
| *mōl'''aną'''
| *sanz
| *mōl'''anōnz'''
| *sǭ
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *sōnz
| *mōl'''ōnōnz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *sas, *sazjas
| *mōl'''ōnō'''
| *sōsą, *sazjōsą
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *sōz, *sazjōz
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *sōsą, *sazjōsą
| *mōl'''ōnōz'''
| *sas, *sazjas
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *sōsą, *sazjōsą
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōnō'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *sammai
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *sabiz
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *sōi
| *mōl'''anamaz'''
| *sōbiz
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *sammai
| *mōl'''ōnōmō'''
| *sabiz
| *mōl'''ōnōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *mōl'''anamaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *sō
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *sabaz
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *sô
| *mōl'''ōnōiz'''
| *sōbaz
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *sō
| *mōl'''ōnōmō'''
| *sabaz
| *mōl'''ōnōmīz'''
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''ōnamō'''
| *mōl'''ōnōiz'''
|-
! Locative
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''anaizu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōi'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''ōnōzu'''
| *mōl'''anai'''
| *mōl'''ōnōu'''
| *mōl'''anaizu'''
|-
<!--
! colspan="9"| Weak
|-
|-
|}
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *þaz
| *mōl'''az anaz'''
| *þai
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ō anō'''
| *þō
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *þōi
| *mōl'''ō anō'''
| rowspan="2"| *þat
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| rowspan="2"| *þō
| *mōl'''ōz anōz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ą aną'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ō anō'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *þan
| *mōl'''ą aną'''
| *þanz
| *mōl'''ōnz anōnz'''
| *þǭ
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
| *þōnz
| *mōl'''ōnz anōnz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *þas, *þazjas
| *mōl'''ō anō'''
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *þōz, *þazjōz
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
| *mōl'''ōz anōz'''
| *þas, *þazjas
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
| *mōl'''ō anō'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *þammai
| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| *þabiz
| *mōl'''amō anamō'''
| *þōi
| *mōl'''amaz anamaz'''
| *þōbiz
| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| *þammai
| *mōl'''ōmō anōmō'''
| *þabiz
| *mōl'''ōmaz anōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| *mōl'''amō anamō'''
| *mōl'''amaz anamaz'''
|-
! Instrumental
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *mōl'''amō anamō'''
| *mōl'''ōiz anōiz'''
| *mōl'''ǭ anǭ'''
| *mōl'''ōmō anōmō'''
| *mōl'''ōmīz anōmīz'''
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *mōl'''amō anamō'''
| *mōl'''ōiz anōiz'''
|-
! Locative
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''aizu anaizu'''
| *mōl'''ōi anōi'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''ōzu anōzu'''
| *mōl'''ai anai'''
| *mōl'''ōu anōu'''
| *mōl'''aizu anaizu'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
<!--
| *þō
! colspan="10"| Weak
| *þabaz
| *þô
| *þōbaz
| *þō
| *þabaz
|-
|-
|}
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
 
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *izaz
| *mōl'''aziz'''
| *izai
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ô'''
| *izō
| *mōl'''aiz'''
| *izōi
| *mōl'''ô'''
| rowspan="2"| *izat
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ôi'''
| rowspan="2"| *izō
| *mōl'''ōzjōz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ai'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''āi'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ô'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *izan
| *mōl'''anį'''
| *izanz
| *mōl'''ōninz'''
| *izǭ
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *izōnz
| *mōl'''ōnjōnz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *izas, *izazjas
| *mōl'''ôs'''
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą
| *mōl'''awjāu'''
| *izōz, *izazjōz
| *mōl'''ōnizǭ'''
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą
| *mōl'''ōzizjōz'''
| *izas, *izazjas
| *mōl'''ōwjōu'''
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą
| *mōl'''ōnjōzǭ'''
| *mōl'''ôs'''
| *mōl'''ōwjāu'''
| *mōl'''ōnizǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *izammai
| *mōl'''ajjammai'''
| *izabiz
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *izōi
| *mōl'''azimaz'''
| *izōbiz
| *mōl'''ōjjizjōi'''
| *izammai
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *izabiz
| *mōl'''ōzōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ajjammai'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''azimaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *izō
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *izabaz
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *izô
| *mōl'''azimīz'''
| *izōbaz
| *mōl'''ōnjǭ'''
| *izō
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *izabaz
| *mōl'''ōzōmīz'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ômō'''
| *mōl'''azimīz'''
|-
|-
|}
! Locative
 
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
====Near demonstrative====
| *mōl'''awjāu'''
 
