Adamic Code

Adamic Code
Adamic
אדמס (ādamja)
Adam naming the animals
Pronunciation	[àːˈdämi̯a]
Created by	Veno
Date	c. 25,000-12,000 BP
Setting	Levant/Africa (?)
Native speakers	- (2025)
Language family	Pangaean Code Diluvian Code Adamic Code
Early form	Paleolithic Creole
Writing system	Hebrew
Map of areas where the Adamic Code is believed to have once been spoken Levantine model African model
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Adamic (אדמס קעל, ādamja qafl, [àːˈdämi̯a ˈɦäfl]) is a philosophical ab interiori language of the Mesolithic that consists on naming roots and applying grammatical patterns through introflection.

It's cultivated form is known as Canonic Code, where the transitional tables take hold over grammatical features.

Etymology

The word ādamja is an adjective/noun superficially decomposed as the lemma ādama "ancestry" and the associative affix -ja-, therefore denoting "belonging to ancestry". Furthermore, without pattern transfixation, the pure root is -’-d-m- "ancestry", whose meaning was influenced by the Hebrew word אדם "Adam", name of the first man in the Old Testament. The Paleolithic Code was named as such due the similarity with the narrative of Genesis, where Adam was tasked to name the animals of Eden^[1]:

¹⁹ And out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof.
²⁰ And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him.^[2]

Introduction

The Adamic Code was created to simulate a pre-afroasiatic language product of the creolization between the Pangaean Code^[3] and the Diluvian Code^[4]. [...]

Features

The results untill 124A in https://wals.info/feature

WALS Features
	WALS	Adamic
Consonant Inventories	1A	Moderately small (15-18) Average (19-25)
Vowel Quality Inventories	2A	Small vowel inventory (2-4) / Average vowel inventory (5-6)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio	3A	Average (2.75-4.5) / Moderately high (4.5-6.5)
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives	4A	Voicing contrast in both plosives and fricatives
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems	5A	None missing in /p t k b d g/
Uvular Consonants	6A	No uvulars
Glottalized Consonants	7A	No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants	8A	/l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal	9A	No velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization	10A	Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels	11A	None
Syllable Structure	12A	Complex syllable structure (≥CCVCC≥)
Tone	13A	No tones
Fixed Stress Locations	14A	No fixed stress (mostly weight-sensitive stress)
Weight-Sensitive Stress	15A	Unbounded: Stress can be anywhere in the word
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems	16A	Lexical: lexical stress, diacritic weight / Long vowel + Coda: long vowels or closed syllables
Rhythm Types	17A	Absent: no rhythmic stress
Absence of Common Consonants	18A	All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants	19A	None
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives	20A	Ablaut/concatenative
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives	21A	Monoexponential case / Case + number, Case + referentiality
Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection	21B	TAM-agreement
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb	22A	2-3 categories per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause	23A	Other types
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases	24A	Other
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology	25A	Inconsistent or other
Zero Marking of A and P Arguments	25B	Non-zero marking
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology	26A	Approximately equal amounts of suffixing and prefixing
Reduplication	27A	Productive full and partial reduplication
Case Syncretism	28A	Inflectional case marking is syncretic Inflectional case marking is never syncretic
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking	29A	Subject person/number marking is syncretic Subject person/number marking is never syncretic
Number of Genders	30A	Two Three
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems	31A	Sex-based
Systems of Gender Assignment	32A	Semantic Assignment
Coding of Nominal Plurality	33A	Plural suffix Plural stem change e.g. lût "whale", lúvācit "whales"
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality	34A	Plural in all nouns, always obligatory e.g. liviatan "whale", liviatanān "whales"
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns	35A	Person stem with a nominal plural affix e.g. anu "I", anunā "we"
The Associative Plural	36A	Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals e.g. zaûlirau "the Sun and the Moon"
Definite Articles	37A	Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun e.g. liviatan iruci the whale", liviatan ikuci "this whale"
Indefinite Articles	38A	Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one' e.g. liviatan aruci "a whale", liviatan ikisu "one whale"
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns	39A	No inclusive/exclusive opposition
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection	40A	No inclusive/exclusive opposition
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives	41A	Five (or more)-way contrast e.g. iku "this (next)", īku "this (near)", āku "this/that (in between)", ūku "that (away)", uku "that (far away)"
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives	42A	Different inflectional features e.g. liviatan iku "this whale", aiku "this"
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives	43A	Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives e.g. asu "he", aiku "this"
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns	44A	Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person e.g. asu "he", asȳ "she"
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns	45A	Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction e.g. atu "you"
Indefinite Pronouns	46A	Special indefinites e.g. auru "something/someone", suma ~ sam "who?"
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns	47A	Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated e.g. sā āk’pá-sa "he killed himself", asura "he himself"
Person Marking on Adpositions	48A	Adpositions without person marking e.g. ām "before"
Number of Cases	49A	6-7 case categories e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive
Asymmetrical Case-Marking	50A	Symmetrical case-marking e.g. liviatan irici "to the whale", ani "to me"
Position of Case Affixes	51A	Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary e.g. liviatan irici "to the whale", ālbak "to the people"
Comitatives and Instrumentals	52A	Differentiation e.g. liviatan iruki "with the whale" (comitative), liviatan irubi "with the whale" (instrumental)
Ordinal Numerals	53A	Variou-th: Other solutions e.g. kahs "one", kis "first"
Distributive Numerals	54A	Marked by mixed or other strategies e.g. khi "one each"
Numeral Classifiers	55A	Numeral classifiers are absent e.g. ...
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers	56A	Formally different e.g. ī "and", azu "each"
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes	57A	Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary e.g. ...
Obligatory Possessive Inflection	58A	No obligatorily possessed nouns e.g. kî’n "clock"
Number of Possessive Nouns	58B	None reported e.g. kî’n "clock"
Possessive Classification	59A	No possessive classification e.g. kî’in irici liviatan "the whale's clock"
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses	60A	Highly differentiated e.g. kî’in irici liviatan "the whale's clock", mur liviatan iruci "the dead whale", ...
Adjectives without Nouns	61A	Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix e.g. mur liviatan "dead whale", mura "dead one"
Action Nominal Constructions	62A	Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking e.g. bîbli nira aúdutas "my writing of the book"
Noun Phrase Conjunction	63A	AND-languages: 'and' and 'with' are not identical e.g. ī "and", -k "with"
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction	64A	Nominal and verbal conjunction are different e.g. bîbli liviatan iruci "the book and the whale", tat siru āqfál ī mûm siruci āmfár "her father spoke and her mother died"
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect	65A	Grammatical marking of perfective/imperfective distinction e.g. amurá "is killing/will kill", āmurá "kills/has killed"
The Past Tense	66A	No grammatical marking of past/non-past distinction e.g. amfár "is dying/will die", āmfár "dies/has died"
The Future Tense	67A	No inflectional marking of future/non-future distinction e.g. mafár "is being killed/will be killed", māfár "is killed/has been killed"
The Perfect	68A	No perfect e.g. nā āmurú "I kill/have killed"
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes	69A	Tense-aspect tone e.g. saia āmālá "she loved"
The Morphological Imperative	70A	The language has no morphologically dedicated second-person imperatives at all e.g. umālí "if you love, may you love, love!"
The Prohibitive	71A	The prohibitive uses a verbal construction other than the second singular imperative and a sentential negative strategy found in (indicative) declaratives e.g. amālí la "you do not love", umālí la "do not love"
Imperative-Hortative Systems	72A	The language has neither a maximal nor a minimal system e.g. umālá "may he love!", umālí "love!"
The Optative	73A	Inflectional optative absent e.g. umālá "maybe he loves, he may love, may he love!"
Situational Possibility	74A	The language can express situational possibility with affixes on verbs e.g. murúka "can die"
Epistemic Possibility	75A	The language cannot express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions, but with affixes on verbs e.g. murîva "must have died"
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking	76A	The language has no markers that can code both situational and epistemic modality e.g. murîma "must have died" (situational), murîva "must have died" (epistemic)
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality	77A	Only indirect evidentials e.g. murî fī "seems to have died"
Coding of Evidentiality	78A	Separate particle e.g. fī "apparently"
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect	79A	No suppletion in tense or aspect e.g. agulá "he eats", āgulá "he ate"
Verbal Number and Suppletion	80A	Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion e.g. agulá "he eats", agulâ "they eat"
Order of Subject, Object and Verb	81A	Object-subject-verb (OSV) e.g. bîblira siktí abūlá "the philosopher reads the book"
Order of Subject and Verb	82A	Both orders with neither order dominant e.g. ...
Order of Object and Verb	83A	Both orders with neither order dominant e.g. ...
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb	84A	Oblique-object-verb (XOV) e.g. ati asa āgilá-nu "I gave it to you"
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase	85A	Postpositions e.g. ...
Order of Genitive and Noun	86A	Noun-genitive (NGen) e.g. bîbli iri saíkat "the philosopher's book"
Order of Adjective and Noun	87A	Modifying adjective precedes noun (AdjN) e.g. ...
Order of Demonstrative and Noun	88A	Demonstrative word follows noun (NDem) e.g. bîbl iku "this book"
Order of Numeral and Noun	89A	Numeral follows noun (NNum) e.g. ...
Order of Relative Clause and Noun	90A	Mixed types of relative clause with none dominant e.g. ...

Notes

The WALS metrics consider solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person, and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value" [...]

Phonology

Adamic can have as many as 24 consonants and 12 vowels, with allophonic tones liable to manifestate depending on the position of the stress. Its syllable structure of C²V²C²/C³(V) supports up to 3 sounds in a consonant cluster intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as onset or coda (e.g. qfál "saying", aktvú "I cut", and ka’n "year"); also, it does not accept triphthongs. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:

emphatic consonants.

a simple vowel system composed of i, u, and a, with phonemic length.

predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.

systematic sound transitions dictated by a coloration table.

Consonants

Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the Diluvian and Pangaean Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.

		Labial		Alveolar		Velar		Glottal
Nasal	Voiceless			n̥
Nasal	Voiced	m
Plosive	Voiceless	p	(pˀ)	t	(tˀ)	k	(kˀ)	ʔ
Plosive	Voiced	b	(bˀ)	d	(dˀ)	g	(gˀ)
Affricate	Voiceless			t͡s
Fricative	Voiceless	f		s				h
Fricative	Voiced	v		z				ɦ
Vibrant	Voiced			r
Lateral	Voiceless			l̥

