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{{Construction}}
{{Construction}}


Canonic is
Canonic is a poetic form of its [[Adamic Code|vernacular register]]. It applies of the [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|Coloration Table]] to determine its grammatical relationships, such as sound laws following coloration rules, as well as cases and verbal conjugations, resulting in the addition of considerable fusional morphologhy.
 


==Introduction==
==Introduction==


...  
==Phonotactics==
 
==Grammar==
 
===Colored Inflection===
 
Affixes are modified according to the Coloration Table and the Triptote Table in order to assign fusional significance to its phonemes. As a result, there are no articles in the language; plus, the canonic conjugation, for lacking the subjunctive and junctive functions or a finite verb, and the presence of non-finite forms, is relegated as a class of enunciative constructions often associated with literary practices (i.e. canonic verbs appear in narration solely, or when an event is being described without biases, as in ''aru saíkatan, quac'' "he said 'I am a philosopher'").
 
..


==Phonology==


...


===Orthography===
*Canonic allophones of voiced  consonants in marginal position are devoiced.


===Consonants===


qual /kʷol/ "he/she speaks", qua’-i /kʷo?i/ "she speaks", quar-u /kʷoru/ "he speaks"


===Vowels===


===Prosody===
rmd "fasting" > rūāh /tʷoːh/ "you fast" [equivalent to armíd "you fast"]
quan /kʷon/, quah /kʷoh/, qual /kʷol/  "I speak", ...
māamu /pʷaːmu/ instead of *māap /pʷaːp/
gdaíhara idzáh āgrdá daius ādū "in the beginning God created heaven and earth"
"I love slaves"
spartakus âra amālú / fardaquda māamu
fardaqu > *fardaquda > farquda


====Stress====


====Intonation====


===Phonotactics===
====Declension====


===Morphophonology===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | CANONIC DECLENSION
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Definite
! Indefinite
! Nomic
! Definite
! Indefinite
! Nomic
|-
! Nominative
| -h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}|| -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}} || -r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Accusative
| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -zi{{ref|1|1}}, -qu{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -vi{{ref|1|1}}, -mu{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'i{{ref|1|1}}, -ru{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Dative
| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}|| -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Copulative
| a-X-h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ay-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Ergative
| a-X-k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-s{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-h{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-l{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-g{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-q{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ga{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-b{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-m{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-va{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ba{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-d{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-r{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-da{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Genitive
| a-X-s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-z{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-'{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
|-
|}


==Morphology==
{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem.


==Syntax==
====Conjugation====
 
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | CANONIC CONJUGATION
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
|-
! Active Future
| -h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ay{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -aw{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āy{{ref|A|A}}, -ēia{{ref|B|B}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āw{{ref|A|A}}, -ōua{{ref|B|B}} || -r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
! Active Present
 
| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
! Active Past
| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Passive Future
| h-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ay-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || n-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || l-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || q-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}}, ēi-{{ref|B|B}} || m-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}}, ōu-{{ref|B|B}} || r-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
! Passive Present
 
| k-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, s-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, h-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || p-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, n-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, f-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || t-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, l-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || g-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, q-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ga-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || b-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, m-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, va-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ba-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || d-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, r-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, da-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
! Passive Past
 
| s-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || f-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || c-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || z-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || v-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, va-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || '-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
|-
|}
 
{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.
 
The Canonic Declension distinguishes itself from the Canonic Conjugation merely by inverting the inclusion of ''-a-''. Compare the pair ''zīs'' "to the giant" / ''azīs'' "the giant's" with ''kāun'' "I kill" / ''iāba'' "I am killed".


==X==
==X==


==Canonic==
''tla'', but not ''tra'', ''dla'', or ''dra''


[...]
''tlu'' becomes ''tlau''


Canonic onset clusters: [...]


[...] The language may gain considerable fusional morphology in the [[Adamic Code#Canonic|Canonic register]].
''alt'', but not  ''art'', ''ald'', or ''ard''


Canonic coda clusters: [...]
alk > aik


The Adamic Code can be spoken in a poetic register, called Canonic, where the Coloration Table is almost abused in grammatical restructuration. In this register, for example, sound laws follow coloration rules, as well as cases and verbal conjugations, in such form that another language is created within the language after abandoning the system of patterns. Vide the translation of "I think the person is dead":
alp /aup/