| *mōl'''azizu'''
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
| *mōl'''ōjjōi'''
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
| *mōl'''ōwjōu'''
| *mōl'''ōzōzu'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''awjāu'''
| *mōl'''azizu'''
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
<!--
! colspan="9"| Weak
|-
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
|-
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *istaz
| *mōl'''azjaz'''
| *istai
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ô'''
| *istō
| *mōl'''āi'''
| *istōi
| *mōl'''ô'''
| rowspan="2"| *istat
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ôi'''
| rowspan="2"| *istō
| *mōl'''ōzjōz'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ai'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''āi'''
| rowspan="2"| *mōl'''ô'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *istan
| *mōl'''anją'''
| *istanz
| *mōl'''ōzjōnz'''
| *istǭ
| *mōl'''ōnǭ'''
| *istōnz
| *mōl'''ōzjōnz'''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *istas, *istazjas
| *mōl'''ôs'''
| *istōsą, *istazjōsą
| *mōl'''ōwjāu'''
| *istōz, *istazjōz
| *mōl'''ōnjaizǭ'''
| *istōsą, *istazjōsą
| *mōl'''ōzjazjōz'''
| *istas, *istazjas
| *mōl'''ōwjōu'''
| *istōsą, *istazjōsą
| *mōl'''ōnjōzǭ'''
| *mōl'''azjas'''
| *mōl'''āwjāu'''
| *mōl'''ōnjaizǭ'''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *istammai
| *mōl'''ōjjammai'''
| *istabiz
| *mōl'''amôimō'''
| *istōi
| *mōl'''amazjaimaz'''
| *istōbiz
| *mōl'''ōjjazjōi'''
| *istammai
| *mōl'''ōmômō'''
| *istabiz
| *mōl'''ōmazjōmaz'''
| *mōl'''ōjjammai'''
| *mōl'''amôimō'''
| *mōl'''amazjaimaz'''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *istō
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *istabaz
| *mōl'''amôimō'''
| *istô
| *mōl'''ōizjaimīz'''
| *istōbaz
| *mōl'''ōnjǭ'''
| *istō
| *mōl'''ōmôimō'''
| *istabaz
| *mōl'''ōmīzjōmīz'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''amôimō'''
| *mōl'''ōizjaimīz'''
|-
! Locative
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ōwjāu'''
| *mōl'''aizwaizu'''
| *mōl'''ōjjōi'''
| *mōl'''ōwjōu'''
| *mōl'''ōzwōzu'''
| *mōl'''ajjammi'''
| *mōl'''ōwjāu'''
| *mōl'''aizwaizu'''
|-
|-
-->
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
====''ja/jō''-stem adjectives====
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
These were a sub-type of ''a/ō''-stem adjectives with a *''-j-'' or *''-ij-'' (according to Siever's Law) before the ending and were declined as such. <!--However, in the weak forms, expected **''-ija-'' became *''-ī-'' and **''-ja-'' became *''-i-''.-->
 
====''ā/ô''-stem adjectives====
These were a subset of ''a/ō''-stem adjectives with lengthened endings. They arose by contraction from adjectives whose stems originally ended in ''-aj-'', after the loss of intervocalic ''-j-''.
 
<!--====''i''-stem adjectives====
These were declined identically to ''ja/jō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-iz'' and *''-į/it'' respectively instead of the expected **''-(i)jaz'' and **''-(i)ją/(i)jat''. Additionally, the masculine accusative singular could take the ending *''-in'' as an alternative to expected *''-(i)jan''.
-
The weak forms were identical to those of ''ja/jō''-stems.-->
 
<!--====Consonant-stem adjectives====
These were declined identically to ''a/ō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-s/z'' and *''—'' respectively (or other irregular ending(s)) instead of the expected **''-az'' and **''-ą/at''.
-
The weak forms were identical to those of ''a/ō''-stems.-->
 
===Pronouns===
<!--
'''Note:''' As with adjectives, only the ''*s'' forms of the strong feminine genitive are given where applicable. The ''*z'' forms can be derived from these simply by replacing ''*s'' in the endings.-->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology -->
====First person, second person, and reflexive pronouns====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! !! colspan="3"| First person !! colspan="3"| Second person !! rowspan="2"| Reflexive
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *gehaz
| *ēzų
| *gehai
| *wet; *wit
| *gehō
| *mez; *miz
| *gehōi
| *þū; *þu
| rowspan="2"| *gehat
| *jūt; *jut
| rowspan="2"| *gehō
| *jūz; *juz
| —
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *gehan
| *mēn; *miz
| *gehanz
| *nō
| *gehǭ
| *nōz
| *gehōnz
| *þēn; *þiz
| *wō
| *wōz
| *sēn; *siz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *gegas, *gegazjas
| *mīniz; *mī
| *gegōsą, *gegazjōsą
| *nōu
| *gegōz, *gegazjōz
| *nōzǭ
| *gegōsą, *gegazjōsą
| *þīwiz; *þī
| *gegas, *gegazjas
| *wōu
| *gegōsą, *gegazjōsą
| *wōzǭ
| *sīwiz; *sī
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *gegammai
| *mīnī; *mī
| *gegabiz
| *nōmō
| *gegōi
| *nōmaz
| *gegōbiz
| *þīwī; *þī
| *gegammai
| *wōmō
| *gegabiz
| *wōmaz
| *sīwī; *sī
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *gegō
| *mīnimi
| *gegabaz
| *nōmō
| *gegô
| *nōmīz
| *gegōbaz
| *þīwimi
| *gegō
| *wōmō
| *gegabaz
| *wōmīz
| *sīwimi
|-
! Locative
| *mīnī
| *nōu
| *nōzu
| *þīwī
| *wōu
| *wōzu
| *sīwī
|-
! Possessive adj.
| *mīnaz
| *nōwaz
| *nōzijaz
| *þīwaz
| *wōwaz
| *wōzijaz
| *sīwaz
|-
|-
|}
|}


====Far demonstrative====
'''Notes:'''
#When two forms are given, the first was the stressed form and the second was the unstressed form.
#Possessive adjectives were always strong.
 
====Other pronouns====
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *allaz
| *þaz
| *allai
| rowspan="2"| *þō
| *allō
| *þai
| *allōi
| *þō
| rowspan="2"| *allat
| rowspan="2"| *þōi
| rowspan="2"| *allō
| *þōz
| rowspan="2"| *þa
| rowspan="2"| *þai
| rowspan="2"| *þō
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *allan
| *þan
| *allanz
| *þōnz
| *allǭ
| *þǭ
| *allōnz
| *þōnz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *allas, *allazjas
| *þas
| *allōsą, *allazjōsą
| *þāu
| *allōz, *allazjōz
| *þaizǭ
| *allōsą, *allazjōsą
| *þazjōz
| *allas, *allazjas
| *þōu
| *allōsą, *allazjōsą
| *þōzǭ
| *þas
| *þāu
| *þaizǭ
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *allammai
| *þammai
| *allabiz
| *þaimō
| *allōi
| *þaimaz
| *allōbiz
| *þazjōi
| *allammai
| *þōmō
| *allabiz
| *þōmaz
| *þammai
| *þaimō
| *þaimaz
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *allō
| *þammi
| *allabaz
| *þaimō
| *allô
| *þaimīz
| *allōbaz
| *þǭ
| *allō
| *þōmō
| *allabaz
| *þōmīz
| *þammi
| *þaimō
| *þaimīz
|-
! Locative
| *þammi
| *þāu
| *þaizu
| *þōi
| *þōu
| *þōzu
| *þammi
| *þāu
| *þaizu
|-
|-
|}
|}


