Nurian: Difference between revisions
m (→Dialect 3) |
m (→Dialect 3) |
||
| Line 266: | Line 266: | ||
| || n | | || n | ||
| ɲ~ɲ̄ | | ɲ~ɲ̄ | ||
| ŋ | | ŋ~ɴ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 295: | Line 295: | ||
| sˁ || s | | sˁ || s | ||
| ʃ | | ʃ | ||
| x | | x~χ | ||
| ħ | | ħ | ||
| h | | h | ||
| Line 304: | Line 304: | ||
| zˁ || z | | zˁ || z | ||
| ʒ | | ʒ | ||
| ɣ | | ɣ~ʁ | ||
| ʕ | | ʕ | ||
| | | | ||
Revision as of 02:48, 13 January 2016
Nurian (gaħēs nūrimēs /ˈgɐħeːs ˈn̪ˠʊɚrʲɪmʲeːs/) is a Talmic language descending from Thensarian, aesthetically inspired by Lithuanian, Russian, Italian and English. Nurian phonology and vocabulary has been signficantly influenced by Meetzarri. It is spoken alongside Meetzarric languages, Clofabic languages and New World Reber Wiebian.
Historical phonology
- Cl > Cj > Cʲ (Italian style): pl bl ml fl cl gl ngl chl ghl > pi bi mi fi ci gi ngi chi ghi
- Exceptions: ħl ȝl > ħħ ȝȝ; nl, rl > ll
- C1C2 > C2C2 (similarly to Italian)
- mlīd - conclusion, end > mīd /mʲiːdˠ/
- ar- > aC- (ar- before vowels); as- > s-
Numbers
- 1: cēma /ˈt͡ʃæːmˠɐ/
- 2: tiħōr /tʲɪˈħɔɚ/
- 3: nargь /ˈnˠɑɚd͡ʒ/
- 4: dhaufь /ˈðˠɐʊfʲ/
- 5: saliħь /sˠɐˈlʲɪħ/
- 6: stāma /ˈsˠtˠɑːmɐ/
- 7: rōdь /ˈrˠoːdʲ/
- 8: loreħь /ɫɔɚˈrʲæħ/
- 9: farvь /ˈfˠɑɚɹɪ/
- 10: ħiler /ˈħɪlʲɛɚ/ (influenced by Meetzarri ulyerre)
- 11: cēmara /ˈt͡ʃæːmˠɑɚrˠɐ/ (< Themsarian cēmiħioré, influenced by Zutarl emarra)
- 12: pidь /ˈpʲɪdʲ/ (Zutarl pirdi)
- 144: tarþь /ˈtˠɑɚθʲ/
- 1728: ūbyc /ˈuːbˠɪ̞k/
Phonology
Consonants
Nurian has many consonants in hard (velarized) and soft (palatalized) versions, similar to Lithuanian and Russian. Radicals and /h/ cannot palatalize - however, they color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Radical | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| vel. | pal. | vel. | pal. | vel. | pal. | ||||||
| Nasal | mˠ | mʲ | n̪ˠ | nʲ | ɲ~ɲ̄ | ŋ | |||||
| Stop | tenuis | pˠ | pʲ | t̪ˠ | tʲ | tʃ | k | ||||
| voiced | bˠ | bʲ | d̪ˠ | dʲ | dʒ | g | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | fˠ | fʲ | θˠ | θ | sˠ | sʲ | ʃ | x | ħ | h |
| voiced | ðˠ | ð | zˠ | zʲ | ʒ | ɣ | ʕ | ||||
| Trill | rˠ | rʲ | |||||||||
| Approximant | central | w | (ɹ) | j | |||||||
| lateral | ɫ | lʲ | |||||||||
[ɹ] occurs in the hiatus after r-colored vowels before another vowel.