:  ''avâla murá-su, askút'' (Adamic) > ''ālbai muris, sia'' (Canonic)


table...
diphthongs to monophthongs
iu > y, ui > ȳ
ia > e, ai > ē
ua > o, au > ō


triphthongs to diphthongs
saíkat /sēgak/
ui-u > ȳu, iu-u > yu, u-ui > uȳ, u-iu > uy
siktâ /siggâ/
ia-u > eu, ai-u > ēu, u-ia > ue, u-ai > uē
 
ua-i > oi, au-i > ōi, i-ua > io, i-au > iō
 
khighihk


in case of incompatibility, the repeated vowel is lost (EX: ia-i > e, and not ei); also, when a long dipthong is reduced, a central vowel is added (EX: āi > ēa).
pnubmunp


tladralt


===Sound Changes===
===Sound Changes===


With the [[w:Phonological rule|generative notation]] developed in the 20<sup>th</sup> Century by [[w:Noam Chomsky|Noam Chomsky]] and [[w:Morris Halle|Morris Halle]]<ref name="Chomsky; Halle">[[w:The Sound Pattern of English|The Sound Pattern of English]] (1968).</ref>...
With the [[w:Phonological rule|generative notation]] developed in the 20<sup>th</sup> Century by [[w:Noam Chomsky|Noam Chomsky]] and [[w:Morris Halle|Morris Halle]]<ref name="Chomsky; Halle">[[w:The Sound Pattern of English|The Sound Pattern of English]] (1968).</ref>...
Line 71: Line 155:
! |U-type
! |U-type
! |A-type
! |A-type
|-
!K-type
| k / g
| p / b
| t / d
|-
|-
!H-type
!H-type
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| h / ɦ
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| n̥ / m
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| l̥ / r
|-
|-
!S-type
!S-type
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| s / z
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| f / v
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| t͡s / ʔ
|-
!K-type
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
|}
|}


Line 94: Line 178:
{{Phonorule|{V// <low>}|{V// nasal // <low>}|{V// nasal // <glottalized>}C<sub>0</sub>_}}
{{Phonorule|{V// <low>}|{V// nasal // <low>}|{V// nasal // <glottalized>}C<sub>0</sub>_}}


{{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}




Line 111: Line 197:


V=yaeiouȳāēīōū
V=yaeiouȳāēīōū
Y=yaeiou
V̆=yaeiou
Ȳ=ȳāēīōū
V̄=ȳāēīōū
J=ieīē
J=ieīē
W=uoūō
W=uoūō
R=yaȳā
Y=yaȳā
C=kpthnlsfcgbdqmrzv'
C=kpthnlsfcgbdqmrzv'
-=kpthnlsfc
C̥=kpthnlsfc
+=gbdqmrzv'
C̬=gbdqmrzv'
K=kgpbtd
K=kgpbtd
S=szfvc'
S=szfvc'
H=hqnmlr
H=hqnmlr
Q=123456
Q=123456
1=kghqsz
I=kghqsz
2=pbnmfv
U=pbnmfv
3=tdlrc'
A=tdlrc'
I=khs
Ĭ=khs
Ī=gqz
Ī=gqz
U=pnf
Ŭ=pnf
Ū=bmv
Ū=bmv
A=tlc
Ă=tlc
Ā=dr'
Ā=dr'


Line 181: Line 267:




: ''asakata'' > ''*_sakata'' > ''*sa_ta'' > ''*'''s'''ata'' > ''*a'''t'''a'' > ''ada''


: ''asakasta'' > ''*_sakasta'' > ''*sakast_'' > ''*'''s'''akast'' > ''*akas'''t''''' > ''*aka'''s''''' > ''*a'''k'''a'' > ''aga''
====Nullification====
 
=====(∅⇒∅/∅)=====
 
Idiosyncratic sound change.
 
=====(∅⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====
 
E.g. ''k'' /k/
 
=====(∅⇒∅/VOWEL)=====
 
E.g. ''a'' /a/
 
=====(∅⇒∅/TONE)=====
 
E.g. ''á'' /áː/
 
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/∅)=====
 
E.g. ''atl'' /al/
 
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====
 
E.g. ''argda'' /arda/
 
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/VOWEL)=====
 
E.g. ''aūk'' /auː/
 
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/TONE)=====
 
E.g. ''lmá'' /má/
 
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/∅)=====
 
E.g. ''dagauna'' /dagaun/
 
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====
 
E.g. ''aizza'' /azza/
 
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/VOWEL)=====
 
E.g. ''aiu'' /au/
 
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/TONE)=====
 
E.g. ''aíu'' /ái/ "you"
 
=====(TONE⇒∅/∅)=====
 
E.g. ''á'' /a/
 
=====(TONE⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====
 
E.g. ''árda'' /arda/
 
=====(TONE⇒∅/VOWEL)=====
 
E.g. ''taó'' /tau/
 
=====(TONE⇒∅/TONE)=====
 
E.g. ''áós'' /aós/ "you"
 