Notes

Adamic identifies "phonological coordinates" within its consonantal inventory, classifying terms into relevant categories of VOICE, MANNER, and ARTICULATION. Even sequences among its subdivisions follow a predetermined order, being voiceless>voiced in VOICE, occlusive>sonorant>turbulent in MANNER, and guttural>labial>dental in ARTICULATION. As not all members of those sets correspond to the phonetic qualities attributed to them (with the exception of VOICE's members), the last two sequences are respectively referred to as the KHS-type and the IUA-type, with their proper compositions being named as expected: K-type, H-type, S-type, I-type, U-type, and A-type in order.
- /k, g, (kˀ), (gˀ), h, ɦ, s, z/, part of the KIHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.
  - /k, g/, part of the KI-type, represent the velar series of older paleolithic codes.
    - /k/ may be realized as [c] or even [ç] if onset/coda to front vowels.
    - /g/ may be realized as [ɟ] or even [ʝ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
  - /(kˀ), (gˀ)/ are also considered part of the KI-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
    - /kˀ/ may be realized as [kʼ] or [kʰ], or even as [cʼ] or [cʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
    - /gˀ/ may be realized as [ɠ] or [gʱ], or even as [ʄ] or [ɟʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
  - /h, ɦ/, part of the HI-type, act as reductions of the laryngeal series of older paleolithic codes.
    - /h/ ranges from [h], [ħ], and [χ] to [x]; its Canonic allophone is [kʷ].
    - /ɦ/ ranges from [ɦ], [ʕ], and [ʁ] to [ɣ]; its Canonic allophone is [gʷ].
  - /s, z/, part of the SI-type, descend from the sibilant series of older paleolithic codes.
    - /s/ may be realized as [j̥], or even as [ʃ] or [ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [kʲ].
    - /z/ may be realized as [j], or even as [ʒ] or [ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [gʲ].
- /p, b, (pˀ), (bˀ), n̥, m, f, v/, part of the KUHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive labials, (quasi-implosive emphatics), nasal dentals/labials, and fricative labio-dentals.
  - /p, b/, part of the KU-type, represent the labial series of older paleolithic codes.
    - /p/ may be realized as [kʷ].
    - /b/ may be realized as [gʷ].
  - /(pˀ), (bˀ)/ are also considered part of the KU-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
    - /pˀ/ may be realized as [pʼ] or [pʰ], or even as [kʼʷ] or [kʰʷ].
    - /bˀ/ may be realized as [ɓ] or [bʱ], or even as [ɠʷ] [gʱʷ].
  - /n, m/, part of the HU-type, act as reductions of the nasal series of older paleolithic codes.
    - /n̥/ ranges from [n̥], [n], [ŋ̥], [ŋ], and [ɲ̥] to [ɲ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʷ].
    - /m/ ranges from [m̥], [m], and [ɱ̥] to [ɱ]; its Canonic allophone is [bʷ].
  - /f, v/, part of the SU-type, are innovations, not descending from older paleolithic codes.
    - /f/ may be realized as [w̥], [ɸ], or even [θ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʲ].
    - /v/ may be realized as [w], [β], or even [ð]; its Canonic allophone is [bʲ].
- /t, d, (tˀ), (dˀ), l̥, r, t͡s, ʔ/, part of the KAHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.
  - /t, d/, part of the KA-type, represent the dental series of older paleolithic codes.
    - /t/ may be realized as [t͡ʃ] or even [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
    - /d/ may be realized as [d͡ʒ] or even [d͡ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
  - /(tˀ), (dˀ)/ are also considered part of the KA-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
    - /tˀ/ may be realized as [tʼ] or [tʰ], or even as [t͡ʃʼ], [t͡ʃʰ], [t͡ɕʼ], or [t͡ɕʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
    - /dˀ/ may be realized as [ɗ] or [dʱ], or even as [d͡ʒʱ] or [d͡ʑʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
  - /l̥, r/, part of the HA-type, act as reductions of the liquid series of older paleolithic codes.
    - /l̥/ ranges from [l̥], [l], [ɬ], [ɮ], and [ʎ̥] to [ʎ]; its Canonic allophone is [tʷ].
    - /r/ ranges from [r̥], [r], [ɾ̥], [ɾ], and [ɹ̥] to [ɹ] ; its Canonic allophone is [dʷ].
  - /t͡s, ʔ/, part of the SA-type, descend partially from older paleolithic codes in the form of /t͡s/, yet innovative with /ʔ/.
    - /t͡s/ may be realized as [t͡ɬ], or even as [ʃ], [ɕ], [t͡ʃ] or [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [tʲ].
    - /ʔ/ may be realized as [d͡ɮ], or even as [∅]; its Canonic allophone is [dʲ].

Vowels

Adamic has a basic 3 vowel system with length distinction yielding 18 units of monophthongs, diphthongs, and long dipthongs. Alternatively, in the poetic register, diphthongs may become monophthongs by introducing the new qualities of /e/, /o/, and /ɨ/~/ʉ/, thus resulting in 6 qualities and 36 vocalic units as a whole. In sequence, the masculine register of Adamic is here treated as possessing the following monophthongs:

Front

Near-front

Central

Near-back

Back

Close

i, iː

(ɨ, ɨː)

u, uː

(e, eː)

(o, oː)

a, aː

Near‑close

Close‑mid

Mid

Open‑mid

Near‑open

Open

Common
Monophthongs
	Front	Center	Back
Short	i	a	u
Long	iː	aː	uː

Short
Diphthongs
	Front	Center	Back
Short	u̯i	i̯a u̯a	i̯u
Long	iu̯	ai̯ au̯	ui̯

Long
Diphthongs
	Front	Center	Back
Short	u̯iː	i̯aː u̯aː	i̯uː
Long	iːu̯	aːi̯ aːu̯	uːi̯

Monophtongized
Diphthongs
	Front	Center	Back
Short	e	ɨ ~ ʉ	o
Long	eː	ɨː ~ ʉː	oː

Short
Diphthongs
	Front	Center	Back
Short	u̯e	i̯ʉ ~ u̯ɨ	i̯o
Long	eu̯	ʉi̯ ~ ɨu̯	oi̯

Long
Diphthongs
	Front	Center	Back
Short	u̯eː	i̯ʉː ~ u̯ɨː	i̯oː
Long	eːu̯	ʉːi̯ ~ ɨːu̯	oːi̯

Notes

Much like consonants, vowels in Adamic are positioned in the currents front>back>central (POSITION) and short>long (LENGTH); with the process exceptionally being known by the trigrammaton IAU or even the pentagrammaton IEAOU, which may serve as alphabetic recitations when not symbols of cosmic order. Contrary to the consonantal series, though, long vowels tend to carry a non-phonemic rising pitch when stressed, and a falling pitch when unstressed, in order to further distinguish them from plain vowels; they also may generate new articulations of themselves depending on their arrangement and whether one's particular form of the Adamic Code puts prominence on the /i/ (feminine) or the /u/ (masculine) vowels, determined by sex/gender:
- /i, iː/ are the close front unrounded [i, iː].
  - /e, eː/ are the close-mid front unrounded [e, eː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯a/ and /ai̯/.
- /u, uː/ are the close back rounded [u, uː]
  - /o, oː/ are the close-mid back rounded [o, oː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /u̯a/ and /au̯/.
- /a, aː/ are the open central unrounded [ä, äː], but may be pronounced as the open front unrounded [a, aː] or the open back rounded [ɒ, ɒː] if next to front and back vowels respectively.
  - /ɨ, ɨː/~/ʉ, ʉː/ are the close central unrounded~rounded [ɨ, ɨː]~[ʉ, ʉː], but may be pronounced as [y, yː]~[ɯ, ɯː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯u/ and /ui̯/ in the masculine U-register and /u̯i/ and /iu̯/ in the feminine I-register.

Coloration Table

In Adamic, sounds possess the property to transition between consonants and vowels. This process is known as "coloration", consisting on the equivalence of consonantal VOICE, MANNER, and ARTICULATION with vocalic LENGTH and POSITION.

-/+	I Type	U Type	A Type
H Type	h ɦ	n̥ m	l̥ r
S Type	s z	f v	t͡s ʔ
K Type	k g	p b	t d

Notes

Any element of the triconsonantal root may transition when inflected into a word. The exact result depends on the specific morphological attributes associated with said words. In the following table, for example, the medial sound of each root is optionally vocalized after the insertion of a postdiluvian pattern vowel:

Root	Lemma	Gloss
־ל־כ־נ־ -l-k-n-	לכנ luín	wolf
־מ־ף־ר־ -m-f-r-	מףר maúr	death
־ג־ל־ל־ -g-l-l-	גלל gâl	cosmos

Writing System

Not only for thematic reasons, Adamic is written with the Hebrew Script due the predicability of vowels in the language, wherein it is in fact more suited for an abjad; nevertheless, it is possible to codify Adamic alphabetically for learning purposes. In the latter case, the code is written with 25 letters of the Latin Script with three diacritics appearing on vowels (circumflex accent, acute accent and macron) and one in consonants (an apostrophe, also treated as an independent letter when representing a glottal stop).

Ortography

Adamic Abjad
ה h / i / ai̯	ק ɦ / iː / aːi̯	נ n̥ / u / au̯	מ m / uː / aːu̯	ל l̥ / a / a	ר r / aː / aː
ס s / i / i	ז z / iː / iː	ע f / u / u	ו v / uː / uː	צ t͡s / a / a	א ʔ / aː / aː
כ k / i / i̯a	ג g / iː / i̯aː	פ p / u / u̯a	ב b / uː / u̯aː	ת t / a / a	ד d / aː / aː
כּ kˀ / i / i̯a	גּ gˀ / iː / i̯aː	פּ pˀ / u / u̯a	בּ bˀ / uː / u̯aː	תּ tˀ / a / a	דּ dˀ / aː / aː

Notes

The symbols <ס> and <ע> may represent the semivowels /i̯/ and /u̯/ respectively when morphemes. An example is the word אדמס /aʔadami̯a/ itself, wherein the particle ־ס־ is not manifested as /s/.

Romanization

Adamic Alphabet
Aа /a/	Bb /b/	Cc /t͡s/	Dd /d/	Ee /e/
Ff /f/	Gg /g/	Hh /h/	Ii /i~i̯/	Jj /i̯/
Kk /k/	Ll /l̥/	Mn /m/	Nn /n̥/	Oo /o/
Pp /p/	Qq /ɦ/	Rr /r/	Ss /s/	Tt /t/
Uu /u~u̯/	Vv /v/	Ww /u̯/	Yy /ɨ~ʉ/	Zz /z/

Notes

The letter <’>, representing the glottal stop (ʔ), may be left out, as it often disappears in the spoken language. Alternatively, it could be expressed by the letter <Xx> when alone as onset/coda.
- e.g. drā /draː/ "six".
  - c.e.g. drā’ or drāx /draːʔ/ "six".

Emphatic consonants use the apostrophe <’>, as <K’k’>, <G’g’>, <P’p’>, <B’b’>, <T’t’>, and <D’d’>.
- e.g. -k’-r-p- "destruction".
  - c.e.g. -k-r-p- "detachment".

The letter <Qq> is assimilated to <Hh> after a voiced stop.
- e.g. ghīz /gɦiːz/ "four".
  - c.e.g. *gqīz /gɦiːz/ "four".

The letters <Jj> and <Ww> are exclusively used in derivation particles.
- e.g. -ja /i̯a/ "belonging to".
  - c.e.g. *-ia /i̯a/ "belonging to".

Short and long vowels, if relevantly stressed, gain an accute (<V́>) and circumflex accent (<V̂>) respectively.
- e.g. -k-f-n- ⇒ /u// ⇒ kúfn /ˈkufn/ or kûn /ˈkuːn/ "dog".
  - c.e.g. -k-f-n- ⇒ /-/ ⇒ kun /kun/ "canine".

If relevantly unstressed, long vowels are marked by macrons (<V̄>).
- e.g. -d-v-n- ⇒ /-/ ⇒ dūv /duːv/ "biological".
  - c.e.g. -m-f-r- ⇒ /-/ ⇒ mur /mur/ "dead".

In diphthongs, the second element bears the diacritical mark.
- e.g. saíkat /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".
  - c.e.g. *sáikat /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".

KIHS Characters
Sign	Name	IPA	Letter
כ	kik /kik/	/k/	Kk
ג	gīg /giːg/	/g/	Gg
ה	hih /hih/	/h/	Hh
ק	qīq /ɦiːɦ/	/ɦ/	Qq
ס	sis /sis/	/s/	Ss
ז	zīz /ziːz/	/z/	Zz

KUHS Characters
Sign	Name	IPA	Letter
פ	pup /pup/	/p/	Pp
ב	būb /buːb/	/b/	Bb
נ	nun /n̥un̥/	/n̥/	Nn
מ	mūm /muːm/	/m/	Mm
ף	fuf /fuf/	/f/	Ff
ו	vūv /vuːv/	/v/	Vv

KAHS Characters
Sign	Name	IPA	Letter
ת	tat /tat/	/t/	Tt
ד	dād /daːd/	/d/	Dd
ל	lal /l̥al̥/	/l̥/	Ll
ר	rār /raːr/	/r/	Rr
צ	cac /t͡sat͡s/	/t͡s/	Cc
א	’ā’ /ʔaːʔ/	/ʔ/	’

Grammar

Adamic is highly inflective, derivational, and reduplicative, alternating between fusional and agglutivative morphologies with an overly analytic clause agreement. Its grammar, highly reminiscent of older Paleolithic Codes, can be summarized by 3 classes of morphemes:

The field stem, consisting on the arrangement consonants (/) and vowels (-) in a predefined order inside the root-pattern fields. Its primary morphological markers are a triliterate segment known as triconsonantal root, and the patterns, which are either modifications of the root structure or the addition of transfixes into the triliterate form, also responsible for the nouns (edenic, prediluvian, and postdiluvian), adjuncts (adjectives, incorporations, adverbs, expressions, prefixes, and postpositions), and verbs (finite verbs and infinite verbs) of the language.