====Interrogative pronouns====
*''*hwai'' "what, who"
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
! !! colspan="3"| Masculine || colspan="3"| Feminine !! colspan="3"| Neuter
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *hwai
| *siz
| *hwēz
| rowspan="2"| *sī
| *hwōi
| *sīz
| *hwēz
| *sī
| rowspan="2"| *hwat
| rowspan="2"| *sijōi
| rowspan="2"| *hwō
| *sijōz
| rowspan="2"| *si
| rowspan="2"| *sī
| rowspan="2"| *sī
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *hwan
| *sin
| *hwanz
| *sinz
| *hwǭ
| *sijǭ
| *hwōnz
| *sijōnz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| *hwas, *hwazjas
| *ses
| *hwōsą, *hwazjōsą
| *sijau
| *hwōz, *hwazjōz
| *sezǭ
| *hwōsą, *hwazjōsą
| *sizjōz
| *hwas, *hwazjas
| *sijōu
| *hwōsą, *hwazjōsą
| *sijōzǭ
| *ses
| *sijau
| *sezǭ
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| *hwammai
| *simmai
| *hwabiz
| *sīmō
| *hwōi
| *sīmaz
| *hwōbiz
| *sizjōi
| *hwammai
| *sijōmō
| *hwabiz
| *sijōmaz
| *simmai
| *sīmō
| *sīmaz
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| *hwō, *hwī
| *simmi
| *hwabaz
| *sīmō
| *hwô, *hwī
| *sīmīz
| *hwōbaz
| *sijǭ
| *hwō, *hwī
| *sijōmō
| *hwabaz
| *sijōmīz
| *simmi
| *sīmō
| *sīmīz
|-
! Locative
| *simmi
| *sijau
| *sīzu
| *sijōi
| *sijōu
| *sijōzu
| *simmi
| *sijau
| *sīzu
|-
|-
|}
|}
*''*hwaþeraz'' "which, what (of two)"
<!--
*''*hwōliz'' "which, what (of many)"
*''*hwīnþaz'' "how much, how many"
*''*hwidagjaz'' "what kind of, what sort of"
*Undeclined adverbial interrogative pronouns:
**''*hwaþ'' "to what extent; how"
**''*hwan'' "when"
**''*hwadī'' "where"
**''*hwant'' "from where"-->


====Other pronouns====
====Reflexive/Intensive pronoun====
<!--
<!--
*''*þōliz'' "such, like that"
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
*''*þanþaz'' "that much, that many"
! colspan="7"| Strong
*''*sadagjaz'' "such kind of, such sort of"
|-
*''*aljaz'' "other, else"
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
*''*allaz'' "all"
|-
*Undeclined adverbial pronouns:
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
**''*þaþ'' "to that extent"
|-
**''*iþ'' "such, thus"
! Nominative
**''*þan'' "then"
| *safsaz
**''*idī'' "there"
| *safsai
**''*istadī, *gegadī'' "here"
| *safsō
**''*int'' "from there"
| *safsōi
**''*istant, *gegant'' "from here"
| rowspan="2"| *safsą, *safsat
**''*aljadī'' "elsewhere"-->
| rowspan="2"| *safsō
 
===Adverbs===
====Derived manner adverbs====
The most common adverb-forming suffixes are ''*-ē'' and ''*-ō''.
 
===Numerals===
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Adverbial !! Multiplier
|-
|-
! 1
! Accusative
| *ainaz
| *safsan
| *frīsimaz, *framaz
| *safsanz
| *semēlą
| *safsǭ
| *simflaz, *singilaz
| *safsōnz
|-
|-
! 2
! Genitive
| *twō
| *safsas, *safsazjas
| *alþeraz
| *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
| *twis
| *safsōz, *safsazjōz
| *twiflaz
| *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
| *safsas, *safsazjas
| *safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
|-
|-
! 3
! Dative
| *þrēz
| *safsammai
| *þriþjǭ
| *safsabiz
| *þris
| *safsōi
| *þriflaz
| *safsōbiz
| *safsammai
| *safsabiz
|-
|-
! 4
! Instrumental
| *hwettwōr
| *safsō
| *hwetwarþǭ
| *safsabaz
| *hwitris
| *safsô
| *hwitriflaz
| *safsōbaz
| *safsō
| *safsabaz
|-
|-
! 5
! colspan="7"| Weak
| *hwinhw
| *hwinhtǭ
| *hwinhwis
| *hwinhwiflaz
|-
|-
! 6
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
| *sehs
| *sehstǭ
| *sehsis
| *sehsiflaz
|-
|-
! 7
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
| *siftį
| *siftimǭ
| *siftis
| *siftiflaz
|-
|-
! 8
! Nominative
| *ahtō
| *safsǭ
| *ahtōwǭ
| *safsaniz
| *ahtis
| *safsǭ
| *ahtōflaz
| *safsōniz
| rowspan="2"| *safsǭ
| rowspan="2"| *safsanō
|-
|-
! 9
! Accusative
| *nawį
| *safsanį
| *naunǭ
| *safsaninz
| *nawis
| *safsōnį
| *nawiflaz
| *safsōniz
|-
|-
! 10
! Genitive
| *tihį
| *safsaniz
| *tihimǭ
| *safsanǭ
| *tihis
| *safsōniz
| *tihiflaz
| *safsōnǭ
| *safsaniz
| *safsanǭ
|-
|-
! 11
! Dative
| *ainatigį
| *safsanī
| *ainatihimǭ
| *safsambiz
|
| *safsōnī
|
| *safsōmbiz
| *safsanī
| *safsambiz
|-
|-
! 12
! Instrumental
| *twatigį
| *safsani
| *twatihimǭ
| *safsambaz
|
| *safsōni
|
| *safsōmbaz
| *safsani
| *safsambaz
|-
|-
! 13
|}-->
| *þritigį
 