====Consonantization====
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (0>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (0>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (0>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (0>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====Voicing (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/0)=====
 
Final consonants are devoiced — e.g. ''ad'' /at/ —; medial ones are voiced — e.g. ata /ada/.
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====X=====


: ''asakastar'' > ''*_sakastar'' > ''*'''s'''akastar'' > ''*a'''k'''astar'' > ''*agasta'''r''''' > ''agasta''
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/0)


=====X=====


gīg
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
bībl
kun
saikat
daitas
būl
agalala
datasiu
avāla
>
zī
ī
hu
sēza
ē'a
mū
galba
dazy
ālba


stemic harmony in canonic:
=====X=====


sikūtí (-s-k-t-) > siqūl- (-s-k-l-) *third member harmonized
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/VOWEL)


(-k-p-g-) > (-k-n-z-) *second and third members harmonized
=====X=====


E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>CONSONANT/TONE)


=====X=====


vocalic change
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (TONE>CONSONANT/0)


ka > ho, ky > hu
=====X=====


pa > fe, py > fi
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (TONE>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)


====Alternation====
=====X=====


'''Accrescence''' (...): type-1 consonants extend to ...
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (TONE>CONSONANT/VOWEL)


'''Excrescence''' (''{{Phonorule|H|Q|V_R}}''): type-2 consonants extend to ''i'', ''u'', ''nd'', ''mb'', ''lb'', and ''rd'' respectively when intervovalic as onset to A-vowels.


'''Decrescence''' (''{{Phonorule|Z|∅|[#]_[#]/[G]_[G]}}''): type-3 consonants disappear when marginal, except when in contact with their respective dominant vowel.
=====Compensatory Lengthening (TONE>CONSONANT/TONE)=====
 
E.g. āra /arda/, āda /adda/, ā’a /aʔʔa/
 
 
(''{{Phonorule|H|Q|V_R}}''): type-2 consonants extend to ''i'', ''u'', ''nd'', ''mb'', ''lb'', and ''rd'' respectively when intervovalic as onset to A-vowels.
 
 
====Vocalization====
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (0>VOWEL/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (0>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (0>VOWEL/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (0>VOWEL/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>VOWEL/TONE)
 
=====Phthongization (VOWEL>VOWEL/0)=====
 
Monophthongization happens during closed syllables — e.g. ''vaíds'' /véːt͡s/ —, and diphthongization in open syllables compare — e.g. ''tō'' /tau̯/.
 
diphthongs to monophthongs
iu > y, ui > ȳ
ia > e, ai > ē
ua > o, au > ō
 
triphthongs to diphthongs
ui-u > ȳu, iu-u > yu, u-ui > uȳ, u-iu > uy
ia-u > eu, ai-u > ēu, u-ia > ue, u-ai > uē
ua-i > oi, au-i > ōi, i-ua > io, i-au > iō
 
in case of incompatibility, the repeated vowel is lost (EX: ia-i > e, and not ei); also, when a long dipthong is reduced, a central vowel is added (EX: āi > ēa).
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>VOWEL/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (TONE>VOWEL/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (TONE>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (TONE>VOWEL/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (TONE>VOWEL/TONE)
 
====Tonization====
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (0>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (0>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (0>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (0>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (TONE>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (TONE>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (TONE>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (TONE>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
 
 
 
 
 
E.g. ''amba'' /ˈau̯ba/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/VOWEL)
 
E.g. ''au'' /oː/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/0)
 
 
 
 
*aud, alb > alb, amb > *aub
 
====Decrescence=====
(''{{Phonorule|Z|∅|[#]_[#]/[G]_[G]}}''): type-3 consonants disappear when marginal, except when in contact with their respective dominant vowel.


====Elision====
====Elision====


Apocape (1): in a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks an onset or a long vowel.
====Apocape====
 
In a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks an onset or a long vowel. [...] unstressed short high vowels are erased next to sonorants and sibilants (suphí > sphí), (bilí > blí)
 
====Syncope====
 
In a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost if it is not closed by a coda or possesses a long vowel.


Syncope (2): in a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost if it is not closed by a coda or possesses a long vowel.
====Aphaeresis====


Aphaeresis (3): in a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks a coda or a long vowel.
In a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks a coda or a long vowel.
 
====Dissimilation====
 
*swébʰ(i)ey > *sébʰey (bilabial sound expels bilabial sound)
 
 
 
non-tonic vowels become high (begí > bigí)


====Epenthesis====
====Epenthesis====


Prothesis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added.
====Prothesis====
 
In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added.
EX: ...
EX: ...


Anaptyxis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added.
 