The continuous affix, a simple connective with very limited phonotactics. Its primary morphological marker is concatenation, wherein it can be both a prefix and a suffix, beyond responsible for the comparison and alternative derivational procedure of the language.

The performative clitic, interpreted as a marginal unit whose position is defined by a "vacuum space" (_). Its primary morphological marker is the triptote formula, which is responsible for the pronouns, articles, and particles of the language.

Conjunct
Triptote Formula	Concatenation	Root-pattern	Concatenation	Triptote Formula
Clitic	Affix	Stem	Affix	Clitic

Root-Pattern

One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root -d-v-n- denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with Darwin). This is due the Triconsonantal Root, whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the Patterns are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern (i)/aí/a/ yielding daívan "biologist").

The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization:

Rule 0: Consonants are counted as first-class members, then vowels as second-class (except sounds akin to /a/), and finally semivowels as third-class members. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.

e.g.₁ m and n can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore /ŋ/ ⇒ n.

e.g.₂ p, b, p’, b’, t, d, t’, d’, k, g, k’, and g’ can be achieved through plosives, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /pʰ/ ⇒ p’, but /ɸ/ ⇒ f.

e.g.₃ r and l can be achieved through liquid consonants, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /ɾ/ ⇒ r, and /ʎ/ ⇒ l.

e.g.₄ h and q in special can be achieved through laryngeals, with a treatment of q as voiced. Therefore /ħ/ ⇒ h, and /ʁ/ ⇒ q.

e.g.₅ As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become z and v if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/ are considered, such sounds are represented by s, z, f, v, and ’ respectively.

Rule 1 (1 syllable): The first and last members take the initial and final positions, with the first member in between them being the medial one.

e.g.₁ Planck yields -p-l-k- "quantum mechanics".

e.g.₂ Grimm yields -g-r-m- and not -g-s-m for "folklore", as /r/ is counted before /ɪ/ in both priority and sequence.

e.g.₃ Gauss yields -g-v-s- and not -g-’-s- for "mathematics", as /a/ has less priority than the semivowel /w/.

Rule 2 (2 syllables): The first three members are counted to assume their respective positions, except those members that act as closed codas in a consonant cluster.

e.g.₁ Plátōn yields -p-l-t- and not -p-l-n- or -p-t-n- for "metaphysics".

e.g.₂ Caesar yields -k-s-r- for "political/militar might".

e.g.₃ Darwin yields -d-v-n- and not -d-r-v- or -d-r-n- for "biology", because /ɹ/ acts as a closed coda in the consonant cluster /ɹw/.

'Rule 3 (3 or more syllables): each first member of the first three syllables takes its respective position.

e.g.₁ Sōkratēs yields -s-k-t- for "philosophy".

e.g.₂ Aristotélēs yields -’-r-t- for "logic", as every bare initial vowel in a syllable is considered to bear a glottal stop in Adamic.

e.g.₃ Lavoisier yields -l-v-z- for "chemistry".

Regarding a less specialized vocabulary, the rules differ. The Diluvian Code, for one, is the main source of the Adamic lexicon, yielding a diverse list of lemmas for the basic vocabulary of the language; lemmas which are straightforward adaptations of its words.

hocar "fire" [Diluvian] ⇒ -h-v-l- "fire" [Adamic].

qucar "sound/speech" [Diluvian] ⇒ -q-f-l- "sound/speech" [Adamic].

yammuhar "sea" [Diluvian] ⇒ -m-f-h- "sea" [Adamic].

In the sample above, the process involving the triliteration of Diluvian words is particular. Besides basic sound changes, such as the laryngeal following the currents /h/ > /h/ and /ħ/ > /ɦ/ (not /h/ in this case), or the particle /-t͡səɾ/ regularly transforming into /-l-/, it is noticeable that vowels are not treated discriminately, but are counted in order as much as consonants; instead, secondary particles such as the ya- and -(c)ar in yammuhar are counted last and even neglected.

Another special class of triconsonantal roots is the one containing those influenced by the Pangaean Code. This class may either be secluded to abstract ideas or actions, or rarely include the borrowing of proper lexicon (e.g. -q-h-f- "animalism" in Adamic being from uħihu "animal" in Pangaean, rather than au "animal" in Diluvian). Diluvian influence is only relevant through phonological filters, which operate under other constraints, such as the medial member of a combination often being reserved to a glottal stop, and an epenthetic -r- or -l- being added in the third position (when not taken by the root) to mark a primordial or non-primordial construction respectively.

n "instance" [Pangaean] ⇒ -n-’-r- "instance" [Adamic].

na "nearness/society" [Diluvian] ⇒ -n-’-l- "nearness/society" [Adamic].

n̠ "ancientness" [Pangaean] ⇒ kna "old age" [Diluvian] ⇒ -k-’-n- "aging" [Adamic].

Other functionalities of triconsonantal roots include fusion, wherein the possessed element has the first member conserved and the second and third erased, while the possessive element has merely the medial member erased.

-q-h-f- "animalism" + -p-’-r- "bearing" = -q-p-r- "ensnaring".

Regarding the broader formulas with patterns, some remarks can be made. Vowels (-) do not border each other; three consonants (///) will effectively render the medial one a vowel; vowels without a nucleous and/or coda tend to disappear even though relevant; and by all means nouns consist of -/-/-/-, -///-, -/-/-/, /-/-/-, /-//, and //-/; adjuncts of /-/, -/-, -//, //-, /--, and --/; and verbs of -/-//, //-/-, /-/-/, -///-, /-//-, -//-/, -///, and ///-.

Nouns

Nouns are lexicalized by class, element, density, composition, classifier, and/or formality:

thirty-six classes: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7, Class 8, Class 9, Class 10, Class 11, Class 12, Class 13, Class 14, Class 15, Class 16, Class 17, Class 18, Class 18, Class 19, Class 20, Class 21, Class 22, Class 23, Class 24, Class 25, Class 26, Class 27, Class 28, Class 29, Class 30, Class 31, Class 32, Class 33, Class 34, Class 35, Class 36.

six elements: solid, current, ethereal, elemental, igneous, and fluid.

two densities: sparse and dense.

three compositions: diffuse, insular, and concentrated.

six classifiers: inanimated inhuman, animated human, diverse, generic, animated human, and animated inhuman.

two formalities: informal and formal.

They can be divided into Prediluvian Nouns, with 1296 permutations (CLASS x ELEMENT x DENSITY x COMPOSITION), Postdiluvian Nouns with 12 permutations, (CLASSIFIER x FORMALITY), and Edenic Nouns with 2 permutations (∅). In all circumstances, their number may double under an ubiquitious feature referred to as state:

two states: absolute and construct.

The grammatical state consists on the morphological formation triggered in exceptional syntactic constructions with the Triptote Formula (responsible for articles, pronouns, et cetera), wherein a transfix rearranges the root-pattern in order to fit it. The transfix is always a DEFINITION morpheme (e.g. the first vowel in the article iru "the"), and for this reason, highly abstract nouns such as those pertaining to the formula -/-/-/- and -///- (as well as non-finite verbs of formula -/// and ///-) not only repudiate articles, but lack a proper construct form beyond -///-. To exemplify the existence of articleless words, compare the genitive use against the gerund in adūna muri "biology of dying" and the noun in adūna ari maur "biology of death".

	STATE
Absolute	-/-/-/-	-///-	/-//	//-/	-/-/-/	/-/-/-
Construct	-///-	-///-	/-/V/	/V/-/	-/V//, -//V/	/V//-, //V/-

Generally, a noun is given in the absolute state, but reformed to the construct state if case-marking is wished to be occulted. The word kûn "dog", for example, in the sentence kûniru "the dog" (ABSOLUTE) contains the article iru "the" attached, which emphasizes the nominative case; however, in kufin "the dog" (CONSTRUCT), there is no such marking, except partially by the inclusion of -i- (the first vowel of the article). This occurs because kûn (kúfn, kúun, et cetera) is actually interpreted as the formula /-// (k-fn), programmed to become /-/V/ (k-fVn). The process may be less straightforward in other instances:

āvála "humanity" (-'-v-l-) ⇒ aūla "humanity" (-///-).

(i)saíkat aru "a philosopher" (-s-k-t-) ⇒ iskat "a philosopher" (-//V/).

babalú aru "an idea of confusion" (-b-b-l-) ⇒ babla "an idea of confusion" (/V//-).

Edenic Nouns

The most fundamental layers of meaning are encompassed by the Edenic Patterns. Through them, roots are easily morphed into abstract terms, such as the lemma ādáma "ancestry" out of the root -’-d-m- "ancestry". There is also a shorter form available with no semantic distinction, which ignores the two intermediary vowels and often vocalizes the medial consonant (except when there is a glottal stop elsewhere, which may disappear instead).

	EDENIC NOUNS
Plain	a/a/a/a
Reduced	a///a

Postdiluvian Nouns

Postdiluvian Nouns usually reinforce basic derivations from the roots, being concerned with concepts such as measurable abstractions and bare concretnesses. For example, from a root such as -q-h-f- "animalism", its essence can be extracted as qâhf "life", with classifier distinctions then expanding further contrast, as -k-’-n- "passage of time" yielding kâ’n "year", kû’n "old person", and kî’n "clock".

	POSTDILUVIAN NOUNS
	Formal	Informal
a	/á//	//á/
au	/ú//	//ú/
ao	/û//	//û/
aa	/â//	//â/
ae	/î//	//î/
ai	/í//	//í/

Prediluvian Nouns

Prediluvian Nouns are more complex, associated with vast nominal classes. A root such as -m-f-r- "death" can yield ímufar "poison", maífar "deceased", mafaúra "lifespan (until death)", et cetera.

	PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (I)
	h	ɦ	ħ	ʕ	χ	ʁ
h	í/-/-/-	-/-/í/-	iá/-/-/-	-/-/iá/-	iú/-/-/-	-/-/iú/-
ɦ	-/í/-/-	-/-/-/í	-/iá/-/-	-/-/-/iá	-/iú/-/-	-/-/-/iú
ħ	aí/-/-/-	-/-/aí/-	á/-/-/-	-/-/á/-	aú/-/-/-	-/-/aú/-
ʕ	-/aí/-/-	-/-/-/aí	-/á/-/-	-/-/-/á	-/aú/-/-	-/-/-/aú
χ	uí/-/-/-	-/-/uí/-	uá/-/-/-	-/-/uá/-	ú/-/-/-	-/-/ú/-
ʁ	-/uí/-/-	-/-/-/uí	-/uá/-/-	-/-/-/uá	-/ú/-/-	-/-/-/ú

	PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (II)
	X̰	X	X̤	X̰̃	X̃	X̤̃
ə	a<///>u	a<///>a	a<///>i	a<///>ū	a<///>ā	a<///>ī
u	u<///>u	u<///>a	u<///>i	u<///>ū	u<///>ā	u<///>ī
o	ū<///>u	ū<///>a	ū<///>i	ū<///>ū	ū<///>ā	ū<///>ī
a	ā<///>u	ā<///>a	ā<///>i	ā<///>ū	ā<///>ā	ā<///>ī
e	ī<///>u	ī<///>a	ī<///>i	ī<///>ū	ī<///>ā	ī<///>ī
i	i<///>u	i<///>a	i<///>i	i<///>ū	i<///>ā	i<///>ī

Verbs

Verbs are conjugated by voice, person, mood, number, and aspect, or by form:

six voices_F: causative, obligative, medio-passive, experimental, active, and passive.

two voices_N: active, and passive.

three persons: first, second and third.

three moods: subjunctive, indicative, and jussive.

two numbers: singular and plural.

two aspects_F: perfective and imperfective.

six aspects_N: complete gerund, incomplete gerund, generic lemma, basic lemma, complete infinitive, and incomplete infinitive.