| *þritihimǭ
====Neutral demonstrative====
|
<!--
|
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
|-
|-
! 14
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
| *hwettwōrtigį
| *hwettwōrtihimǭ
|
|
|-
|-
! 15
! Nominative
| *hwinhtigį
| *saz
| *hwinhtihimǭ
| *sai
|
| *sō
|
| *sōi
| rowspan="2"| *sat
| rowspan="2"| *sō
|-
|-
! 16
! Accusative
| *sehstigį
| *san
| *sehstihimǭ
| *sanz
|
| *sǭ
|
| *sōnz
|-
|-
! 17
! Genitive
| *siftintigį
| *sas, *sazjas
| *siftintihimǭ
| *sōsą, *sazjōsą
|
| *sōz, *sazjōz
|
| *sōsą, *sazjōsą
| *sas, *sazjas
| *sōsą, *sazjōsą
|-
|-
! 18
! Dative
| *ahtōtigį
| *sammai
| *ahtōtihimǭ
| *sabiz
|
| *sōi
|
| *sōbiz
| *sammai
| *sabiz
|-
|-
! 19
! Instrumental
| *nawintigį
| *sō
| *nawintijimǭ
| *sabaz
|
| *sô
|
| *sōbaz
| *sō
| *sabaz
|-
|-
! 20
|}
| *wīginþī
 
| *wīginsǭ
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
|
|-
|-
! 30
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
| *þrīginþō
| *þrīginsǭ
|
|
|-
|-
! 40
! Nominative
| *hwetrōginþō
| *þaz
| *hwetrōginsǭ
| *þai
|
| *þō
|
| *þōi
| rowspan="2"| *þat
| rowspan="2"| *þō
|-
|-
! 50
! Accusative
| *hwinhwōginþō
| *þan
| *hwinhwōginsǭ
| *þanz
|
| *þǭ
|
| *þōnz
|-
|-
! 60
! Genitive
| *sehsōginþō
| *þas, *þazjas
| *sehsōginsǭ
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
|
| *þōz, *þazjōz
|
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
| *þas, *þazjas
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą
|-
|-
! 70
! Dative
| *seftumōginþō
| *þammai
| *seftumōginsǭ
| *þabiz
|
| *þōi
|
| *þōbiz
| *þammai
| *þabiz
|-
|-
! 80
! Instrumental
| *ahtōginþō
| *þō
| *ahtōginsǭ
| *þabaz
|
| *þô
|
| *þōbaz
| *þō
| *þabaz
|-
|-
! 90
|}
| *naunōginþō
 
| *naunōginsǭ
 
|
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
|-
|-
! 100
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
| *hinþą
| *hinsǭ
|
|
|-
|-
! 1000
! Nominative
| *smīgillī
| *izaz
| *smīgillidǭ
| *izai
|
| *izō
|
| *izōi
| rowspan="2"| *izat
| rowspan="2"| *izō
|-
|-
|}-->
! Accusative
 
| *izan
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
| *izanz
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
| *izǭ
| *izōnz
|-
|-
! 1
! Genitive
| *ainaz
| *izas, *izazjas
| *frīsimaz<!--or *frīsmaz-->, *framaz
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą
| *izōz, *izazjōz
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą
| *izas, *izazjas
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą
|-
|-
! 2
! Dative
| *twō
| *izammai
| *alþeraz
| *izabiz
|-
| *izōi
! 3
| *izōbiz
| *þrēz
| *izammai
| *þriþjǭ
| *izabiz
|-
|-
! 4
! Instrumental
| *hwettwōr
| *izō
| *hwadurþǭ<!-- or *hwetwarþǭ-->
| *izabaz
| *izô
| *izōbaz
| *izō
| *izabaz
|-
|-
! 5
|}-->
| *hwinhw
 
| *hwinhtǭ
====Near demonstrative====
<!--
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
|-
|-
! 6
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
| *sehs
| *sehstǭ
|-
|-
! 7
! Nominative
| *siftį
| *istaz
| *siftumǭ
| *istai
| *istō
| *istōi
| rowspan="2"| *istat
| rowspan="2"| *istō
|-
|-
! 8
! Accusative
| *ahtō
| *istan
| *ahtōwǭ
| *istanz
| *istǭ
| *istōnz
|-
|-
! 9
! Genitive
| *nawį
| *istas, *istazjas
| *naunǭ
| *istōsą, *istazjōsą
| *istōz, *istazjōz
| *istōsą, *istazjōsą
| *istas, *istazjas
| *istōsą, *istazjōsą
|-
|-
! 10
! Dative
| *tihį
| *istammai
| *tehumǭ
| *istabiz
| *istōi
| *istōbiz
| *istammai
| *istabiz
|-
|-
! 11
! Instrumental
| *ainatigį
| *istō
| *ainatehumǭ
| *istabaz
|-
| *istô
! 12
| *istōbaz
| *twatigį
| *istō
| *twatehumǭ
| *istabaz
|-
|-
! 13
|}
| *þritigį
 