Palatalization
Word-final soft consonants use a soft sign ь.
| Grapheme | m | p | b | f | v | n | t | d | th | dh | s | z | r | l | ng | c | g | ch | gh | ħ | ȝ | h | j |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hard | /mˠ/ | /pˠ/ | /bˠ/ | /fˠ/ | /w/ | /nˠ/ | /tˠ/ | /dˠ/ | /θˠ/ | /ðˠ/ | /sˠ/ | /zˠ/ | /rˠ/ | /ɫ/ | /ŋ/ | /k/ | /ɡ/ | /x/ | /ɣ/ | /ħ/ | /ʕ/ | /h/ | silent |
| Soft | /mʲ/ | /pʲ/ | /bʲ/ | /fʲ/ | /j/ | /nʲ/ | /tʲ/ | /dʲ/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /sʲ/ | /zʲ/ | /rʲ/ | /lʲ/ | /ɲ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | /ʃ/ | /ʒ/ |
r = r-coloring before a consonant or word-finally
Vowels
Nurian shows an unusual vowel system, with rhotic vowels and a relative lack of phonemic front vowels. There is a three-way contrast between short, long and rhotic vowels. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low short and rhotic vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | rhotic | short | rhotic | short | long | rhotic | |
| Close | /ɪ~ɪ̞/ | /iː/ | /ɪ˞/ | /ʊ/ | /uː/ | /ʊ˞/ | ||
| Mid | [ɛ~æ] | [ɛ˞] | [ə] | /ɝ/ | /ɔ/ | /oː/ | /ɔ˞/ | |
| Open | [æː] | /ɐ/ | /ɑː/ | [ɑ˞] | ||||
Diphthongs: /ɐɪ/ /ɐʊ/ /iə~iɛ/
- Short /ɪ/ is lowered to [ɪ̞] after hard consonants.
- /a aː/ has two allophones:
- [ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after hard consonants
- [ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants
- /ɝ/ has three allophones:
- [ɑ˞] after hard consonants (in or before a stressed syllable)
- [ɛ˞] after soft consonants (in or before a stressed syllable)
- [ɝ] in posttonic positions
- [ə] occurs as an epenthetic vowel after word-final geminates except before another vowel.
Stress
Stress is phonemic in Nurian. Nurian stress can be derived by applying the following stress pattern in Thensarian and then Thensarian > Nurian sound changes:
- A short final vowel cannot be stressed.
- Only one of the last 3 syllables can be stressed.
- the last heavy syllable is stressed if not the final syllable; if there is a final heavy syllable, the penult is stressed. (e.g. burgent [ˈbʊɚdʒænt])
- If no heavy syllables, the 3rd from last is stressed.
- piudiinъ - final stress;
- piudiin - penult stress
Grammar
Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modifier-modified order.
Nouns
Sgv-clv-plv system.
Accents and dialects
Dialect 1
Polishy
- ci gi chi ghi = [tʂ dʐ ʂ ʐ]
- sci = [ʂtʂ]
- ti di si zi = [tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ]
- fi > [ç]
- ni ngi > [ɲ]
- θˠ ðˠ > fˠ vˠ
Dialect 2
Conservative
- ci gi chi ghi = [kʲ gʲ xʲ ɣʲ]
- sci = [skʲ]
Dialect 3
Fiusāle /fuˈsˁɑːlæ/ accent (Proto-clicky)
- Hard consonants > pharyngealized; soft consonants > plain
- θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Radical | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| phar. | plain | phar. | plain | phar. | plain | ||||||
| Nasal | mˁ | m | n̪ˁ | n | ɲ~ɲ̄ | ŋ~ɴ | |||||
| Stop | tenuis | pˁ | p | t̪ˁ | t | tʃ | k | ||||
| voiced | bˁ | b | d̪ˁ | d | dʒ | g | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | fˁ | f | θ | sˁ | s | ʃ | x~χ | ħ | h | |
| voiced | vˁ | ð | zˁ | z | ʒ | ɣ~ʁ | ʕ | ||||
| Trill | rˁ | r | |||||||||
| Approximant | central | w | (ɹ) | j | |||||||
| lateral | l̪ˁ | l | |||||||||
Dialect 4
Scottish Gaelic pseudo-gib