They can be divided into Finite Verbs, with 216 permutations (VOICE_F x PERSON x MOOD x NUMBER x ASPECT_F), and Non-finite Verbs, with 12 permutations (VOICE_N x ASPECT_N). In all circumstances, the number of the former may double to give way for participles:

	PARTICIPATION
Verb	-/-//	//-/-	/-/-/	-///-	/-//-	-//-/
Participle	-/-//	//-/-	/-/-/	-///-	/-//-	-//-/

Emphasis marks stress (-), which distinguishes not only verbs and participles, but even minimun pairs with some nouns (e.g. the words asita /aˈsita/ "Philosophy" and ásita /ˈasita/ "been thinking").

Finite Verbs

Finite verbs are the most productive class of verbs, outperforming through their semantic range, capable for example of conjugating -m-f-r- "dying" into mafrú "I (willingly) die", amfúr "I (unwillingly) die", muarú "I force to kill", amûr "I am forced to kill", amurú "I kill", and mafúr "I am killed".

	FINITE VERBS
	Medio-passive
	Sub.Imp.	Sub.Per.	Ind.Imp.	Ind.Per.	Jus.Imp.	Jus.Per.
1^st.Sin.	/i//ú	/ī//ú	/a//ú	/ā//ú	/u//ú	/ū//ú
2^nd.Sin.	/i//í	/ī//í	/a//í	/ā//í	/u//í	/ū//í
3^rd.Sin.	/i//á	/ī//á	/a//á	/ā//á	/u//á	/ū//á
1^st.Plu.	/i//û	/ī//û	/a//û	/ā//û	/u//û	/ū//û
2^nd.Plu.	/i//î	/ī//î	/a//î	/ā//î	/u//î	/ū//î
3^rd.Plu.	/i//â	/ī//â	/a//â	/ā//â	/u//â	/ū//â
	Experimental
1^st.Sin.	i//ú/	ī//ú/	a//ú/	ā//ú/	u//ú/	ū//ú/
2^nd.Sin.	i//í/	ī//í/	a//í/	ā//í/	u//í/	ū//í/
3^rd.Sin.	i//á/	ī//á/	a//á	ā//á	u//á	ū//á
1^st.Plu.	i//û/	ī//û/	a//û/	ā//û/	u//û/	ū//û/
2^nd.Plu.	i//î/	ī//î/	a//î/	ā//î/	u//î/	ū//î/
3^rd.Plu.	i//â/	ī//â/	a//â/	ā//â/	u//â/	ū//â/
	Causative
1^st.Sin.	//i/ú	//ī/ú	//a/ú	//ā//ú	//u/ú	//ū/ú
2^nd.Sin.	//i/í	//ī/í	//a/í	//ā/í	//u/í	//ū/í
3^rd.Sin.	//i/á	//ī/á	//a/á	/ā/á	//u/á	//ū/á
1^st.Plu.	//i/û	//ī/û	//a/û	/ā/û	//u/û	//ū/û
2^nd.Plu.	//i/î	//ī/î	//a/î	/ā/î	//u/î	//ū/î
3^rd.Plu.	//i/â	//ī/â	//a/â	/ā/â	//u/â	//ū/â
	Obligative
1^st.Sin.	i/ú//	ī/ú//	a/ú//	ā/ú//	u/ú//	ū/ú//
2^nd.Sin.	i/í//	ī/í//	a/í//	ā/í//	u/í//	ū/í//
3^rd.Sin.	i/á//	ī/á//	a/á//	ā/á//	u/á//	ū/á//
1^st.Plu.	i/û//	ī/û//	a/û//	ā/û//	u/û//	ū/û//
2^nd.Plu.	i/î//	ī/î//	a/î//	ā/î//	u/î//	ū/î//
3^rd.Plu.	i/â//	ī/â//	a/â//	ā/â//	u/â//	ū/â//
	Active
1^st.Sin.	i///ú	ī///ú	a///ú	ā///ú	u///ú	ū///ú
2^nd.Sin.	i///í	ī///í	a///í	ā///í	u///í	ū///í
3^rd.Sin.	i///á	ī///á	a///á	ā///á	u///á	ū///á
1^st.Plu.	i///û	ī///û	a///û	ā///û	u///û	ū///û
2^nd.Plu.	i///î	ī///î	a///î	ā///î	u///î	ū///î
3^rd.Plu.	i///â	ī///â	a///â	ā///â	u///â	ū///â
	Passive
1^st.Sin.	/i/ú/	/ī/ú/	/a/ú/	/ā/ú/	/u/ú/	/ū/ú/
2^nd.Sin.	/i/í/	/ī/í/	/a/í/	/ā/í/	/u/í/	/ū/í/
3^rd.Sin.	/i/á/	/ī/á/	/a/á/	/ā/á/	/u/á/	/ū/á/
1^st.Plu.	/i/û/	/ī/û/	/a/û/	/ā/û/	/u/û/	/ū/û/
2^nd.Plu.	/i/î/	/ī/î/	/a/î/	/ā/î/	/u/î/	/ū/î/
3^rd.Plu.	/i/â/	/ī/â/	/a/â/	/ā/â/	/u/â/	/ū/â/

Non-finite Verbs

Non-finite verbs are the least productive class of verbs, underperforming through their semantic range, capable for example of conjugating -m-f-r- "dying" into murí "dying" (gerund), murá "to die" (lemma), murú "to die" (infinitive).

	NON-FINITE VERBS
	Active	Passive
ʔ	á///	///á
ʔu	ú///	///ú
ʔo	û///	///û
ʔa	â///	///â
ʔe	î///	///î
ʔi	í///	///í

Adjuncts

Adjuncts are demarked by effect and amplitude:

three effects: describer, ascriber, and inscriber.

two amplitudes: local and universal. The first group works within the word boundary; the second within the phrase.

Adjectives (/-/), incorporations (-//), and prefixes (/--) precede nouns/verbs, whereas adverbs (-/-), expressions (//-), and postpositions (--/) are right-bound. Also, incorporations may equal to adverbs before consonants, as prefixes may equal to adjectives before vowels. Those two word classes distinguish themselves in Adamic by the fact that incorporations modify nouns while prefixes modify verbs. Vide ādūqáfl "proto-language" and ’āmúqul "to foretell since the beginning".

	ADJUNCTS
	Adjective	Adverb	Incorporation	Expression	Prefix	Postposition
/// ⇒	/-/	-/-	-//	//-	/--	--/

Adjectives

Adjectives describe the noun/verb.

-’-d-m- "ancestry" ⇒ ’ām "ancestral".

Adverbs

Adverbs describe the nominal/verbal phrase.

-’-d-m- "ancestry" ⇒ ādū "originally".

Incorporations

Incorporations ascribe the noun.

-’-d-m- "ancestry" ⇒ ādm- "proto-" [incorporation].

Expressions

Expressions ascribe the nominal phrase.

-’-d-m- "ancestry" ⇒ dū "back then".

Prefixes

Prefixes inscribe the verb.

-’-d-m- "ancestry" ⇒ ’āū- "fore- (since the beginning)".

Postpositions

Postpositions inscribe the verbal phrase.

-’-d-m- "ancestry" ⇒ ām "before (long ago)".

Concatenation

The root is liable to be modified by extensions or affixes, which cover the border of a stem as either prefixes or suffixes.

Replication

By directly extending the stem through repetition, affixes determine its measurements and quantities.

Degree

The affix -(C)V(C)- marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset/coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound -c- in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable. This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e.g. gugīgánuta "I am bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. gīgūg kûnaru "a giant dog").

	DEGREE
	Relative	Absolute
ə	Ca-	-aC
u	Cu-	-uC
o	Cū-	-ūC
a	Cā-	-āC
e	Cī-	-īC
i	Ci-	-iC

In nouns (importance/size):

-q-h-f- "animalism" ⇒ qáhf "life" ⇒ quhqáhf "(precious) life".

-k-f-n- "dog" ⇒ kûn "dog" ⇒ kûnin "puppy".

In verbs (frequency/completion):

-g-f-l- "consumption" ⇒ āgâfl "they did eat" ⇒ gicāgâfl "they did eat less".

-m-f-r- "death" ⇒ āmâr "they died" ⇒ āmârir "they barely died".

In adjectives (comparison/evaluation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ k’āt "strong" ⇒ kūk’āt "strongest".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ gīg "big" ⇒ gīgug "big (among big ones)".

In adverbs (comparison/evaluation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ i’a "strongly" ⇒ ’ūci’a "as strong as it can get".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ īgī "greatly" ⇒ īgīcug "greatly (among great manners)".

In incoporations (comparison/evaluation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ i’t- "strong" ⇒ ’uci’t- "stronger than many".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ īg- "great" ⇒ īgug- "great (among great ones)".

In expressions (comparison/evaluation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ k’a "being strong enough"" ⇒ kuk’a "being more than strong enough".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ gī "when great" ⇒ gīcig "when less than great".

In prefixes (comparison/evaluation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ kā- "strong" ⇒ kūkā- "as strong as it can be done".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ gī- "great" ⇒ gīcug- "great (among great doings)".

In postpositions (comparison/evaluation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ iāt "if" ⇒ tuciāt "if more than enough".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ īg "(incredibly) as/while" ⇒ gicīg "(incredibly) almost as/while".

Extension

Stems may be replicated (X ⇒ XX) entirely, producing a semantic continuum responsible for conveying the idea of repetitive and cyclical phenomena. Two stems often stand for the repetitive sense (e.g. ), whereas three (e.g. ) for the cyclical one.

	EXTENSION
	Simplication	Reduplication	Triplication
Stem ⇒	X	XX	XXX

In nouns (veracity or diffuse plural):

-q-h-f- "animalism" ⇒ qáhf "life" ⇒ qáhf-qáhf "genuine life".

-k-f-n- "dog" ⇒ kûn "dog" ⇒ kûn-kûn-kûn "dogs here and there".

In verbs (repetition or habit):

-g-f-l- "consumption" ⇒ āgâfl "they did eat" ⇒ āgâfl-āgâfl "they repeatedly did eat".

-m-f-r- "death" ⇒ āmâr "they died" ⇒ āmâr-āmâr-āmâr "they used to die".

In adjectives (excellence or continuation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ k’āt "strong" ⇒ k’āt-k’āt "indeed strong".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ gīg "big" ⇒ gīg-gīg-gīg "constantly big".

In adverbs (excellence or continuation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ i’a "strongly" ⇒ i’a-i’a "indeed strongly".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ īgī "greatly" ⇒ īgī-īgī-īgī "constantly great".

In incoporations (excellence or continuation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ i’t- "strong" ⇒ i’ti’t- "indeed strong".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ īg- "great" ⇒ īgīgīg- "constantly great".

In expressions (excellence or continuation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ k’a "being strong enough"" ⇒ k’a-k’a "indeed being very strong".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ gī "when great" ⇒ gī-gī-gī "constantly when great"

In prefixes (excellence or continuation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ kā- "strong" ⇒ kākā- "indeed strong".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ gī- "great" ⇒ gīgīgī- "constantly great".