| *þritehumǭ
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
|-
|-
! 14
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
| *hwettwōrtigį
| *hwettwōrtehumǭ
|-
|-
! 15
! Nominative
| *hwinhtigį
| *gehaz
| *hwinhtehumǭ
| *gehai
| *gehō
| *gehōi
| rowspan="2"| *gehat
| rowspan="2"| *gehō
|-
|-
! 16
! Accusative
| *sehstigį
| *gehan
| *sehstehumǭ
| *gehanz
| *gehǭ
| *gehōnz
|-
|-
! 17
! Genitive
| *siftintigį
| *gegas, *gegazjas
| *siftintehumǭ
| *gegōsą, *gegazjōsą
|-
| *gegōz, *gegazjōz
! 18
| *gegōsą, *gegazjōsą
| *ahtōtigį
| *gegas, *gegazjas
| *ahtōtehumǭ
| *gegōsą, *gegazjōsą
|-
|-
! 19
! Dative
| *nawintigį
| *gegammai
| *nawintehumǭ
| *gegabiz
| *gegōi
| *gegōbiz
| *gegammai
| *gegabiz
|-
|-
! 20
! Instrumental
| *twīginþī
| *gegō
| *twīginsimǭ
| *gegabaz
| *gegô
| *gegōbaz
| *gegō
| *gegabaz
|-
|-
! 30
|}-->
| *þrīginþō
 
| *þrīginsimǭ
====Far demonstrative====
<!--
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
|-
|-
! 40
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
| *hwetrōginþō
| *hwetrōginsimǭ
|-
|-
! 50
! Nominative
| *hwinhwōginþō
| *allaz
| *hwinhwōginsimǭ
| *allai
| *allō
| *allōi
| rowspan="2"| *allat
| rowspan="2"| *allō
|-
|-
! 60
! Accusative
| *sehsōginþō
| *allan
| *sehsōginsimǭ
| *allanz
| *allǭ
| *allōnz
|-
|-
! 70
! Genitive
| *seftumōginþō
| *allas, *allazjas
| *seftumōginsimǭ
| *allōsą, *allazjōsą
| *allōz, *allazjōz
| *allōsą, *allazjōsą
| *allas, *allazjas
| *allōsą, *allazjōsą
|-
|-
! 80
! Dative
| *ahtōginþō
| *allammai
| *ahtōginsimǭ
| *allabiz
| *allōi
| *allōbiz
| *allammai
| *allabiz
|-
|-
! 90
! Instrumental
| *naunōginþō
| *allō
| *naunōginsimǭ
| *allabaz
| *allô
| *allōbaz
| *allō
| *allabaz
|-
|-
! 100
|}-->
| *hinþą
 
| *hinsimǭ
====Interrogative pronouns====
<!--
*''*hwai'' "what, who"
<!--
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter
|-
|-
! 1000
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
| *smīgillī <!-- or something from *smīgzlī-->
| *smīgillisimǭ
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
*''*ainaz'' "one" was declined as an ''a/ō''-stem adjective.
*''*twō'' "two" was declined as below:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Declension of *''twō'' "two" (pl.)
! !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| *twō, *twai
| *hwai
| *twōi
| *hwēz
| *twō
| *hwōi
| *hwēz
| rowspan="2"| *hwat
| rowspan="2"| *hwō
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| *twanz
| *hwan
| *twōnz
| *hwanz
| *twō
| *hwǭ
| *hwōnz
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| colspan="3"| *twōsą
| *hwas, *hwazjas
| *hwōsą, *hwazjōsą
| *hwōz, *hwazjōz
| *hwōsą, *hwazjōsą
| *hwas, *hwazjas
| *hwōsą, *hwazjōsą
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| colspan="3"| *twōbiz
| *hwammai
| *hwabiz
| *hwōi
| *hwōbiz
| *hwammai
| *hwabiz
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| colspan="3"| *twōbaz
| *hwō, *hwī
| *hwabaz
| *hwô, *hwī
| *hwōbaz
| *hwō, *hwī
| *hwabaz
|-
|-
|}
|}
*''*þrēz'' "three" was declined as below:
*''*hwaþeraz'' "which, what (of two)"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
<!--
|+ Declension of *''þrēz'' "three" (pl.)
*''*hwōliz'' "which, what (of many)"
! !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter
*''*hwīnþaz'' "how much, how many"
|-
*''*hwidagjaz'' "what kind of, what sort of"
! Nominative
*Undeclined adverbial interrogative pronouns:
| colspan="2"| *þrēz
**''*hwaþ'' "to what extent; how"
| rowspan="2"| *þrijō
**''*hwan'' "when"
|-
**''*hwadī'' "where"
! Accusative
**''*hwant'' "from where"-->
| colspan="2"| *þrinz
 
|-
====Other pronouns====
! Genitive
<!--
| colspan="3"| *þrijǭ, *þrēsą
*''*þōliz'' "such, like that"
|-
*''*þanþaz'' "that much, that many"
! Dative
*''*sadagjaz'' "such kind of, such sort of"
| colspan="3"| *þribiz, *þrēbiz
*''*aljaz'' "other, else"
|-
*''*allaz'' "all"
! Instrumental
*Undeclined adverbial pronouns:
| colspan="3"| *þribaz, *þrēbaz
**''*þaþ'' "to that extent"
|-
**''*iþ'' "such, thus"
|}
**''*þan'' "then"
*Cardinal numbers from 4-19 and decades from 20-90 were undeclined.
**''*idī'' "there"
*''*hinþą'' "hundred" was declined as a neuter noun.
**''*istadī, *gegadī'' "here"
*''*smīgillī'' "thousand" was declined as an ''ī/jō''-stem feminine noun.
**''*int'' "from there"
*Most ordinal numbers were exclusively declined weak (as indicated in the above table with the ending *''-ǭ'') except for 1st and 2nd.
**''*istant, *gegant'' "from here"
*The following adverbial numbers are reconstructed:  
**''*aljadī'' "elsewhere"-->
**''*ainas, *sims'' "once"
 