In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added.
EX: 'atlya > adalyal
EX: 'atlya > adalyal


Paragoge: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant).
====Paragoge====
 
In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant).
EX: palk > palsil
EX: palk > palsil


Line 253: Line 608:
(used in special cases of other laws)
(used in special cases of other laws)


Haplology:
====Haplology====
 
dadasa > dasa
dadasa > dasa


Compensatory lengthening
====Compensatory lengthening====
 
bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl
bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl
gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla
gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla


Metathesis: glides only where the stress is
====Metathesis====
 
glides only where the stress is
garda, gráda, gadrá
garda, gráda, gadrá


adtís > addís
adtís > addís


Final devoicing (''{{Phonorule|-sonorant|-voice|_#}}'')
====Initial/Final/Intervocalic (de)voicing====
 
Initial voicing
 


(''{{Phonorule|-sonorant|-voice|_#}}'')


{{Phonorule|a|y|_{iu}}}
{{Phonorule|a|y|_{iu}}}
Line 276: Line 633:
dad > dat
dad > dat


Intervocalic voicing
ata > ada
ata > ada


Line 350: Line 706:
superheavy (μ<sub>3</sub>)
superheavy (μ<sub>3</sub>)


A line of 36 morae ranges from 12 superheavy syllables up to 36 light syllables [...]
A line of 36 morae ranges from 12 superheavy syllables, 24 heavy syllables, up to 36 light syllables [...]


====Caesura====
====Caesura====
Line 385: Line 741:
OBL + ma = interrogative
OBL + ma = interrogative


the verb tends to be left-bound and close to the noun when a participle
kûnira kaxáp "the dog is taken"
káxap kûniru "the taken dog"
syntx of case and verb
''asak āqfúl-un'' "I spoke with him"
''masak āqfúl-un'' "whom I spoke with"
active:
ergative if subject; accusative if object
passive:
accusative if subject; ergative if object
xûlira, su bîblira aqilá, siktí aqilá "the philosopher sees the man, who sees the book"
''āvala aru k’a agaúl'' "if a man is strong he eats"
''k’ātásu āvala aru agaúl iāt'' "if a man eats he is strong"
āvala iru imfar
murásu āvala




Line 505: Line 827:


mostly synthetic
mostly synthetic
====Canonic Inflection/Conjugation====
In the Canonic register of Adamic, affixes are modified according to the Coloration Table and the Triptote Table in order to assign fusional significance to its phonemes. [...] There are 150 possibilities out of 36 permutations.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | CANONIC DECLENSION
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Definite
! Indefinite
! Nomic
! Definite
! Indefinite
! Nomic
|-
! Nominative
| -h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ay{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -aw{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āy{{ref|A|A}}, -ēia{{ref|B|B}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āw{{ref|A|A}}, -ōua{{ref|B|B}} || -r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
! Accusative
| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Dative
| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
! Copulative
| a-X-h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ay-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}}, ēi-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}}, ōu-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
! Ergative
| a-X-s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-z{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-'{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Genitive
| a-X-k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-s{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-h{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-l{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-g{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-q{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ga{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-b{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-m{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-va{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ba{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-d{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-r{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-da{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
|}




{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.


The canonic conjugation, for lacking the subjunctive and junctive functions or a finite verb, and the presence of non-finite forms, is relegated as a class of enunciative constructions often associated with literary practices. That is: canonic verbs appear in narration solely, or when an event is being described without biases. Vide the translation of "'I think that he is dead,' he said":
: ''"murá-su, askút," quat''
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | CANONIC CONJUGATION
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
|-
! Active Future
| -h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ay{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -aw{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āy{{ref|A|A}}, -ēia{{ref|B|B}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āw{{ref|A|A}}, -ōua{{ref|B|B}} || -r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
! Active Present
| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Active Past
| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
! Passive Future
| h-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ay-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || n-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || l-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || q-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}}, ēi-{{ref|B|B}} || m-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}}, ōu-{{ref|B|B}} || r-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
! Passive Present
| s-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || f-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || c-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || z-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || v-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, va-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || '-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
|-
! Passive Past
| k-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, s-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, h-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || p-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, n-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, f-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || t-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, l-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || g-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, q-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ga-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || b-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, m-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, va-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ba-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || d-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, r-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, da-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
|}
{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.


The Canonic Declension distinguishes itself from the Canonic Conjugation merely by inverting the inclusion of ''-a-''. Compare the pair ''zīs'' "to the giant" / ''azīs'' "the giant's" with ''kāuf'' "I kill" / ''iāpa'' "I am killed".


''nun/nȳō'', ''lih/sȳē'', ''al/sȳa'' (nom)
''nun/nȳō'', ''lih/sȳē'', ''al/sȳa'' (nom)
Veno
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