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Knrawi: Difference between revisions
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|setting = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena] | |setting = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena] | ||
|created = 2020 | |created = 2020 | ||
| | |familycolor = isolate | ||
|creator = Dillon Hartwig | |creator = Dillon Hartwig | ||
|era = -2000 to -900 MT | |||
|script = Wacag | |script = Wacag | ||
|nation = Knrawi Empire | |nation = Knrawi Empire | ||
|map = PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png | |map = PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png | ||
|mapsize = 280px | |mapsize = 280px | ||
|mapcaption = Range map of Knrawi (pink) and [[Soc'ul']] (green) | |mapcaption = Range map of Knrawi (pink) and [[Soc'ul']] (green), c. -1000 MT | ||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Knrawi''' /kənˈrɑwi/ (<small>standard Knrawi: </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for standard Knrawi|[k̠n̩˥ɹɔʍɛ]]]</span>) is | '''Knrawi''' /kənˈrɑwi/ (<small>standard Knrawi: </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for standard Knrawi|[k̠n̩˥ɹɔʍɛ]]]</span>) is a language spoken across the Knrawi Empire, with moderate influence from [[Soc'ul']] and other languages of the Knrawi Isles. It is most likely related to the rest of the central Pre-Knrawi languages, but if so their common ancestor is too distant to reconstruct. | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
Knrawi is written with the Wacag logography. Its romanization is as follows. | Knrawi is written with the [[Appendix:Wacag Characters|Wacag logography]]. Its romanization is as follows (using Standard Knrawi phonetic values). | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
For notable regional phonologies see also [[:Category:Knrawi IPA | For notable regional phonologies see also [[:Category:Knrawi IPA keys|Knrawi IPA keys]]. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
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*[ɛ] and [ɔ] are unstressed allophones of /ɪ/ or /a/ and /ʊ/ or /a/ respectively. | *[ɛ] and [ɔ] are unstressed allophones of /ɪ/ or /a/ and /ʊ/ or /a/ respectively. | ||
**Vowel reduction is inconsistent and often absent in ideophones. | |||
**The conditions in which unstressed /a/ becomes [ɛ] or [ɔ] varies by region. | **The conditions in which unstressed /a/ becomes [ɛ] or [ɔ] varies by region. | ||
***In standard Knrawi [ɛ] is the realization adjacent to coronal and glottal consonants or when the previous vowel is [ɔ], and [ɔ] is the realization otherwise. | ***In standard Knrawi [ɛ] is the realization adjacent to coronal and glottal consonants or when the previous vowel is [ɔ], and [ɔ] is the realization otherwise. | ||
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*Epenthetic [ə] is placed between | *Epenthetic [ə] is placed between | ||
**voiceless consonants and /h/ or /x̠/ (except /hh/ and /x̠x̠/). | **voiceless consonants and /h/ or /x̠/ (except /hh/ and /x̠x̠/). | ||
**aspirated consonants and non-nasal consonants. | **aspirated consonants and non-nasal consonants. | ||
**C₁CC₁, #CC₁, and C₁C# clusters with | **C₁CC₁, #CC₁, and C₁C# clusters with C₁ being less sonorous than C (unless C is syllabic). | ||
***Roots with only epenthetic vowels can only have high lexical tone. | ***Roots with only epenthetic vowels can only have high lexical tone. | ||
*In some regions, | *In some regions, | ||
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===Compounding=== | ===Compounding=== | ||
Compounding is frequent and very productive, but in most words is limited to two roots. Stress in | Compounding is frequent and very productive, but in most words is limited to two roots. Stress in ad hoc compounds shifts left from the last word's original stress, but in many older compounds is either initial or final as a non-compound word of the same part of speech, or have irregular stress. | ||
In some regions productive compounds are not limited to two roots, instead either being limited to three or having no limit. | In some regions productive compounds are not limited to two roots, instead either being limited to three or having no limit. | ||
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As in Soc'ul', plurality and indefiniteness are treated as one category, and in words with modifiable tone it is marked with low tone. | As in Soc'ul', plurality and indefiniteness are treated as one category, and in words with modifiable tone it is marked with low tone. | ||
Both core arguments of the copula are marked as accusative. | |||
The genitive case is affixed as if accusative, and in words with modifiable tone is marked with falling tone. This tone takes priority over lexical or grammatical low tone, except in some regions where the two (and/or combined lexical and grammatical falling tone) combine into a low falling tone. | The genitive case is affixed as if accusative, and in words with modifiable tone is marked with falling tone. This tone takes priority over lexical or grammatical low tone, except in some regions where the two (and/or combined lexical and grammatical falling tone) combine into a low falling tone. | ||
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| rîu || rîuh || hîuv | | rîu || rîuh || hîuv | ||
| rîaj || rîuj || jrîuj | | rîaj || rîuj || jrîuj | ||
| mvî || | | mvî || yîri || riûhu | ||
| srî || yrî || yrîu | | srî || yrî || yrîu | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| îsuq || îsuqh || îhusq | | îsuq || îsuqh || îhusq | ||
| îsaqj || îsuqj || îsjuqj | | îsaqj || îsuqj || îsjuqj | ||
| îmsq || îisq || | | îmsq || îisq || isûhuq | ||
| îsrsq || îsq || îsuq | | îsrsq || îsq || îsuq | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Number marking is optional when using numerals. | |||
===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
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|Thaag-g jua r yamús-zaq hn r azjna-zaq {wuícsjm}-jr hn r zauak-jr. | |Thaag-g jua r yamús-zaq hn r azjna-zaq {wuícsjm}-jr hn r zauak-jr. | ||
|person-NOM all PASS free-bear and PASS equal-bear dignified-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} and PASS own-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} | |person-NOM all PASS free-bear and PASS equal-bear dignified-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} and PASS own-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} | ||
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no | ||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
{{interlinear | {{interlinear | ||
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===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations=== | ===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations=== | ||
*[https://cals.info/translation/language/knrawi | *[https://cals.info/translation/language/standard-knrawi CALS translations] | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
[https://cals.info/language/standard-knrawi/ CALS] | *[https://cals.info/language/standard-knrawi/ CALS] | ||
*[[Knrawi/Swadesh]] | |||
[ | |||
[[Category:Knrawi language]] | [[Category:Knrawi language]] | ||
[[Category:Languages of Pollasena]] | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||