**''*twis'' "twice"
===Adverbs===
**''*þris'' "thrice"
====Derived manner adverbs====
**''*hwadurs'' "four times"
The most common adverb-forming suffixes are ''*-ē'' and ''*-ō''.
*The following multiplicative numbers are reconstructed: 
 
**''*simflaz, *simflegz, *singlaz'' "single"
===Numerals===
**''*twiflaz, *twiflegz'' "double"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
**''*þriflaz, *þriflegz'' "triple"
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Adverbial !! Multiplier !! Collective !! Fractional
**''*hwadurflaz, *hwadurflegz'' "quadruple"
|-
*The following numerical prefixes are reconstructed:
! 1
**''*sem/sim-'' "uni-, mono-, one, once"
| *ainaz
**''*twi-'' "bi-, di-, two, twice"
| *firmaz
**''*þri-'' "tri-, three, thrice"
|
**''*hwadur-'' "quadri-, tetra-, four"
|
**''*sēmi-'' "semi-, half"
|
*The following collective numerals are reconstructed:
|
**''*ambō'' (declined as ''*twō'') "both"
|-
**''*twiznaz'' "pair"
! 2
**''*þriznaz'' "set of three"
| *twō
**''*hwadurznaz'' "set of four"
| *anþeraz
 
|
===Verbs===
| *twāz
====Strong verbs====
| *twimaz
Strong verbs were characterized by a past stem that was (usually) different from the present stem and that took the following personal endings in the indicative:
| *pahaz
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! 1S !! 2S !! 3S !! 1P !! 2P !! 3P
! 3
|-
| *þrīz
| *-ai || *-istai || *- || *-amaz || *-istiz || *-ēri
| *þridjaz
|-
|
|}
| *þrāz
The past stem was also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel *''-i-''<!-- (which becomes ''-ī-'' in the case of heavy ''j''-presents)-->. The past participle was formed based on the present stem (with some caveats that will be discussed below).
| *þrimaz
 
|-
Strong verbs can be classified into classes based on how the past stem was formed:
! 4
#'''Class 1:''' This class had a present stem vowel of *''-i-''. It had two subclasses:
| *hidwiriz
#:'''a.''' The past stem was formed by changing the stem vowel to *''-ai-'' — e.g. ''*'''wit'''ēō'' "I see" > ''*'''wait'''ai'' "I saw", ''*'''wis'''saz'' "seen"
| *hidwirþaz
#:'''b.''' The past stem was formed by changing the stem vowel to *''-ī-'' — e.g. ''*'''winh'''ō'' "I conquer" > ''*'''wīh'''ai'' "I conquered", ''*'''wih'''taz'' "conquered"
|
#'''Class 2:''' This class had a present stem vowel of *''-u-'' which changed to *''-au-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''buk'''jō'' "I flee" > ''*'''bauk'''ai'' "I fled", ''*'''buk'''adaz'' "fled"
| *hedweraz
#'''Class 3:''' This class had a present stem vowel *''-a-'', *''-e-'', or *''-i-'' that became *''-ē-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''dah'''jō'' "I do" > ''*'''dēh'''ai'' "I did", ''*'''dah'''taz'' "done"
| *hedwerumaz
#'''Class 4:''' This class had a present stem vowel *''-a-'' that became *''-ō-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''skab'''ō'' "I scratch" > ''*'''skōb'''ai'' "I scratched", ''*'''skab'''adaz'' "scratched"
|-
#'''Class 5:''' The past stem had the same stem vowel as the present stem — e.g. ''*'''fip'''ō'' "I drink" > ''*'''fip'''ai'' "I drank", ''*'''fip'''adaz'' "drunk"
! 5
#<b>Class 6:</b> The past stem was derived from the present stem by adding *''-s-'' — e.g. ''*<b>þrag</b>ō'' "I drag" > ''*<b>þrahs</b>ai'' "I dragged", ''*'''þrah'''taz'' "dragged"  
| *finhiz
#'''Class 7:''' The past stem was formed by reduplication of the first consonant followed by ''-e-''. In some verbs, there was also be a vowel change (usually *''-e/i-'' to *''-a-'') — e.g. ''*'''han'''ō'' "I sing" > ''*'''hehan'''ai'' "I sang"
| *finhtaz
#'''Irregular:''' The past stem was formed in another way besides those above — e.g. ''*'''stê'''ō'' "I stand" > ''*'''steþ'''ai'' "I stood"
|
| *finhteraz
| *finhumaz
|-
! 6
| *swes
| *swestaz
|
| *swesteraz
| *swesumaz
|-
! 7
| *siftį
| *seftundaz
|
| *seftunderaz
| *seftumaz
|-
! 8
| *ahtō
| *ahtundaz
|
| *ahtunderaz
| *ahtumaz
|-
! 9
| *niwin
| *niwindaz
|
| *niwinderaz
| *niwinumaz
|-
! 10
| *tisin
| *tisindaz
|
| *tisinderaz
| *tisinumaz
|-
! 11
| *ainalig
|
|
|
| *analigumaz
|-
! 12
| *twalig
|
|
|
|-
! 13
| *þrilig
|
|
|
|-
! 14
| *hidwirlig
|
|
|
|-
! 15
| *finhlig
|
|
|
|-
! 16
| *sislig
|
|
|
|-
! 17
| *siftinlig
|
|
|
|-
! 18
| *ahtōlig
|
|
|
|-
! 19
| *niwinlig
|
|
|
|-
! 20
| *twitisin
|
|
|
|-
! 30
| *þritisin
|
|
|
|-
! 40
| *hidwirtisin
|
|
|
|-
! 50
| *finhtisin
|
|
|
|-
! 60
| *sistisin
|
|
|
|-
! 70
| *siftintisin
|
|
|
|-
! 80
| *ahtōtisin
|
|
|
|-
! 90
| *niwintisin
|
|
|
|-
! 100
| *sinþą
|
|
|
|-
! 1000
| *þūsandiz
|
|
|
|-
|}
 