In postpositions (excellence or continuation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ iāt "if" ⇒ iāt-iāt "indeed if".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ īg "(incredibly) as/while" ⇒ īg-īg-īg "constantly (incredibly) as/while".

Addition

By directly extending the stem through particles, affixes determine its relation with new actors.

Derivation

When Postdiluvian particles are applied, the resultant word denotes a new actor (X) through the relation with the stem's original (Y). Furthermore, left-bound affixes are active whereas right-ones passive, which helps stems to diverge in semantic content (e.g. haûl "fire" ⇒ mahaûl "firewood" / haûmma "ashes"). This process includes not only nouns, but verbs (e.g. úgul "to eat" ⇒ múgul "to be hungry" / úgumma "to be satisfied"), adjuncts (e.g. ’ūl "human" ⇒ ma’ūl "natural" / ’ūmma "artificial"), and even some clitics (e.g. su "he" ⇒ masu "who" [relative] / suma "who" [interrogative]).

	DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
	Particle	Sense
Postdiluvian	-ka-	X/Y is next to Y/X
	-ga-	X/Y interacts with Y/X
	-ta-	X/Y commands to stop Y/X
	-da-	X/Y commands to move Y/X
	-pa-	X/Y takes Y/X
	-ba-	X/Y uses Y/X
	-nā-	X/Y is many Y/X
	-na-	X/Y happens to Y/X
	-ma-	X/Y possibilitates Y/X
	-ra-	X/Y is Y/X
	-sa-	X/Y generates (many) Y/X
	-za-	X/Y generates (one) Y/X
	-ha-	X/Y makes concrete part of Y/X
	-qa-	X/Y makes abstract part of Y/X
	-ja-	X/Y belongs (constitution) to Y/X
	-wa-	X/Y belongs (ownership) to Y/X
	-ca-	X/Y derives Y/X
	-’a-	X/Y does Y/X

Relation

Prediluvian particles are attached exclusively to clitics, bearing different functions depending on their position within them. As left-bound particles in strong clitics, they are responsible for correlation (e.g. aiku "this one"); as right-bound, for case (e.g. airuk "with the one"); and in weak clitics or particles for modality (e.g. auru kī "someone can").

	RELATIVE AFFIXES
	Particle	Sense I	Sense II	Sense III
Prediluvian	-k-	that	with	can
	-g-	that	with/of	can
	-t-	such	at	want
	-d-	such	by	dare
	-p-	that	with	can
	-b-	that	with	shall
	-n-	some/no	when/at	must
	-m-	some/no	when/during	may
	-r-	same	with	indeed
	-l-	other	without	not
	-s-	every	when/at	shall
	-z-	each	when/at	shall
	-h-	UNTRANSLATABLE	UNTRANSLATABLE	UNTRANSLATABLE
	-q-	UNTRANSLATABLE	UNTRANSLATABLE	UNTRANSLATABLE
	-j-	such	like	expect
	-w-	such	about	seem/must
	-c-	UNTRANSLATABLE	UNTRANSLATABLE	UNTRANSLATABLE
	-’-	UNTRANSLATABLE	UNTRANSLATABLE	UNTRANSLATABLE

Triptote Formula

The Triptote Formula inflects through case, number, definition and/or gender:

six cases: nominative, accusative, dative, oblique, ergative, and genitive.

three numbers: singular, dual, and plural.

three referentialities: definite, indefinite, and nomic.

three genders: feminine, masculine, and neuter.

Case, number, and gender are ubiquitous while definition is dropped in pronouns (also, the neuter gender conflates with the masculine gender). The result is 108 permutations known to reduce grammatical functions thanks to a trio of particles (i, u, and a) specialized in capturing basic relations from older paleolithic codes. Vide:

-i̯ (dative) [Pangaean] ⇒ _i (dative) [Adamic]

∅ (nominative) [Pangaean] ⇒ _u (nominative) [Adamic]

-ʔ (accusative) [Pangaean] ⇒ _a (accusative) [Adamic]

To serve their purpose, right-led case particles (_V_cas) combine with correlation (C_cor) and definition particles (V_def) in the formula _V_defC_corV_cas to generate articles, while pronouns are formed by stacking the former with pronoun roots (C_pro) as in _C_proV_cas. Furthermore, as articles are always treated as clitics whereas pronouns may act as stems, the empty space _ is filled by a nominal unit when an article, and otherwise by the particle a when a pronoun). Vide:

_iru (definite article) ⇒ saíkat iru "the philosopher" (nominative)

_nu (1^st-person) ⇒ anu "I" (nominative)

When opposite functions are wished, on the other hand, one has solely to invert the empty space:

iru_ (definite article) ⇒ iru saíkat "it's the philosopher" (oblique)

nu_ (1^st-person) ⇒ nua "it's me" (oblique)

Regarding the demarcations of gender and number, the singular, dual, and plural in the masculine (u) and neuter (a) are prototypically represented by -u, -au, and -ū, whereas in the feminine (i) by -ui, -ai, and -uī, with the plural demarcation actually behaving as V̄ (depending on other terms to define a vowel). In effect, the conflation of the masculine and neuter with the basic form is explained by the obsolete fusion of the former (*-uu) and the fact that the latter can be left unmarked (-u∅) to represent -ua.

Gender functions mostly behave as a dual scheme in Adamic. For every word, it is conceived a pair wherein there are "material" (i) and "immaterial" (u) members, in such way that a predictable gender system is formed within the language. "Earthly" concepts such as "earth", "water", and "sea" are always feminine, in contrast with "heavenly" terms akin to "sky", "wind", and "clouds", masculine. Other correspondences clearly extend to objects such as domestic items and abstract phenomena, respectively.

Pronouns

Pronouns can be inflected by primary and secondary cases (e.g ana "me", anuk "with me"), beyond the following affixes:

(C): feminine construction with ca and/or ’a that may aid the feminine marker i. Vide: anuci "I (f.)", anu’a "I (f.)", anu’ai "I (f.)", anuca’ "I (f.)", et cetera.

(N): plural construction with the Diluvian particle nā (e.g. anu "I" and anunā "we"), which may suffer a variety of deformations, such as being reduced to n (e.g. anūn "we") or fused with ca (e.g. anucān "we"). The feminine (C) may be included.

Pronouns may also differ among themselves, as the distribution of their roots is formely distinguished as Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, that would roughly address the two sets of pronoun patterns (m-T and n-m) historically associated with Northern Eurasia and Western America^[5]; however, they merely catalogue the most common used consonants for pronouns in the Diluvian Code, and therefore in Adamic:

Eurasian:

naocar "the near person" [Diluvian] ⇒ -n- (1^st person) [Adamic]

taocar "the person of reference" [Diluvian] ⇒ -t- (2^nd person) [Adamic]

yaocar "that person (3^rd-person)" [Diluvian] ⇒ -s- (3^rd person) [Adamic]

Laurentian:

kaocar "this person" [Diluvian] ⇒ -k- (1^st person) [Adamic]

paocar "the present person" [Diluvian] ⇒ -p- (2^nd person) [Adamic]

aocar "person" [Diluvian] ⇒ -∅- (3^rd person) [Adamic]

Plain Pronouns

The plain form of pronouns is equivalent to the absolute state of nouns, inflected by case. This class may also behave as articles for a noun when independent (e.g. ’ûl-asu "that man"), and their Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, for once, are as follows:

	MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person
Nominative	atu	anu	asu	atau	anau	asau	atu(N)	anu(N)	asu(N)
Accusative	ata	ana	asa	atau	anau	asau	ata(N)	ana(N)	asa(N)
Dative	ati	ani	asi	atau	anau	asau	ati(N)	ani(N)	asi(N)
Oblique	tua	nua	sua	tau(a)	nau(a)	sau(a)	tua(N)	nua(N)	sua(N)
Ergative	tā	nā	sā	tau(a)	nau(a)	sau(a)	tā(N)	nā(N)	sā(N)
Genitive	tia	nia	sia	tau(a)	nau(a)	sau(a)	tia(N)	nia(N)	sia(N)
	FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
Nominative	atui(C)	anui(C)	asui(C)	atai	anai	asai	atui(N)	anui(N)	asuī(N)
Accusative	atai(C)	anai(C)	asai(C)	atai	anai	asai	atai(N)	anai(N)	asaī(N)
Dative	ati(C)	ani(C)	asi(C)	atai	anai	asai	ati(N)	ani(N)	asi(N)
Oblique	tuia(C)	nuia(C)	suia(C)	tai(a)	nai(a)	sai(a)	tuia(N)	nuia(N)	suia(N)
Ergative	taia(C)	naia(C)	saia(C)	tai(a)	nai(a)	sai(a)	taia(N)	naia(N)	saia(N)
Genitive	tia(C)	nia(C)	sia(C)	tai(a)	nai(a)	sai(a)	tia(N)	nia(N)	sia(N)

	MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person
Nominative	apu	aku	au	apau	akau	āu	apu(N)	aku(N)	au(N)
Accusative	apa	aka	ā	apau	akau	āu	apa(N)	aka(N)	ā(N)
Dative	api	aki	ai	apau	akau	āu	api(N)	aki(N)	ai(N)
Oblique	pua	kua	ua	pau(a)	kau(a)	au(a)	pua(N)	kua(N)	ua(N)
Ergative	pā	kā	ā	pau(a)	kau(a)	au(a)	pā(N)	kā(N)	ā(N)
Genitive	pia	kia	ia	pau(a)	kau(a)	au(a)	pia(N)	kia(N)	ia(N)
	FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
Nominative	apui(C)	akui(C)	aui(C)	apai	akai	āi	apui(N)	akui(N)	aui(N)
Accusative	apai(C)	akai(C)	āi(C)	apai	akai	āi	apai(N)	akai(N)	aī(N)
Dative	api(C)	aki(C)	ai(C)	apai	akai	āi	api(N)	aki(N)	ai(N)
Oblique	puia(C)	kuia(C)	uia(C)	pai(a)	kai(a)	ai(a)	puia(N)	kuia(N)	uia(N)
Ergative	paia(C)	kaia(C)	aia(C)	pai(a)	kai(a)	āi(a)	paia(N)	kaia(N)	aia(N)
Genitive	pia(C)	kia(C)	ia(C)	pai(a)	kai(a)	ai(a)	pia(N)	kia(N)	ia(N)

Enclitic Pronouns

The enclitic form of pronouns is equivalent to the construct state of nouns, not inflected by case. This class may also behave as relative connectors when clitic (e.g. saíkat iru, nu abūlá "the philosopher who (among us) reads"), and their Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, for once, are as follows:

	MASCULINE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person
VOWEL	tu	nu	su	tau	nau	sau	tu(N)	nu(N)	su(N)
CONSONANT	ut	un	us	aut	aun	aus	ut(N)	un(N)	us(N)
	NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
VOWEL	ta	na	sa	tā	nā	sā	ta(N)	na(N)	sa(N)
CONSONANT	at	an	as	āt	ān	ās	at(N)	an(N)	as(N)
	FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
VOWEL	ti	ni	si	tai	nai	sai	ti(N)	ni(N)	si(N)
CONSONANT	it	in	is	ait	ain	ais	it(N)	in(N)	is(N)

	MASCULINE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person
VOWEL	pu	ku	’u	pau	kau	’au	pu(N)	ku(N)	’u(N)
CONSONANT	up	uk	u	aup	auk	au	up(N)	uk(N)	u(N)
	NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
VOWEL	pa	ka	’a	pā	kā	’ā	pa(N)	ka(N)	’a(N)
CONSONANT	ap	ak	a	āp	āk	ā	ap(N)	ak(N)	a(N)
	FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
VOWEL	pi	ki	’i	pai	kai	’ai	pi(N)	ki(N)	’i(N)
CONSONANT	ip	ik	i	aip	aik	ai	ip(N)	ik(N)	i(N)

Heretoclitic Pronouns

Interrogative and relative pronouns are encompassed by this class, derived by the attachment of the particle -ma-, denoting possibility. Notably, the interrogative group is not limited to the third person (e.g. numa "who (among us)?", tuma "who (among you)?", and suma "who (among them)?").

	MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person
Nominative	matu	manu	masu	matau	manau	masau	matu(N)	manu(N)	masu(N)
Accusative	mata	mana	masa	matau	manau	masau	mata(N)	mana(N)	masa(N)
Dative	mati	mani	masi	matau	manau	masau	mati(N)	mani(N)	masi(N)
Oblique	tuma	numa	suma	tauma	nauma	sauma	tuma(N)	numa(N)	suma(N)
Ergative	tama	nama	sama	tauma	nauma	sauma	tama(N)	nama(N)	sama(N)
Genitive	tia	nia	sia	tauma	nauma	sauma	tima(N)	nima(N)	sima(N)
	FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
Nominative	matui(C)	manui(C)	masui(C)	matai	manai	masai	matui(N)	manui(N)	asui(N)
Accusative	matai(C)	manai(C)	masai(C)	matau	manau	masau	matai(N)	manai(N)	masai(N)
Dative	mati(C)	mani(C)	masi(C)	matau	manau	masau	mati(N)	mani(N)	masi(N)
Oblique	tuima(C)	nuima(C)	suima(C)	taima	naima	saima	tuima(N)	nuima(N)	suima(N)
Ergative	taima(C)	naima(C)	saima(C)	taima	naima	saima	taima(N)	naima(N)	saima(N)
Genitive	tima(C)	nima(C)	sima(C)	taima	naima	saima	tima(N)	nima(N)	sima(N)

	MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person	2^nd-person	1^st-person	3^rd-person
Nominative	mapu	maku	mau	mapau	makau	ma’au	mapu(N)	maku(N)	ma’u(N)
Accusative	mapa	maka	mā	mapau	makau	ma’au	mapa(N)	maka(N)	mā(N)
Dative	mapi	maki	mai	mapau	makau	ma’au	mapi(N)	maki(N)	mai(N)
Oblique	puma	kuma	uma	pauma	kauma	auma	puma(N)	kuma(N)	uma(N)
Ergative	pama	kama	ama	pauma	kauma	auma	pama(N)	kama(N)	ama(N)
Genitive	pia	kia	ia	pauma	kauma	auma	poma(N)	kima(N)	ima(N)
	FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
Nominative	mapui(C)	makui(C)	ma’ui(C)	mapai	makai	ma’ai	mapui(N)	makui(N)	aui(N)
Accusative	mapai(C)	makai(C)	ma’ai(C)	mapau	makau	ma’au	mapai(N)	makai(N)	ma’ai(N)
Dative	mapi(C)	maki(C)	mai(C)	mapau	makau	ma’au	mapi(N)	maki(N)	mai(N)
Oblique	puima(C)	kuima(C)	uima(C)	paima	kaima	aima	puima(N)	kuima(N)	’uima(N)
Ergative	paima(C)	kaima(C)	aima(C)	paima	kaima	’aima	paima(N)	kaima(N)	’aima(N)
Genitive	pima(C)	kima(C)	ima(C)	paima	kaima	aima	pima(N)	kima(N)	ima(N)

Although highly inflective, a pronoun such as masu "who, that" bears no animate-inanimate distinction. For this purpose, there is ’ūmma "who?", ’āmma "what", and their varied forms:

	MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION
	Singular		Dual		Plural
	Animate	Inanimate	Animate	Inanimate	Animate	Inanimate
Obl./Erg./Gen.	’ūmma	’āmma	’ūmmau	’āmmau	’ūmma(N)	’āmma(N)
Nom./Erg./Dat.	ma’ūl	ma’āl	ma’ūlau	ma’ālau	ma’ūl(N)	ma’āl(N)
	FEMININE DECLENSION
Obl./Erg./Gen.	’ūmmai(C)	’āmmai(C)	’ūmmau	’āmmau	’ūmma(N)	’āmma(N)
Nom./Erg./Dat.	ma’ūli(C)	ma’āli(C)	ma’ūlai	ma’ālai	ma’ūli(N)	ma’āli(N)

It is common for heteroclitic nouns to be reduced (e.g. ma’ūli(C) reduced to ’ūli "who? (f.)"); specially when reduplication is applied. Vide: ma’āl "what" and mama’āl "which" (also reduced to mam).

	DECLENSION
	Generic	Specific
Heteroclitic	ma	mam

It is also important to notice that heteroclitic pronouns can be used freely, in contrast to the relative use of enclitic pronouns (e.g. sama babál "what respectively is being read", bîblira sa babál "the book, which is being read").

Possessive Pronouns

Enclitic pronouns when flexed over articles acquire a possessive meaning (e.g. si "she" + iru "the" = asiru "hers"). It goes without saying that this process completely overcomes any inflection of definition (e.g. su "he" + iru "the" = asuru "his"), yet it is important to notice both the possessor and the possession inflect this class of pronouns (e.g. tat siru "her dad", mūm siruci "her mom").

	MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	2^nd Person	1^st Person	3^rd Person	2^nd Person	1^st Person	3^rd Person	2^nd Person	1^st Person	3^rd Person
Nominative	aturu	anuru	asuru	aturau	anurau	asurau	aturu(N)	anuru(N)	asuru(N)
Accusative	atura	anura	asura	aturau	anurau	asurau	atura(N)	anura(N)	asura(N)
Dative	aturi	anuri	asuri	aturau	anurau	asurau	aturi(N)	anuri(N)	asuri(N)
Oblique	turua	nurua	surua	turaua	nuraua	suraua	turu(N)a	nuru(N)a	suru(N)a
Ergative	turā	nurā	surā	turaua	nuraua	suraua	tura(N)a	nurs(N)a	surs(N)a
Genitive	turia	nuria	suria	turaua	nuraua	suraua	turi(N)a	nuri(N)a	suri(N)a
	FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
Nominative	aturu(C)	anuru(C)	asuru(C)	aturai	anurai	asurai	aturi(N)	anuri(N)	asuri(N)
Accusative	atura(C)	anura(C)	asura(C)	aturai	anurai	asurai	atura(N)	anura(N)	asura(N)
Dative	aturi(C)	anuri(C)	asuri(C)	aturai	anurai	asurai	aturi(N)	anuri(N)	asuri(N)
Oblique	turu(C)a	nuru(C)a	suru(C)a	turaia	nuraia	suraia	turu(N)a	nuru(N)a	suru(N)a
Ergative	tura(C)a	nura(C)a	sura(C)a	turaia	nuraia	suraia	tura(N)a	nura(N)a	sura(N)a
Genitive	turi(C)a	nuri(C)a	suri(C)a	turaia	nuraia	suraia	turi(N)a	nuri(N)a	suria(N)a

	MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	2^nd Person	1^st Person	3^rd Person	2^nd Person	1^st Person	3^rd Person	2^nd Person	1^st Person	3^rd Person
Nominative	apuru	akuru	auru	apurau	akurau	aurau	apuru(N)	akuru(N)	auru(N)
Accusative	apura	akura	aura	apurau	akurau	aurau	apura(N)	akura(N)	aura(N)
Dative	apuri	akuri	auri	apurau	akurau	aurau	apuri(N)	akuri(N)	auri(N)
Oblique	purua	kurua	urua	puraua	kuraua	uraua	puru(N)a	kuru(N)a	uru(N)a
Ergative	purā	kurā	urā	puraua	kuraua	uraua	pura(N)a	kura(N)a	ura(N)a
Genitive	puria	kuria	uria	puraua	kuraua	uraua	puri(N)a	kuri(N)a	uri(N)a
	FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
Nominative	apuru(C)	akuru(C)	auru(C)	apurai	akurai	aurai	apuru(N)	akuru(N)	auru(N)
Accusative	apura(C)	akura(C)	aura(C)	apurai	akurai	aurai	apura(N)	akura(N)	aura(N)
Dative	apuri(C)	akuri(C)	auri(C)	apurai	akurai	aurai	apuri(N)	akiri(N)	airi(N)
Oblique	puru(C)a	kuru(C)a	uru(C)a	puraia	kuraia	uraia	puru(N)a	kuru(N)a	uru(N)a
Ergative	pura(C)a	kura(C)a	ura(C)a	puraia	kuraia	uraia	pura(N)a	kura(N)a	ura(N)a
Genitive	puri(C)a	kuri(C)a	uri(C)a	puraia	kuraia	uraia	puri(N)a	kuri(N)a	uri(N)a

Articles

Articles in Adamic are either definite, indefinite, or nomic. The first case denotes either a specific being one is able or unable to identify (translated in English as "the" or "a certain"); the second, an unespecific being that may be random or somewhat specific (translated as "any" or "some"); and the third applies to generic identities, such as the subject in ’ûlaru amfár "people die".

Nominal Articles

Plain articles accompany nouns and pseudo-nouns in the absolute state. Instead of relying on an epenthetic vowel to determine their syntactic functions such as pronouns, they are known to be arranged either before or after a nominal phrase (e.g. iru mur liviatan "it's the dead whale").

	MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Definite	Indefinite	Nomic	Definite	Indefinite	Nomic	Definite	Indefinite	Nomic
Nominative	_iru	_uru	_aru	_irau	_urau	_arau	_īru(N)	_ūru(N)	_āru(N)
Accusative	_ira	_ura	_ara	_irau	_urau	_arau	_īra(N)	_ūra(N)	_āra(N)
Dative	_iri	_uri	_ari	_irau	_urau	_arau	_īri(N)	_ūri(N)	_āri(N)
Oblique	iru_	uru_	aru_	irau_	urau_	arau_	īru(N)_	ūru(N)_	āru(N)_
Ergative	ira_	ura_	ara_	irau_	urau_	arau_	īra(N)_	ūra(N)_	āra(N)_
Genitive	iri_	uri_	ari_	irau_	urau_	arau_	īri(N)_	ūri(N)_	āri(N)_
	FEMININE DECLENSION
Nominative	_irui(C)	_urui(C)	_arui(C)	_irai	_urai	_arai	_īrui(N)	_ūrui(N)	_ārui(N)
Accusative	_irai(C)	_urai(C)	_arai(C)	_irai	_urai	_arai	_īrai(N)	_ūrai(N)	_ārai(N)
Dative	_iri(C)	_uri(C)	_ari(C)	_irai	_urai	_arai	_īri(N)	_ūri(N)	_āri(N)
Oblique	irui(C)_	urui(C)_	arui(C)_	irai_	urai_	arai_	īrui(N)_	ūrui(N)_	ārui(N)_
Ergative	irai(C)_	urai(C)_	arai(C)_	irai_	urai_	arai_	īrai(N)_	ūrai(N)_	ārai(N)_
Genitive	iri(C)_	uri(C)_	ari(C)_	irai_	urai_	arai_	īri(N)_	ūri(N)_	āri(N)_

Enclitic Articles

Enclitic articles accompany nouns in the absolute state or when the equivalent plain article would appear again (e.g. bîbli iri saíkat "the philosopher's book", bîbli liviatan iruci "the book and the whale"). They may be either infixes or sufixes, depending on whether the noun is triradical or not, in which case an open space between consonants either draws the vowel or its inexistence pulls it away. Exceptions such as bîblV rather than bîbVl occur though due the presence of liquid consonants.

	MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Definite	Indefinite	Nomic	Definite	Indefinite	Nomic	Definite	Indefinite	Nomic
Infix	-i-	-u-	-a-	-ai-	-au-	-ā-	-ī(N)-	-ū(N)-	-ā(N)-
Suffix	-i	-u	-a	-ai	-au	-ā	-ī(N)	-ū(N)	-ā(N)
	FEMININE DECLENSION
Infix	-i(C)-	-u(C)-	-a(C)-	-ai(C)	-au(C)	-ā(C)-	-ī(N)-	-ū(N)-	-ā(N)
Suffix	-i(C)	-u(C)	-a(C)	-ai(C)	-au(C)	-ā(C)	-ī(N)	-ū(N)	-ā(N)

Syntax

The sentence structure of Adamic is highly strict and diffusive. The position of nouns is primarily determined by the configuration promoted by the triptote formula and the use of the construct state; verbs conform to the latter by not interrupting the chain of Subject-Object (except when regarding pronouns); whereas some adjuncts must precede their arguments (e.g. adjectives as in mur liviatan iru "the dead whale"), and others follow them (e.g. adverbs as in āgūlá ūfā "he ate deadly"). Overall, the first half of a sentence is the topic, and the second, the focus.

Construct State

The so called construct state plays an important role in adamic syntax, being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves in order to make sense of a select class of grammatical cases in the articles (wherein the construct can always be identified as the subject). For example, the nominative, oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive, for once, are known to trigger it when two inflections of the triptote formula conflate, as in:

bîbliri "to/towards the book" + iri saíkat "from/of the philosopher"

The logical exclusion of one iri for means of redudancy does not indicate the syntactic relationship alone, but is accompanied by the construct with two possibilities:

bîbli iri saíkat "the book of the philosopher"

bîbliri siktí "the philosopher to the book"

Nouns

When constructs, nouns lose their triptote inflection, while still behaving as independent subjects.

(1)

סכת ר אול

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy>CLASS

ר

r

iru

def.nom

אול

’vl

’ûvil

person>animate>human.def.cons

"The person being the philosopher" (ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION)

(2)

סכת ר אול

סכת

skt

iskít

philosophy>CLASS.def.cons

ר

r

iru

def.obl

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

"The philosopher is the person" (COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION)

(3)

סכת ר אול

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy>CLASS

ר

r

ira

def.acc

אול

’vl

’ûvil

person>animate>human.def.cons

"The person influences/becomes the philosopher" (CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION)

(4)

סכת ר אול

סכת

skt

iskít

philosophy>CLASS.def.cons

ר

r

ira

def.erg

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

"The philosopher is influenced/become by the person" (PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION)

(5)

סכת ר אול

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy>CLASS

ר

r

iri

def.dat

אול

’vl

’ûvil

person>animate>human.def.cons

"The person to the philosopher" (DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION)

(6)

סכת ר אול

סכת

skt

iskít

philosophy>CLASS.def.cons

ר

r

iri

def.gen

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

"The person's philosopher" (POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION)

Collective Formation

The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects:

(1)

בבל סכת ר

בבל

bbl

bîbli

book>inanimate>human.def.cons

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy>CLASS

ר

r

iru

def.nom

"the book and the philosopher"

(2)

סכת רך בבל כאנ

סכת

skt

iskít

philosophy>CLASS.def.cons

רך

rk

iruk

def.obl.com

בבל

bbl

bîbl

book>inanimate>human

כאנ

k’n

kî’in

ancientness>inanimate>human.def.cons

"the philosopher is with the book and the clock"

Attributive Formation

The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against nouns may lead from (1) to (4).

(1)

אול ר מףר סכת

אול

’vl

’ûvil

person>animate>human.def.cons

ר

r

iru

def.obl

מףר

mfr

mur

death.adj

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy>CLASS

"the person is the dead philosopher"

(2)

אול ר מףר

אול

’vl

’ûvil

person>animate>human.def.cons

ר

r

iru

def.obl

מףר

mfr

murá

death.adj.nmz

"the person is the dead one"

(3)

אול ר מףר

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

ר

r

iru

def.nom

מףר

mfr

mur

death.adj

"the person is dead"

(4)

אול מףרס

אול

’vl

’ûvil

person>animate>human.def.cons

מףרס

mfrs

mur-us

death.adj-3.sg.masc.cons

"the person is dead"

Pronouns

When constructs, pronouns lose their triptote inflection, becoming enclitics attached to the unit they are subjects of.

(1)

נ סכת

נ

n

anu

1.sg.nom

סכת

skt

iskít

philosophy>CLASS.def.cons

"The philosopher being I" (ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION)

(2)

ר סכתנ

ר

r

iru

the.obl

סכתנ

sktn

saíkat-an

philosophy>CLASS-1.sg.cons

"I am the philosopher" (COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION)

(3)

נ סכת

נ

n

ana

1.sg.acc

סכת

skt

iskít

philosophy>CLASS.def.cons

"The philosopher influences/becomes me" (CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION)

(4)

ר סכתנ

ר

r

ira

the.erg

סכתנ

sktn

saíkat-an

philosophy>CLASS-1.sg.cons

"I am influenced/become by the philosopher" (PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION)

(5)

נ סכת

נ

n

ani

1.sg.dat

סכת

skt

iskít

philosophy>CLASS.def.cons

"The philosopher to me" (DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION)

(6)

ר סכתנ

ר

r

iri

the.gen

סכתנ

sktn

saíkat-an

philosophy>CLASS-1.sg.cons

"The philosopher's I" (POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION)

Collective Formation

The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects:

(1)

תנ

tn

atu-na

2.sg.nom-1.sg.cons

"I and you"

(2)

נכס ת

נכס

nks

nuak-us

1.sg.obl.com-3.sg.masc.cons

ת

t

ta

2.sg.cons

"he is with me and you"

Attributive Formation

The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against pronouns may lead from (1) to (4).

(1)

ר מףר סכתס

ר

r

iru

def.obl

מףר

mfr

mur

death.adj

סכתס

skts

saíkat-us

philosophy>CLASS-3.sg.masc.cons

"he is the dead philosopher"

(2)

ר מףרס

ר

r

iru

def.obl

מףרס

mfrs

murá-su

death.adj.nmz-3.sg.masc.cons

"he is the dead one"

(3)

ס מפר

ס

s

asu

3.sg.masc/neut.nom

מףר

mfr

mur

death.adj

"he is dead"

(4)

מפרס

מףרס

mfrs

mur-us

death.adj-3.sg.masc.cons

"he is dead"

Pseudo-nouns

When constructs, non-finite verbs lose their triptote inflection, attracting verbal enclitics to themselves while behaving as nouns.

(1)

תסכת אול

תסכת

tskt

t-úsit-u

des-philosophy.act.inf-nom

אול

’vl

’ûvil

person>animate>human.def.cons

"The person wanting to think" (ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION)

(2)

תסכת ר אול

תסכת

tskt

t-úsit

des-philosophy.act.inf.cons

ר

r

iru

def.obl

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

"Wanting to think is the person" (COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION)

(3)

תסכת אול

תסכת

tskt

t-úsit-a

des-philosophy.act.inf-acc

אול

’vl

’ûvil

person>animate>human.ndef.cons

"The person wants to think" (CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION)

(4)

תסכת ר אול

תסכת

tskt

t-úsit

des-philosophy.act.inf.cons

ר

r

ira

def.erg

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

"To think is wanted by the person" (PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION)

(5)

תסכת אול

תסכת

tskt

t-úsit-i

des-philosophy.act.inf-dat

אול

’vl

’ûvil

person>animate>human.def.cons

"The person to wanting to think" (DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION)

(6)

תסכת ר אול

תסכת

sktt

t-úsit

des-philosophy.act.inf.cons

ר

r

iri

def.gen

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

"The person's wanting to think" (POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION)

Collective Formation

The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects:

(1)

כאן מףרצ

כאן

k’n

kāní

aging.ger.pas

מףרצ

mfrc

murí-cu

death.ger.pas-nom

"aging and dying"

(2)

הול ךכאן מףר

הול

hvl

hūlú-m

fire.ger.pas.cons-deb

ךכאן

kk’n

uk-kāní

obl.com-aging.ger.pas

מףר

mfr

murí

death.ger.pas.cons

"having to burn right after aging and dying"

Attributive Formation

The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against pseudo-nouns may lead from (1) to (4).

(1)

כאן ר הול מףר

כאן

k’n

kāní

aging.ger.pass.cons

ר

r

iru

def.obl

הול

hvl

hūl

fire.adj

מףר

mfr

maúr

death>generic

"aging is the fiery death"

(2)

כאן ר הול

כאן

k’n

kāní

aging.ger.pass.cons

ר

r

iru

def.obl

הול

hvl

hūlá

fire.adj.nmz

"aging is the fiery one"

(3)

כאןץ הול

כאןץ

k’nc

kāní-cu

aging.ger.pass-nom

הול

hvl

hūl

fire.adj

"aging is fiery"

(4)

כאן הולס

כאן

k’n

kāní

aging.ger.pass.cons

הולס

hvls

hūl-as

fire.adj-3.sg.cons

"aging is fiery"

Word Order

Constituent Order

The default constituent order in Adamic is OSV, except when the subject is a pronoun, wherein it takes the OVS form. Alternatively, the VOS and therefore the VSO order appear as liberties.

(1)

בבל ר סכת בבל

בבל

bbl

bîbl

book>inanimate>human

ר

r

ira

def.acc

סכת

skt

siktí

philosophy>CLASS.def.cons

בבל

bbl

ābūlá

book.act.perf.3.sg

"The philosopher read the book"

(2)

בבל ר בבלת

בבל

bbl

bîbl

book>inanimate>human

ר

r

ira

def.acc

בבלת

bblt

ābūlí-ta

book.act.perf.2.sg-2.sg

"You read the book"

Nouns

The position of nouns is more often than not determined by the position of their articles. When the latter form a syntactical relationship with the sentence (i.e. a construction), there will be certain spots where the noun can be located in order to accomplish grammatical sense.

Verbs

The position of verbs is less strict than nouns. They are preferably right-bound, and often appear at the end of a sentence.

Modifier Order

Modifers may be left out, but otherwise they are strategically positioned to align with their morphological function. Incorporated adjuncts for instance are well defined by Adamic morphology, either modifying the noun/verb or the nominal/verbal phrase; it is rather the insurgence of segmental modifiers (i.e. segments as much as non-obligatory) that involve a more complex structure, when segmental adjuncts substitute the arguments they modify, forcing the latter into the construct state, as the second example (1) below shows.

Incorporated Adjuncts

As adjuncts incorporated into the constituent aligment, those that modify the noun/verb are left-bound, and those that modify the nominal/verbal phrase are right-bound:

(1)

מפר סךת ר

מפר

mfr

mur

death.adj

סךת

skt

saíkat

philosophy>CLASS

ר

r

iru

def.nom

"the dead philosopher" (ADJECTIVE)

(2)

סכת מפר

סכת

skt

askút

philosophy.exp.1.sg

מפר

mfr

ūfā

death.adv

"I think deadly" (ADVERB)

(3)

מפרסךת ר

מפרסךת

mfrskt

ūfr-saíkat

death.inc-philosophy>CLASS

ר

r

iru

def.nom

"the necro-philosopher" (INCORPORATION)

(4)

סכת מפר ר

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy>CLASS

מפר

mfr

fā

death.expr

ר

r

iru

def.nom

"The philosopher as morbid as a corpse " (EXPRESSION)

(5)

מפרסכת

mfrskt

muā-askút

death.pref-philosophy.exp.1.sg

"I necro-think" (PREFIX)

(6)

סכת מפר

סכת

skt

askút

philosophy.exp.1.sg

מפר

mfr

ūr

death.post

"At least as long as I think " (POSTPOSITION)

Segmental Adjuncts

Contrary to adjuncts per se, segments that function as adjuncts (i.e. disposable) may be located either left or right in relation to the arguments they modify, but their function differs in each case. For example, it is important to notice the difference between the next two samples, which although both can be translated as "the philosopher reads the book in the library", only (1) implies the action of reading occurs there, whereas (2) implies the book was in the library aforementioned:

(1)

בבל דתס רת סכת בבל

בבל

bbl

bîbli

book.def.cons

דתס

dts

datasiú

writing>CLASS

רת

rt

irat

def.acc.des

סכת

skt

siktí

philosophy>CLASS.def.cons

בבל

bbl

abūlá

book.def.perf.3.sg

"the philosopher reads the book in the library"

(2)

דתס רת בבל ר סכת בבל

דתס

dts

datasiú

writing>CLASS

רת

rt

irut

def.nom.des

בבל

bbl

bîbl

book>inanimate>human

ר

r

ira

def.acc

סכת

skt

siktí

philosophy>CLASS.def.cons

בבל

bbl

abūlá

book.act.perf.3.sg

"the philosopher reads the book in the library"

Subordinate Clauses

In Adamic, subordination is mostly marked by postpositions, clitic pronouns, or even the bare triptote formula. Also characteristic of this morphosyntactic level is the elliptical construct, which manifests when a noun, pronoun, or pseudo-noun functions as subject/object more than once in the sentence:

asa amālá-su "he loves him"

amālá-sus "he loves himself"

amālá-s masa amālá-su "he loves whom loves him"

Absolute Clauses

Absolute clauses modify their subjects/objects through means beneath the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that do not specify a noun).