===Verbs===
====Strong verbs====
<!--
Strong verbs were characterized by a past stem that was (usually) different from the present stem and that took the following personal endings in the indicative:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! 1S !! 2S !! 3S !! 1P !! 2P !! 3P
|-
| *-ai || *-istai || *- || *-amaz || *-istiz || *-ēri
|-
|}
The past stem was also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle was formed based on the present stem (with some caveats that will be discussed below).
 
Strong verbs can be classified into classes based on how the past stem was formed:
#'''Class 1:''' This class had a present stem vowel of *''-i-''. It had two subclasses:
#:'''a.''' The past stem was formed by changing the stem vowel to *''-ai-'' — e.g. ''*'''wit'''ēō'' "I see" > ''*'''wait'''ai'' "I saw", ''*'''wis'''saz'' "seen"
#:'''b.''' The past stem was formed by changing the stem vowel to *''-ī-'' — e.g. ''*'''winh'''ō'' "I conquer" > ''*'''wīh'''ai'' "I conquered", ''*'''wih'''taz'' "conquered"
#'''Class 2:''' This class had a present stem vowel of *''-u-'' which changed to *''-au-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''buk'''jō'' "I flee" > ''*'''bauk'''ai'' "I fled", ''*'''buk'''adaz'' "fled"
#'''Class 3:''' This class had a present stem vowel *''-a-'', *''-e-'', or *''-i-'' that became *''-ē-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''dah'''jō'' "I do" > ''*'''dēh'''ai'' "I did", ''*'''dah'''taz'' "done"
#'''Class 4:''' This class had a present stem vowel *''-a-'' that became *''-ō-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''skab'''ō'' "I scratch" > ''*'''skōb'''ai'' "I scratched", ''*'''skab'''adaz'' "scratched"
#'''Class 5:''' The past stem had the same stem vowel as the present stem — e.g. ''*'''fip'''ō'' "I drink" > ''*'''fip'''ai'' "I drank", ''*'''fip'''adaz'' "drunk"
#<b>Class 6:</b> The past stem was derived from the present stem by adding *''-s-'' — e.g. ''*<b>þrag</b>ō'' "I drag" > ''*<b>þrahs</b>ai'' "I dragged", ''*'''þrah'''taz'' "dragged"  
#'''Class 7:''' The past stem was formed by reduplication of the first consonant followed by ''-e-''. In some verbs, there was also be a vowel change (usually *''-e/i-'' to *''-a-'') — e.g. ''*'''han'''ō'' "I sing" > ''*'''hehan'''ai'' "I sang"
#'''Irregular:''' The past stem was formed in another way besides those above — e.g. ''*'''stê'''ō'' "I stand" > ''*'''steþ'''ai'' "I stood"


Some strong verbs had irregular presents. This affected the present tense (both indicative and subjunctive), present participle, infinitive, and imperative. There were three types of irregularities, and they could co-occur:
Some strong verbs had irregular presents. This affected the present tense (both indicative and subjunctive), present participle, infinitive, and imperative. There were three types of irregularities, and they could co-occur:
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| *st'''êndō'''
| *st'''êndō'''
|-
|-
|}
|}-->


====Weak verbs====
====Weak verbs====
<!--
Weak verbs did not change their stem, and they took the following endings in the past indicative:
Weak verbs did not change their stem, and they took the following endings in the past indicative:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
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#*The present stem contained a *''-(i)j-'' and was conjugated in the same way as strong ''j''-presents.
#*The present stem contained a *''-(i)j-'' and was conjugated in the same way as strong ''j''-presents.
#*The past indicative had the connector vowel ''-(i)ja-''.
#*The past indicative had the connector vowel ''-(i)ja-''.
-
<!--Like strong verbs, weak verbs include. light and heavy ''j''-presents. However, unlike strong verbs, this ending is also included in -->
====='''Class 1'''=====
====='''Class 1'''=====
Class 1 weak verbs conjugated similarly to ''j''-present strong verbs in all non-past forms.
Class 1 weak verbs conjugated similarly to ''j''-present strong verbs in all non-past forms.
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The past indicative had a connector vowel *''-a-'', and the past subjunctive had a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle had no connector vowel.
The past indicative had a connector vowel *''-a-'', and the past subjunctive had a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle had no connector vowel.
-->


====Preterite-present verbs====
====Preterite-present verbs====
<!--
Preterite-present verbs were verbs whose present tenses conjugated as a strong past (of any class). Preterite-present verbs had weak pasts.
Preterite-present verbs were verbs whose present tenses conjugated as a strong past (of any class). Preterite-present verbs had weak pasts.