Argument Clauses

Some subordinated clauses may prioritize the use of the triptote formula, addressing it as marker of the same level of the sentence rather than a particle attached to certain elements (e.g.sāru maíval askút "I think it is their mother" and cu āūla sāri maíval askút "I think it is their mother's personhood"). As consequence, the clause is effectively treated as a pseudo-noun bearing the same syntactic functions as the latter.

(1)

ץ מל סן קהף סכת

ץ

c

cu

obl

מל

ml

maliú

where.nom

סן

sn

asūnā

3.nom.plu

קהף

qhf

aqqâf

live.exp.imp.ind.3.plu

סכת

skt

askút

philosophy.exp.imp.ind.1.sg

"I think it is where they live" (OBLIQUE CLAUSE)

(2)

מפרת ץ סכת

מפרת

mfrt

mur-at

death.adj-2.sg.cons

ץ

c

cu

nom

סכת

skt

askút

philosophy.exp.imp.ind.1.sg

"I think you are dead" (NOMINATIVE CLAUSE)

(3)

ץ בבל ר בבל ן גגפל

ץ

c

ca

erg

בבל

bbl

bîbl

book>inanimate>human

ר

r

ara

nomic.acc.masc/neut.sg

בבל

bbl

ábūlu

book.act.part.imp.1.sg

ן

n

ana

1.acc.masc/neut.sg

גגפל

ggfl

gigualá

food.cau.imp.3.sg>DEGREE

"It made me eat less reading books" (ERGATIVE CLAUSE)

(4)

גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ

גפל

gfl

gáfl

food>generic

נר

nr

nāra

our.acc.masc/neut.sg

גפל

gfl

águlā

food.act.part.imp.3.plu

סן

sn

sān

3.plu.cons

ץ

c

ca

acc

קסלננ

qslnn

āqilû-nūn

see.act.part.imp.1.plu-1.plu.cons

"We saw them eating our food" (ACCUSATIVE CLAUSE)

(5)

ץ ס פכסן כּאפּס

ץ

c

ci

gen

ס

s

asa

3.sg.masc/neut.acc

פכסן

p’ksn

ipākâ-sān

take.act.imp.sjv.plu-3.plu.neut.cons

כּאפּס

k’ps

k’ap’á-su

destroy.pas.imp.ind.sg-3.sg.masc.cons

"He will be killed if they catch him" (GENITIVE CLAUSE)

(6)

ס מאלסן ץ מאלס

ס

s

asa

3.sg.masc/neut.acc

מאלסן

m’lsn

umālâ-sān

love.act.imp.jus.plu-3.plu.neut.cons

ץ

c

ci

dat

מאלס

m’ls

amālá-su

love.act.imp.ind.sg-3.sg.masc.cons

"He loves them for them to love him" (DATIVE CLAUSE)

Adjunct Clauses

Clauses may end with postpositions or coordinators such as the individual ī "and/then", the comparative ū "or/but", and the medial ā "while/rather" (the latter may even dispose of particles to modify their sense; vide aiku lū auku "neither this nor that").

(1)

ת קסלסן אדם קסלנת

ת

t

ata

2.masc/neu.sg.acc

קסלסן

qslsn

iqilâ-sān

vision.act.impf.sjv.plu-3.plu.neut.cons

אדם

’dm

ām

ancestry.post

קסלנת

qslnt

āqilá-nut

vision.act.perf.ind.sg-1.sg.masc.cons.2.cons

"I saw you before they could have seen" (POSTPOSITIONAL CLAUSE)

(2)

בבל ר כבבלת ל סן הול

בבל

bbl

bîbl

bool>inanimate>human

ר

r

ara

nomic.masc/neut.acc

כבבלת

kbblt

k-ábūla-t

can-book.act.impf.ind.sg-2.sg.cons

ל

l

l-ā

not.while

סן

sn

asānā

3.masc/neut.plu.acc

הול

hvl

áhūli

fire.part.act.impf.ind.2.sg

"You can't read books while burning them" (COORDENATIVE CLAUSE)

Relative Clauses

Relative clauses modify their subjects/objects through means above the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that specify a noun). Clitics and heretoclitic pronouns are responsible for this feature, be they proper to denote gender such sa or case such as masu; with the latter being a mere variant of the former when no noun is applied (e.g. murus su, saíkat iru "the philosopher who is dead" and muras masu "who is dead").

Non-Restrictive Clauses

Non-restrictive relations force right-bound order, where the verb follows the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated after the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. bîbliru, sa nā babál "the book, which is being read by me").

(1)

ּאול ר ס כען ר מער

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

ר

r

iru

def.nom.masc/neut.sg

ס

s

su

3.masc.sg

כען

kfn

kûn

dog>animate>inhuman

ר

r

iru

def.nom.masc/neut.sg

מער

mfr

āmfár

death.exp.perf.ind.sg

"the man, whose dog died" (NOMINATIVE RELATION)

(2)

אול ר ס ר כען מער

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

ר

r

iru

def.nom.masc/neut.sg

ס

s

su

3.masc.sg

ר

r

iru

def.obl.masc/neut.sg

כען

kfn

kûn

dog>animate>inhuman

מער

mf

āmfár

death.exp.perf.ind.sg

"the man, who is the dog, died" (OBLIQUE RELATION)

(3)

אול ר ס כען ר מער

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

ר

r

iru

def.nom.masc/neut.sg

ס

s

su

3.masc.sg

כען

kfn

kûn

dog>animate>inhuman

ר

r

ira

def.acc.masc/neut.sg

מער

mfr

āmurá

death.act.perf.ind.sg

"the man, who killd the dog" (ACCUSATIVE RELATION)

(4)

אול ר ס ר כען מער

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

ר

r

iru

def.nom.masc/neut.sg

ס

s

su

3.masc.sg

ר

r

ira

def.obl.masc/neut.sg

כען

kfn

kûn

dog>animate>inhuman

מער

mfr

māfár

death.pass.perf.ind.sg.imp.1.plu-1.masc.plu.cons

"the man, who was killed by the dog" (ERGATIVE RELATION)

(5)

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

ר

r

iru

def.nom.masc/neut.sg

ס

s

su

3.masc.sg

כען

kfn

kûn

dog>animate>inhuman

ר

r

iri

def.dat.masc/neut.sg

פאכ

p’k

pâ’ak

take.part.pass.perf.ind.sg

"the man, taken to the dog" (DATIVE RELATION)

(6)

אול ר ס ר כען פאכ

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

ר

r

iru

def.nom.masc/neut.sg

ס

s

su

3.masc.sg

ר

r

iri

def.gen.masc/neut.sg

כען

kfn

kûn

dog>animate>inhuman

פאכ

p’k

pâ’ak

take.part.pass.perf.ind.sg

"the man, taken from the dog" (GENITIVE RELATION)

Restrictive Clauses

Restrictive relations force left-bound order, where the verb precedes the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated before the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. babál nā sa bîbliru "the book which is being read by me").

(1)

מער כען ר ס אול ר

מער

mfr

āmfár

death.exp.perf.ind.sg

כען

kfn

kûn

dog>animate>inhuman

ר

r

iru

def.nom.masc/neut.sg

ס

s

su

3.masc.sg

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

ר

r

iru

def.nom.masc/neut.sg

"the man whose dog died" (NOMINATIVE RELATION)

(2)

מער ר כען ס אול ר

מער

mfr

āmfár

death.exp.perf.ind.sg

ר

r

iru

def.obl.masc/neut.sg

כען

kfn

kûn

dog>animate>inhuman

ס

s

su

3.masc.sg

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

ר

r

iru

def.nom.masc/neut.sg

"the man who is the dog died" (OBLIQUE RELATION)

(3)

מער כען ר ס אול ר

מער

mfr

āmurá

death.act.perf.ind.sg

כען

kfn

kûn

dog>animate>inhuman

ר

r

ira

def.acc.masc/neut.sg

ס

s

su

3.masc.sg

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

ר

r

iru

def.nom.masc/neut.sg

"the man who killd the dog" (ACCUSATIVE RELATION)

(4)

מער ר כען ס אול ר

מער

mfr

māfár

death.pass.perf.ind.sg.imp.1.plu

ר

r

ira

def.erg.masc/neut.sg

כען

kfn

kûn

dog>animate>inhuman

ס

s

su

3.masc.sg

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

ר

r

iru

def.nom.masc/neut.sg

"the man who was killed by the dog" (ERGATIVE RELATION)

(5)

פאך כען ר ס אול ר

פאך

p’k

pâ’ak

take.part.pass.perf.ind.sg

כען

kfn

kûn

dog>animate>inhuman

ר

r

iri

def.dat.masc/neut.sg

ס

s

su

3.masc.sg

אול

’vl

’ûl

person>animate>human

ר

r

iru

def.nom.masc/neut.sg

"the man taken to the dog" (DATIVE RELATION)

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

References

^ De Eloquentia Vulgari
^ Genesis 2:19, 2:20 (KJV)
^ Os Códigos
^ Grammaire Diluvienne
^ Johanna Nichols, David A. Peterson. 2013. N-M Pronouns. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/137, Accessed on 2025-01-20.)

[Veno-1] De Eloquentia Vulgari

[KJV-2] Genesis 2:19, 2:20 (KJV)

[3] Os Códigos

[4] Grammaire Diluvienne

[Nichols,_Peterson,_2013-5] Johanna Nichols, David A. Peterson. 2013. N-M Pronouns. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/137, Accessed on 2025-01-20.)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Adamic Code

Etymology

Introduction

Features

Notes

Phonology

Consonants

Notes

Vowels

Notes

Coloration Table

Notes

Writing System

Ortography

Notes

Romanization

Notes

Grammar

Root-Pattern

Nouns

Edenic Nouns

Postdiluvian Nouns

Prediluvian Nouns

Verbs

Finite Verbs

Non-finite Verbs

Adjuncts

Adjectives

Adverbs

Incorporations

Expressions

Prefixes

Postpositions

Concatenation

Replication

Degree

Extension

Addition

Derivation

Relation

Triptote Formula

Pronouns

Plain Pronouns

Enclitic Pronouns

Heretoclitic Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns

Articles

Nominal Articles

Enclitic Articles

Syntax

Construct State

Nouns

Collective Formation

Attributive Formation

Pronouns

Collective Formation

Attributive Formation

Pseudo-nouns

Collective Formation

Attributive Formation

Word Order

Constituent Order

Nouns

Verbs

Modifier Order

Incorporated Adjuncts

Segmental Adjuncts

Subordinate Clauses

Absolute Clauses

Argument Clauses

Adjunct Clauses

Relative Clauses

Non-Restrictive Clauses

Restrictive Clauses

References

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