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| *būindō
| *būindō
|-
|-
|}-->
|}


The verb "to be" had two stems ''*(i)s-'' and ''*beu/bus-''. They were in fact two verbs, ''*immį'' "to be" and ''*biumį'' "to be, become", which overlapped in some forms (namely the past indicative, both participles, and the imperative).
The verb "to be" had two stems ''*(i)s-'' and ''*beu/bus-''. They were in fact two verbs, ''*immį'' "to be" and ''*biumį'' "to be, become", which overlapped in some forms (namely the past indicative, both participles, and the imperative).
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| *beundō
| *beundō
|-
|-
|}
|}-->


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''*þimfaz''===
===Time - ''*hēsaz''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''*jōras þimfizō''
|+ Seasons - ''*katō hēsai''
! English !! Proto-Tungric
! English !! Proto-Rugic
|-
|-
| spring || *wesar (*wesn-; ''n.'', ''r/n''-stem)
| spring || *westrō (''f.'', ''ō''-stem)
|-
|-
| summer || *aisōþs (''f.'', cons.-stem)
| summer || *laidą (''n.'', ''a''-stem)
|-
|-
| fall || *missiz (''f.'', ''i''-stem)
| fall || *aziniz (''f.'', ''i''-stem)
|-
|-
| winter || *gē₂mz (*gē₂m-; ''f.'', cons.-stem)
| winter || *dīmō (''f.'', ''ō''-stem)
|-
|-
|}
|}
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-->
-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''*tē₂wiz farþēz''
|+ Parts of the day - ''*tīnō tailai''
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
|-  
|-  
| day || *teuz (''m.'', ''u''-stem<sup><small>1</small></sup>)
| day || *tīnaz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
|-
|-
| dawn || *ausōz (''f.'', ''z''-stem)
| dawn || *garjō (''f.'', ''ō''-stem)
|-
|-
| morning || *mōdūraz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
| morning || *austrō (''f.'', ''ō''-stem)
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
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|-
|-
-->
-->
| evening || *wesperaz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
| evening || *weheraz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
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|-
|-
-->
-->
| night || *nahts (''f.'', cons.-stem)
| night || *nahtiz (''f.'', ''i''-stem)
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
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-->
-->
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
<sup><small>1</small></sup> Expected **''-ea-'' was coalesced to *''-ē₂-'' (e.g. nominative plural was ''*tē₂wiz'' rather than ''*teawiz'').


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''*þimfiziz mēþēz''
|+ Units of time - ''*hēsō mēþīz''
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
|-  
|-  
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| hour ||  
| hour ||  
|-
|-
| day || *teuz (''m.'', ''u''-stem, irregular)
| day || *tīnaz (''m.'', ''o''-stem)
|-
|-
| week || *sirį̄ (''f.'', ''īn''-stem)
| week || *seftumō (''f.'', ''ō''-stem)
|-
|-
| month || *mēns (*mēns-, ''m.'', cons.-stem)
| month || *mēnsiz (''m.'', ''i''-stem)
|-
|-
| season || *þimfaz (''n.'', ''z''-stem)
| season || *hēsaz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
|-
|-
| year || *aþnaz (''m.'', ''a''-stem); *jōraz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
| year || *kataz (''m.'', ''a''-stem)
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''*þimfiziz werdō''
|+ Time adverbs - ''*hēsō wardō''
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
|-
|-
| now || *nu, *nū
| now || *nu, *nū
|-
|-
| then || *þan
| then || *þat
|-
|-
| recently, a short time ago ||  
| recently, a short time ago ||  
|-
|-
| earlier || *anþ
| earlier ||  
|-
|-
| soon, shortly || *mahs
| soon, shortly ||  
|-
|-
| later ||  
| later ||  
|-
|-
| always || *simfer
| always || *wist
|-
|-
| often || *saif
| often || *hinstō
|-
|-
| sometimes ||  
| sometimes ||  
Line 2,363: Line 2,917:
| rarely ||  
| rarely ||  
|-
|-
| never || *ne aiwą
| never || *ne waihaz
|-
|-
| ever || *aiwą
| ever || *waihaz
|-
|-
| still, yet || *int
| still, yet || *esk
|-
|-
| already || *anþ
| already || *jau(k)
<!--
<!--
|-
|-
Line 2,377: Line 2,931:
-->
-->
|-
|-
| yesterday || *gizi; *gester-
| yesterday ||  
<!--
<!--
|-
|-
Line 2,383: Line 2,937:
-->
-->
|-
|-
| tomorrow || *hrōz
| tomorrow ||  
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
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|}
|}


===Colours - ''*helaziz''===
===Colours - ''*hwaidai''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''*helaziz''
|+ Colours - ''*hwaidai''
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
! English !! Proto-Tungric  
|-
|-
| white || *albaz
| white || *palaz; *plaitaz
|-
|-
| grey || *hasnaz
| grey || *sīwaz
|-
|-
| black || *ōþraz
| black || *hirznaz
|-
|-
| red || *raudaz, *rausaz
| red || *rautaz; *rūtijaz
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
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|-
|-
-->
-->
| brown || *patjaz, *duswaz
| brown || *pēraz
|-
|-
| yellow || *gelwaz, *blāwaz
| yellow || *kildaz; *falwaz
|-
|-
| green || *wīsidaz
| green || *krēnaz; *daljaz
|-
|-
| blue || *hilizijaz
| blue || *matraz
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
Line 2,439: Line 2,993:
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
Afnijai gamaniz lauderai gaflōnaihw han tehnadōþi jawizihw galōþai sind. Sabiz attōnōþōi sind raþjǭ gaskīndijǭhw, eþ alþerabiz anamǭ brōþrōlijǭ frōdamį þeþalēri<!--tēgabēnþ-->.
<!--
Afnijai gamaniz lauderai gaflōnaihw han tehnadōþi jawizihw galōþai sind. Sabiz attōnōþōi sind raþjǭ gaskīndijǭhw, eþ alþerabiz anamǭ brōþrōlijǭ frōdamį þeþalēri<!--tēgabēnþ.


'''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal with dignity and rights. Reason and conscience are given to them, and they must show others a brotherly spirit.
'''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal with dignity and rights. Reason and conscience are given to them, and they must show others a brotherly spirit.
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[[Category:Proto-Tungric]]
[[Category:Proto-Rugic]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Italic languages]]
[[Category:Balto-Slavic languages]]
Shariifka
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